Duck Migration: Patterns, Routes, and Navigation

Ducks migrate to survive seasonal changes in food availability, water access, and breeding conditions. Most northern hemisphere duck species undertake regular seasonal movements between breeding grounds in the north and wintering areas in the south, following established flyways that can span continents. Migration is not uniform across all duck species. Some ducks travel thousands of kilometers across oceans and mountain ranges, while others move only short distances or remain resident year-round when conditions permit. This article explains the different migration patterns ducks use, the major flyways they follow, the navigational cues that guide them, and the practical implications of duck migration for disease surveillance, wetland management, and farming operations.

Understanding duck migration matters for several professional audiences. Farmers who keep domestic ducks need to know how wild waterfowl movements affect disease introduction risk. Wetland managers need to anticipate when migratory birds will arrive and depart. Researchers studying avian influenza rely on migration data to interpret virus spread patterns. The evidence base for duck migration comes from satellite tracking studies, banding recoveries, genetic analyses, and virological surveillance conducted across multiple continents.

At a Glance: Duck Migration Patterns and Key Considerations

The table above summarizes the main migration categories observed in ducks. Each pattern carries different implications for how ducks interact with their environment, how they spread or acquire pathogens, and how land managers should plan for their presence.

Why Ducks Migrate: The Ecological Drivers

Migration in ducks is an adaptive response to predictable seasonal changes in resources. The fundamental drivers are food availability, water access, and suitable breeding habitat. In temperate and Arctic regions, these resources fluctuate dramatically between seasons.

Seasonal Resource Availability

Ducks breeding in northern latitudes depend on abundant invertebrate and plant food during the short Arctic summer. When winter approaches, these food sources disappear and water bodies freeze. Ducks must move to areas where open water and food remain accessible. The timing of migration is closely linked to these seasonal changes, and ducks show remarkable consistency in their departure and arrival dates across years.

The northern pintail provides a well-documented example. GPS-tracked pintails migrating across Eurasia showed consistent preferences for low sun altitude conditions throughout migration, suggesting that photoperiod cues help regulate their movement schedules. Their stopovers were longer in the first half of migration and became shorter and more frequent as they neared breeding grounds in the Russian Arctic. This pattern indicates that ducks adjust their migration pace based on seasonal cues encountered along the route.

Breeding Habitat Requirements

Ducks need specific habitat conditions for nesting and rearing young. Many species require shallow wetlands with abundant aquatic vegetation and invertebrate prey. These conditions are often found at northern latitudes during summer but become unavailable in winter. The need to access suitable breeding habitat drives the northward spring migration, while the need to escape freezing conditions drives the southward fall migration.

Physiological Preparation

Before migration, ducks undergo physiological changes that prepare them for long flights. They accumulate fat reserves, increase flight muscle mass, and adjust their metabolism. The energetic demands of migration are substantial, and ducks must time their movements to coincide with periods when they can replenish energy stores at stopover sites.

Major Duck Flyways: Global Migration Corridors

Flyways are the broad geographic corridors that migratory birds follow between breeding and wintering areas. These routes are not fixed highways but rather broad zones where birds concentrate during migration. Understanding flyways is essential for predicting where ducks will appear and when.

The Four North American Flyways

In North America, waterfowl biologists traditionally recognize four major flyways: the Atlantic, Mississippi, Central, and Pacific flyways. These corridors were defined based on banding recoveries and migration observations. Each flyway supports distinct populations of duck species, and management decisions are often organized around these boundaries.

The spatial and temporal spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza in North America has shown clear seasonal signals correlated with waterfowl movement on the continental scale and in three of the four flyways. This correlation demonstrates that flyway structure directly influences disease dynamics. When the virus expanded its host range in early 2024, researchers observed a loss of the seasonal signal coupled with an increase in mammalian cases, indicating that changes in waterfowl movement patterns can alter disease transmission dynamics.

Eurasian and African Flyways

Eurasia and Africa are connected by several major flyways that ducks use for seasonal movements. The East Atlantic flyway connects breeding areas in northern Europe and Siberia with wintering areas in western Europe and West Africa. The Mediterranean-Black Sea flyway links eastern European breeding grounds with wintering areas around the Mediterranean and into Africa. The Central Asian flyway connects Siberian breeding areas with wintering grounds in South Asia. The East Asian-Australasian flyway spans from Arctic Russia through East Asia to Australia and New Zealand.

The Caspian Basin has emerged as a critical nexus for viral dispersal in the Eurasian flyway system. The initial westward incursion of virulent H5N1 in 2005-2006 established the Caspian Sea region as a dynamic center for viral spread. The virus reached the Caspian from Siberian breeding sites, then rapidly spread to Europe and Africa via migratory waterbirds. This pattern demonstrates how flyway convergence zones can become important points for pathogen exchange between bird populations.

Flyway Convergence Zones

Some regions serve as mixing zones where multiple flyways intersect. The Lake Baikal basin in Siberia sits at the convergence of the East African-West Asian, Central Asian, and East Asian-Australasian flyways. Long-term virological surveillance in this region between 2018 and 2024 yielded 42 influenza A virus isolates from 28 bird species, with genetic relatives found in Mongolia, South Korea, Japan, China, and Western Siberia. This genetic connectivity across vast distances reflects the movement of birds through this flyway convergence zone.

The Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in southwestern China provides another example of critical stopover and wintering habitat along major Asian flyways. A Ramsar-listed plateau wetland in this region supports migratory waterbirds including ruddy shelduck, Eurasian moorhen, and little egret. Metal contamination analysis of feathers from these species revealed that sediment zinc and copper were the dominant drivers of corresponding feather concentrations, highlighting how pollution at stopover sites can affect migratory birds.

Migration Patterns in Different Duck Groups

Duck species vary considerably in their migration strategies. Understanding these differences helps explain species distribution, disease dynamics, and habitat management needs.

Dabbling Ducks

Dabbling ducks feed primarily on the water surface or by tipping forward to reach submerged vegetation. This group includes mallards, northern pintails, and teal. Most dabbling ducks are migratory, though some populations remain resident where conditions permit.

Northern pintails migrating across Eurasia demonstrated significant plasticity in their circadian movement patterns. While showing a consistent preference for low sun altitude conditions throughout migration, they gradually shifted toward diurnal flight along their movement path. The level of diurnality varied according to the specific biome encountered and likely reflected potential exposure to predators in forested areas. This behavioral flexibility allows pintails to adapt their migration strategy to local conditions.

Diving Ducks

Diving ducks feed by submerging completely to reach food on the bottom of water bodies. This group includes tufted ducks, ring-necked ducks, and long-tailed ducks. Diving ducks often migrate shorter distances than dabbling ducks because they can exploit deeper water habitats that remain ice-free in winter.

The tufted duck provides an example of regional migration patterns. Ringing recovery data from tufted ducks wintering in Switzerland revealed their breeding range and migration patterns across Europe. These ducks move between breeding areas in northern and eastern Europe and wintering areas in central and western Europe, with some individuals traveling considerable distances.

Long-tailed ducks from the western Canadian Arctic show migration characteristics adapted to Arctic conditions. These sea ducks migrate along Arctic and subarctic coastlines, moving between high Arctic breeding areas and subarctic or temperate wintering areas. Their migration routes follow coastal corridors where they can find food in marine and brackish waters.

Southern Hemisphere Ducks

Migration patterns in the Southern Hemisphere differ substantially from those in the temperate north. Australian waterfowl have nomadic and erratic rainfall-dependent distributions instead of consistent intra-continental migratory routes. This reflects the unpredictable nature of rainfall and wetland formation in much of Australia.

The Pacific black duck in Australian desert ecosystems demonstrates facultative nocturnal flight in response to rainfall. GPS tracking of 38 satellite-tagged birds revealed that after large rainfall events, birds rapidly increased nocturnal flight activity in the arid aseasonal ecosystem but not in the mesic seasonal one. Long-range flights exceeding 50 kilometers in two hours occurred almost exclusively at night. This behavior allows desert waterbirds to locate and exploit temporary water bodies formed by rainfall.

Navigation Mechanisms: How Ducks Find Their Way

Ducks use multiple navigational cues to find their way during migration. The relative importance of different cues varies by species, individual experience, and environmental conditions.

Celestial Cues

Many migratory birds use the position of the sun and stars for orientation. The consistent preference for low sun altitude conditions observed in migrating northern pintails suggests that solar cues play a role in regulating migration timing and direction. Ducks may use the sun's position to maintain a consistent heading during daytime migration.

Magnetic Field Detection

Research on avian navigation has demonstrated that many bird species can detect the Earth's magnetic field and use it for orientation. While specific studies on magnetic navigation in ducks are limited, the general principles of avian magnetoreception likely apply. Ducks may use magnetic cues as a backup or primary navigation system, particularly during cloudy conditions when celestial cues are unavailable.

Landscape Features

Ducks use visible landscape features such as coastlines, river valleys, and mountain passes to guide their migration. These features provide reliable landmarks that help birds maintain their course. The coastal migration routes of long-tailed ducks in the Canadian Arctic exemplify how landscape features shape migration corridors.

Experience and Learning

Migration routes are learned through experience. Young birds on their first migration often follow experienced adults or use innate directional tendencies refined by experience. The post-fledging period is one of the least studied portions of the annual cycle in waterfowl, yet recruitment into the breeding population requires that young birds have sufficient resources to survive this period. Juvenile ring-necked ducks increased their use of staging areas and lakes with low potential for disturbance throughout the fall, with these changes beginning before the start of the hunting season.

Sensory Capabilities

Ducks possess sensory capabilities that support navigation and habitat selection. The audiogram of the mallard duck extends from 16 Hz to 9 kHz, providing hearing sensitivity across a broad frequency range. This auditory capability may help ducks detect environmental cues relevant to navigation and predator avoidance.

Migration Timing and Circadian Patterns

The timing of migration is critical for duck survival and reproductive success. Ducks must arrive at breeding grounds when food is available but not so early that they face harsh conditions. They must depart wintering areas in time to complete migration before breeding season begins.

Nocturnal Versus Diurnal Migration

Most duck species migrate at night, when conditions are calmer and predators are less active. However, migration timing can shift based on environmental conditions and ecological context. Northern pintails showed a gradual shift toward diurnal flight along their movement path, with the level of diurnality varying according to the biome encountered. This flexibility allows ducks to adjust their migration behavior to local conditions.

Heavy rainfall triggered increased nocturnal flight in desert populations of Pacific black ducks. Nocturnal flights occurred throughout the night in both ecosystems studied. At night, the distance flown was higher than during the day, birds visited more locations, and the locations were more widely dispersed. This pattern suggests that nocturnal flight allows ducks to cover more ground when searching for newly formed wetlands.

Migration Speed and Stopover Duration

Migration is not continuous flight. Ducks alternate between flight segments and stopover periods when they rest and feed. The duration of stopovers varies based on habitat quality, season, and the bird's energetic condition.

Northern pintails migrating across Eurasia covered active migration segments at very high speeds, yet their overall migration pace was consistently slow. This apparent contradiction reflects the importance of stopovers. The pintails made longer stopovers in the first half of migration and shorter, more frequent stops as they neared breeding grounds. This pattern suggests that ducks follow seasonal cues en route, adjusting their pace to match environmental conditions.

Duck Migration and Disease Dynamics

Migration patterns directly influence the spread of pathogens carried by ducks. Understanding these relationships is essential for disease surveillance, outbreak response, and biosecurity planning.

Avian Influenza and Migratory Waterfowl

Wild waterfowl constitute the primary natural reservoir of influenza A viruses. Wetlands at the convergence of major migratory flyways serve as critical hubs for viral genetic exchange. Long-distance migrations influence the dynamics of host-pathogen interactions, and understanding the role of migratory waterfowl in the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses is important for disease management.

The swan goose and the bar-headed goose are congeneric species with distinctly different HPAIV infection records. Despite their record of fewer infections, swan geese were more likely to come in contact with disease outbreaks than bar-headed geese. Two possible explanations have been proposed: frequent prolonged contact with domestic ducks may increase innate immunity in swan geese, and the stress of high-elevation migration may reduce immunity in bar-headed geese.

Flyway-Specific Disease Patterns

Different flyways show different patterns of disease transmission. The East Asian-Australasian Flyway has dominated mechanistic modeling efforts for HPAI transmission, followed by the East Atlantic, Central Asian, Mediterranean-Black Sea, and Americas flyways. American, European, and African flyways were underrepresented in modeling studies despite carrying millions of migratory waterfowl annually and experiencing unprecedented HPAI activity since 2020.

The Caspian flyways have repeatedly conveyed emergent HxNy strains. In winter 2016-2017, H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4b caused mass die-offs of swans, ducks, and other waterbirds in Iran and neighboring countries. Since 2020, this lineage has swept across Eurasia, Africa, and the Americas in a panzootic, with the Caspian-Black Sea region at the convergence of intercontinental transmission flyways.

Domestic Duck Density and Disease Spread

The interaction between wild waterfowl migration and domestic duck density shapes disease epidemiology. In the Republic of Korea, H5N8 entered via Jeonbuk province, then spread rapidly among western provinces where densities of overwintering waterfowl and domestic ducks are higher, yet rarely persisted in eastern regions. The common ancestor of H5N8 in the Republic of Korea was estimated to have arrived during the peak of inward migration of overwintering birds.

Climate change would almost certainly alter bird migration, influence the avian influenza virus transmission cycle, and directly affect virus survival outside the host. The joint net effects of these changes are rather unpredictable, but it is likely that AI virus circulation in water bird populations will continue with endless adaptation and evolution.

Practical Assessment: Evaluating Duck Migration on Your Land

For farmers, wetland managers, and researchers, assessing duck migration patterns on a specific property or region requires systematic observation and record-keeping. The following steps provide a practical framework for evaluating migration activity.

Step 1: Identify Your Flyway Context

Determine which flyway or flyways your location falls within. This information helps predict which duck species are likely to appear and when. Consult regional waterfowl management plans and migration forecasts from wildlife agencies. The Lake Baikal example demonstrates how a single location can sit at the intersection of multiple flyways, increasing species diversity and disease transmission potential.

Step 2: Establish Baseline Observations

Record duck presence, species, and numbers throughout the year. Note arrival and departure dates for migratory species. Document habitat use patterns, including which water bodies ducks frequent and what they feed on. These baseline data allow you to detect changes in migration timing or species composition over time.

Step 3: Monitor Habitat Conditions

Track water levels, ice cover, food availability, and disturbance levels in wetlands on your property. These factors determine whether ducks will use your land as stopover or wintering habitat. Juvenile ring-necked ducks require different lake types throughout the fall, and managing solely for breeding habitat will be insufficient for meeting needs during the post-fledging period.

Step 4: Assess Disease Risk Factors

Evaluate the potential for disease introduction based on duck migration patterns. Consider domestic duck density, wild waterfowl abundance, and proximity to flyway convergence zones. The presence of domestic ducks in areas with high wild waterfowl density increases the risk of pathogen exchange.

Step 5: Document and Review

Maintain written records of observations, including dates, species, numbers, and habitat conditions. Review these records annually to identify trends. Share your observations with local wildlife agencies and disease surveillance programs when relevant.

Records and Measurements for Migration Monitoring

Systematic record-keeping is essential for understanding duck migration patterns and making informed management decisions. The following measurements provide useful data for migration monitoring.

Species Composition Records

Document which duck species are present at different times of year. Note whether species are resident, migratory, or irregular visitors. Changes in species composition can indicate shifts in migration patterns or habitat quality.

Abundance Estimates

Count ducks regularly using consistent methods. Standardized counts allow comparison across seasons and years. Abundance data help identify important stopover and wintering sites and detect population changes.

Phenology Records

Record the timing of migration events, including first arrival, peak abundance, and last departure dates for each species. Phenology data are sensitive indicators of climate change effects on migration timing.

Habitat Use Observations

Document which habitats ducks use and how use patterns change through the season. Note feeding behavior, loafing areas, and responses to disturbance. This information guides habitat management decisions.

Disease Surveillance Records

If you participate in disease surveillance, maintain detailed records of sample collection, testing results, and bird health observations. The Lake Baikal surveillance program collected 1,036 cloacal swab samples from 28 bird species over six years, yielding 42 influenza A virus isolates belonging to 12 HA/NA subtype combinations.

Common Failure Patterns in Migration Management

Several recurring problems undermine effective duck migration management. Recognizing these failure patterns helps avoid costly mistakes.

Habitat Mismanagement

Managing for a single habitat type while ignoring the diversity of habitats ducks need throughout the annual cycle is a common failure. Juvenile ring-necked ducks require brood-rearing lakes, staging lakes, and lakes with low potential for disturbance. Maintaining areas with low potential for disturbance and areas suitable for staging ensures that ducks have access to habitat throughout the fall.

Ignoring Disturbance Effects

Ducks avoid areas with high disturbance levels. Lakes with houses or boat accesses, areas near roads, and locations without undisturbed resting areas receive less use by migratory ducks. Managing for low-disturbance areas is essential for supporting migratory waterfowl.

Overlooking Disease Risks

Failing to account for disease transmission risks associated with duck migration can lead to outbreaks in domestic poultry. Wild waterfowl migration and domestic duck density were important to H5N8 epidemiology in the Republic of Korea. Understanding these relationships is critical for biosecurity planning.

Assuming Uniform Migration Patterns

Treating all ducks as having the same migration behavior leads to management errors. Different species and populations have different migration strategies, timing, and habitat needs. The nomadic movements of Australian waterfowl differ fundamentally from the predictable seasonal migrations of northern hemisphere ducks.

Limitations of Current Knowledge

Understanding duck migration is complicated by several limitations in current research and monitoring.

Geographic Bias in Research

Most research on duck migration and avian influenza ecology has been conducted in the northern hemisphere, with a substantial bias toward dabbling ducks. Relevant environmental conditions and patterns of avian migration and reproduction are substantially different in the southern hemisphere. Australia is a global sink for AIV diversity and not integrally linked with the Eurasian gene pool, with viruses infrequently introduced to Australia followed by decades of isolated circulation and eventual extinction.

Gaps in Flyway Coverage

Mechanistic modeling efforts for HPAI transmission are unevenly distributed across flyways. American, European, and African flyways were underrepresented in modeling studies despite carrying millions of migratory waterfowl annually. This geographic bias limits the ability to predict disease dynamics in these regions.

Uncertainty in Climate Change Effects

Climate change would almost certainly alter bird migration, influence the avian influenza virus transmission cycle, and directly affect virus survival outside the host. However, the joint net effects of these changes are rather unpredictable. In domestic poultry, too little is known about the direct effect of environmental factors on HPAI transmission and persistence to allow inference about the possible effect of climate change.

Limited Understanding of Navigation Mechanisms

While researchers have identified several navigational cues used by migratory birds, the relative importance of different cues for ducks remains poorly understood. The sensory and cognitive mechanisms that allow ducks to navigate across continents are not fully characterized.

Welfare and Safety Considerations

Duck migration has implications for bird welfare and human safety that deserve attention.

Migratory Stress

Long-distance migration imposes physiological stress on ducks. The stress of high-elevation migration may reduce immunity in bar-headed geese, potentially increasing susceptibility to disease. Understanding migratory stress helps interpret disease patterns and informs conservation planning.

Disease Transmission to Domestic Birds

Migratory waterfowl can introduce pathogens to domestic poultry operations. The movement of wild birds along flyways has been associated with HPAI outbreaks in domestic ducks and poultry. Farmers should implement biosecurity measures that account for wild bird migration patterns.

Human Health Considerations

Some avian influenza viruses have zoonotic potential. H6 viruses identified in the Lake Baikal basin are of particular public health relevance owing to their documented capacity for dual-receptor binding and potential for zoonotic transmission to mammals, including humans. Monitoring duck migration and associated virus circulation supports public health surveillance.

Environmental Contamination

Migratory waterbirds can accumulate environmental contaminants at stopover and wintering sites. Feather metal concentrations in waterbirds from a plateau wetland in southwestern China followed the order zinc greater than copper greater than arsenic greater than lead greater than cadmium, with arsenic displaying the highest bioaccumulation factors. These findings demonstrate the value of waterbirds as effective bioindicators of environmental pollution.

Professional Escalation Criteria

Certain observations related to duck migration warrant professional consultation. Seek expert advice when you encounter the following situations.

Unusual Mortality Events

Mass die-offs of ducks or other waterbirds require immediate investigation. The H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4b virus caused mass die-offs of swans, ducks, and other waterbirds in Iran and neighboring countries during winter 2016-2017. Report unusual mortality to wildlife health authorities.

Changes in Migration Timing

Significant shifts in arrival or departure dates may indicate environmental change or disease effects. Document these changes and consult with wildlife biologists to interpret their significance.

Disease Detection

If disease surveillance detects avian influenza or other pathogens in ducks on your property, follow established reporting protocols. The detection of H6N1 viruses in wild birds and domestic ducks in the Republic of Korea and Mongolia demonstrates the importance of sustained transboundary surveillance.

Habitat Degradation

If wetlands on your property are degrading or losing their capacity to support migratory ducks, consult with wetland management specialists. Maintaining habitat quality is essential for supporting migratory waterfowl populations.

Frequently Asked Questions

Do all ducks migrate?

No, not all ducks migrate. Migration is an adaptive response to seasonal resource availability. Some duck populations remain resident year-round where food and open water are consistently available. Domestic ducks typically do not migrate. Among wild ducks, migration patterns range from long-distance seasonal movements to short-distance shifts to nomadic movements in response to unpredictable rainfall.

How do ducks know where to migrate?

Ducks use multiple navigational cues including the position of the sun and stars, the Earth's magnetic field, and visible landscape features such as coastlines and river valleys. Experience and learning also play a role, with young birds often following experienced adults on their first migration. The relative importance of different cues varies by species and environmental conditions.

What are the major duck flyways?

The major duck flyways include the Atlantic, Mississippi, Central, and Pacific flyways in North America. In Eurasia and Africa, major flyways include the East Atlantic, Mediterranean-Black Sea, Central Asian, and East Asian-Australasian flyways. Some regions, such as the Lake Baikal basin, sit at the convergence of multiple flyways and support high bird diversity.

How far do ducks migrate?

Migration distances vary greatly by species and population. Some ducks migrate only short distances of 100 to 1,000 kilometers, while others travel 1,000 to 5,000 or more kilometers between breeding and wintering areas. Long-distance migrants such as northern pintails and bar-headed geese cross continents and mountain ranges during their seasonal movements.

Do ducks migrate at night or during the day?

Most duck species migrate at night, when conditions are calmer and predators are less active. However, migration timing can shift based on environmental conditions. Northern pintails showed a gradual shift toward diurnal flight along their movement path, and heavy rainfall triggered increased nocturnal flight in desert populations of Pacific black ducks.

How does duck migration affect avian influenza spread?

Migratory waterfowl are the primary natural reservoir of influenza A viruses, and their movements along flyways can spread viruses across continents. Wild waterfowl migration and domestic duck density were important to H5N8 epidemiology in the Republic of Korea. Flyway convergence zones serve as critical hubs for viral genetic exchange.

What is the difference between ducks and penguins?

Ducks are migratory waterfowl adapted for flight, with strong wings, webbed feet for swimming, and the ability to travel long distances between breeding and wintering areas. Penguins are flightless seabirds adapted for aquatic life in the Southern Hemisphere, with flipper-like wings used for swimming instead of flying. Penguins do not migrate in the same way ducks do, though some species move between breeding and feeding areas.

How can farmers protect domestic ducks from diseases carried by migratory waterfowl?

Farmers should implement biosecurity measures that account for wild bird migration patterns. These measures include preventing contact between domestic and wild birds, managing domestic duck density to reduce disease amplification, and monitoring for unusual illness or mortality. Understanding local flyway context and migration timing helps farmers anticipate periods of elevated disease risk.

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References and Further Reading

• NCBI Literature Resources. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
• PubMed. National Library of Medicine.
• Do contrasting patterns of migration movements and disease outbreaks between congeneric waterfowl species reflect differing immunity?. Geospatial health, 2021.
• Climate change and avian influenza.. Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics), 2008.
• Duck migration and past influenza A (H5N1) outbreak areas.. Emerging infectious diseases, 2008.
• Genesis of Influenza A(H5N8) Viruses.. Emerging infectious diseases, 2017.
• Biotic and abiotic factors drive circadian migration patterns in Northern pintails across the Eurasian flyway.. Movement ecology, 2026.
• Wild waterfowl migration and domestic duck density shape the epidemiology of highly pathogenic H5N8 influenza in the Republic of Korea.. Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases, 2015.
• Australia as a global sink for the genetic diversity of avian influenza A virus.. PLoS pathogens, 2022.
• Thinking like a duck: fall lake use and movement patterns of juvenile ring-necked ducks before migration.. PloS one, 2014.
• Long-Term Monitoring of Influenza A Viruses in Wild Waterfowl: Evidence from the Lake Baikal Basin (2018-2024).. 2026.
• Mapping Mechanistic Modeling of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Across Migratory Flyways: A Systematic Review. 2026.
• Global dynamics of avian influenza: a twenty-year analysis of highly pathogenic viruses linking the Caspian Basin, Eurasia and Africa sectors (2005-2025).. 2026.
• The spatial and temporal spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza in North America: Newton’s Cradle hypothesis. 2025.
• Genomic characterization of H6N1 avian influenza viruses from wild birds and domestic ducks in the republic of Korea and Mongolia (2022-2024).. 2026.
• Avian Metapneumovirus Subtype B at the Wildlife-Poultry Interface in Egypt: Molecular and Serological Insights into Cross-Ecological Transmission.. 2026.
• Metal contamination in migratory waterbirds along the East Asian-Australasian flyway: Evidence from a critical wetland stopover site on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau.. 2026.
• A NOVEL NAVIGATION STRATEGY FOR AN UNICYCLE MOBILE ROBOT INSPIRED FROM THE DUCK WALKING (GYROSCOPIC NAVIGATION). 2018.
• Prototype Development of Small Mobile Robots for Mallard Navigation in Paddy Fields: Toward Realizing Remote Farming. Robotics, 2021.
• Audiogram of the mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos) from 16 Hz to 9 kHz. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 2017.
• Differential expression and localization of thermosensitive Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid (TRPV) channels in the mature sperm of white pekin duck (Anas platyrhynchos). bioRxiv, 2020.
• Heavy rainfall triggers increased nocturnal flight in desert populations of the Pacific black duck (Anas superciliosa). Scientific Reports, 2017.
• Development of a Prototype Mobile Robot for Mallard Navigation. International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems, 2019.
• Modelling the consequences of duck migration patterns on the genetic diversity of aquatic organisms: A first step towards a predictive tool for wetland management. Acta Oecologica, 2002.
• Breeding range and migration pattern of Tufted Ducks Aythya fuligula wintering in Switzerland: An analysis of ringing recovery data. Ornithologische Beobachter, 2005.
• Migration characteristics of long-tailed ducks (Clangula hyemalis) from the western Canadian Arctic. Polar Biology, 2017.

This article is educational and does not replace institutional policy, professional advice, or applicable safety and regulatory requirements.