Farm Risk Assessment: Identifying and Mitigating Operational Risks

Farm risk assessment is the systematic process of identifying, analyzing, and prioritizing potential threats to farm operations, then implementing controls to reduce their likelihood or impact. For livestock farmers, this means examining financial exposure, environmental contamination pathways, biosecurity gaps, and day-to-day operational hazards that can disrupt production, harm animal welfare, or threaten the viability of the enterprise. This article provides a structured framework for conducting a farm risk assessment, including a practical risk matrix, mitigation strategies, and record-keeping guidance that farmers can apply directly to their operations.

Risk management in livestock operations covers a wide range of uncertainties, including changes in revenue and production costs, the constant threat of disease, fluctuations in input and output market prices, and the risks associated with capital investments 23. A methodical, multidisciplinary strategy is required for effective risk management in order to solve the complex problems associated with livestock production 23. The framework presented here draws on established risk assessment methods used in livestock farming and related agricultural sectors, adapted for practical on-farm use.

At a Glance: Farm Risk Categories and Response Priorities

The table below summarizes the primary risk categories that livestock farmers should assess, the typical sources of each risk, and the first-line mitigation actions to consider. Use this as a starting point for building a farm-specific risk register.

Core Principles of Farm Risk Assessment

Risk assessment on a livestock farm follows a logical sequence that begins with identifying hazards and ends with monitoring the effectiveness of controls. The process should be repeated regularly because farm conditions change with seasons, markets, herd health status, and infrastructure age.

Hazard Identification

The first step is to list everything that could cause harm to animals, workers, the environment, or the financial stability of the farm. Walk through each production area and ask what could go wrong. Consider disease introduction routes, chemical exposures, structural failures, and market shifts. Livestock production faces a wide range of uncertainties, including changes in revenue and production costs, the constant threat of disease, fluctuations in input and output market prices, and the risks associated with capital investments 23.

Risk Analysis

For each identified hazard, estimate two factors: the likelihood that it will occur and the severity of the consequences if it does. Likelihood can be rated as rare, unlikely, possible, likely, or almost certain. Severity can be rated as negligible, minor, moderate, major, or catastrophic. The combination of these two ratings determines the overall risk level.

Risk Evaluation

Compare the calculated risk level against what the farm can tolerate. High-risk items require immediate action. Medium-risk items need planned controls. Low-risk items should be monitored but may not require immediate expenditure. This prioritization helps farmers allocate limited time and money to the most significant threats.

Risk Treatment

Select and implement controls that either reduce the likelihood of the hazard occurring, reduce the severity of the consequences, or both. Controls can include physical changes such as fencing or ventilation upgrades, procedural changes such as quarantine protocols, and financial tools such as insurance or reserve funds.

Monitoring and Review

Risk assessment is not a one-time exercise. Review the risk register at least annually and after any significant change such as a disease outbreak, major equipment purchase, or expansion of the herd. Track whether controls are working and adjust them when they are not.

Financial Risk Assessment and Management

Financial risk is often the most immediate concern for farmers because it affects the ability to cover costs, service debt, and remain profitable. A farm that cannot meet its financial obligations cannot sustain its animal care responsibilities.

Measuring Financial Exposure

The Business Risk indicator assesses the level of sales and revenue, determining whether the farm can cover its costs and make a profit 22. Farmers can calculate this by comparing total revenue against total costs, including feed, labor, veterinary care, utilities, and debt payments. The average annual yield and its standard deviation indicate the degree to which yields over a given period deviate from the average 22. A high standard deviation signals greater production variability and therefore greater financial uncertainty.

The Farm Sharpe Ratio is a risk-adjusted indicator that evaluates expected production performance relative to estimated production risk 14. This measure reveals substantial variation in risk-adjusted performance across farmers, indicating that production outcomes cannot be adequately assessed using yield measures alone 14. Farmers can use this concept to compare their own performance across years or to benchmark against regional averages.

Managing Price Volatility

Input prices for feed, fuel, and fertilizer can change rapidly, as can output prices for livestock and milk. Farmers can reduce exposure to price swings by maintaining working capital reserves, establishing relationships with multiple suppliers, and using forward contracts where available. Producing own feed ensures its quality and reduces farm costs, but it also carries risks for farmers 22. Homegrown feed reduces dependence on purchased inputs but exposes the farm to crop failure risk.

Debt and Investment Risk

Capital investments such as new housing, milking equipment, or biogas installations carry technical and economic uncertainty 25. When planning such investments, the investment costs, technical support, and profitability of the project are essential considerations 25. Farmers should model worst-case scenarios before committing to large expenditures and ensure that debt service can be covered even in a poor production year.

Biosecurity Risk Assessment

Biosecurity is the set of measures designed to prevent the introduction and spread of disease-causing agents on the farm. It is one of the most critical risk categories because a disease outbreak can affect animal welfare, production, market access, and public health simultaneously.

Disease Introduction Pathways

Disease can enter a farm through multiple routes, including new animals, contaminated feed, vehicles, visitors, wildlife, and even water systems. The risk of introduction through movement of livestock or pets has been assessed for numerous vector-borne diseases, with only a small number of disease agents having an estimated rate of introduction above a meaningful threshold 7. These include Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus, bluetongue virus, West Nile virus, and Schmallenberg virus 7. Farmers should understand which diseases are present in their region and which vectors are active.

Livestock feed and imported livestock are the most likely sources of certain resistant bacteria into livestock farms 8. This finding from a quantitative risk assessment of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae introduction into Dutch farms highlights the importance of scrutinizing feed sources and incoming animals 8.

Quarantine and Isolation Protocols

New animals should be separated from the main herd for a period sufficient to observe their health status. The exact duration depends on the diseases of concern and should be determined with veterinary advice. During quarantine, monitor animals daily for signs of illness and test for diseases that are relevant to the farm and region.

Visitor and Vehicle Controls

Foot-and-mouth disease virus can be transmitted via aerosols, droplets, and fomites including humans 15. This makes biosecurity measures that interrupt transmission during an outbreak critical 15. However, quantitative data supporting the effectiveness of many recommended biosecurity measures is limited 15. Experimental studies have evaluated handwashing, showering, and changing outerwear, which were found to have variable efficacy 15. Farmers should implement layered controls instead of relying on any single measure.

Drinking Water as a Disease Reservoir

Livestock drinking water distribution systems represent a critical but understudied interface in the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance 19. These systems frequently function as unintended bioreactors where biofilms protect pathogens and facilitate horizontal gene transfer 19. Standard disinfection protocols often fail to eliminate established biofilms, allowing rapid recolonization by resistant populations within days of treatment 19. Farmers should include water system inspection and biofilm management in their biosecurity routine.

Environmental Contamination Risk

Livestock operations can affect the surrounding environment through manure management, antibiotic residues, and chemical contaminants. Environmental risk assessment helps farmers identify these pathways and implement controls that protect both the farm and neighboring land and water.

Antibiotic Residues in Manure and Soil

Livestock farming consumes more than 70% of global antibiotics annually, making livestock manures an important vector of anthropogenically influenced antibiotic resistance genes 6. The livestock resistome is a substantial reservoir of known and latent antibiotic resistance genes and is highly connectable to human resistomes 6. Tetracycline antibiotics in animal manure are easily accumulated in the soil, disturb the soil microbial community, and are absorbed by crops, thereby threatening human health and ecological security 12.

Farmers can reduce this risk by testing manure before application, following application rate guidelines, and maintaining buffer zones between application areas and waterways. The ecological risk of tetracyclines in livestock manure decreased significantly between 2014 and 2019 in one study region, suggesting that improved management practices can reduce environmental loading 12.

PFAS Contamination

The migration of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances onto agricultural properties has resulted in the accumulation of PFAS in livestock 11. PFOS and PFHxS concentrations in livestock drinking water were positively correlated with serum concentrations, while other intake pathways such as pasture and soil had weaker correlations 11. Sites with mean livestock drinking water concentrations as low as 0.003 μg PFOS per liter may exceed the European Commission Maximum Limit for PFOS in cattle meat 11. Livestock exposure to PFAS is dynamic and with relatively short elimination half-lives, there is opportunity for exposure management 11. Farmers in areas with known PFAS contamination should test water sources and manage grazing to reduce exposure.

Manure Storage and Application

The introduction of increasingly strict rules related to the processing and storage of animal waste has led to increased interest in technologies that manage manure responsibly 25. Manure storage facilities should be inspected regularly for leaks or overflow risk. Application rates should match crop nutrient needs and soil conditions. Records of application dates, rates, and locations support both regulatory compliance and good neighbor relations.

Operational and Infrastructure Risk

Operational risks arise from the day-to-day functioning of the farm, including equipment, facilities, utilities, and labor. These risks are often the most predictable and therefore the most manageable with preventive measures.

Equipment and Facility Failure

Equipment failure can disrupt feeding, milking, ventilation, and waste removal, with immediate consequences for animal welfare. A preventive maintenance schedule that includes regular inspection, lubrication, and replacement of wear parts reduces the likelihood of unexpected breakdowns. Critical systems such as water supply and ventilation should have backup options, including generators and alarm systems.

Water Supply Disruption

Livestock require a continuous supply of clean water. Water system failures can arise from pump breakdown, pipe damage, power outage, or contamination. Farmers should know the location of all shutoff valves, maintain backup pumping capacity, and test water quality regularly. The livestock drinking water system can act as an active reservoir for antimicrobial resistance, so water quality monitoring should include biofilm assessment where feasible 19.

Feed Storage and Quality

Feed contamination with mycotoxins remains a major challenge in livestock production and global food safety 21. Multi-mycotoxin contamination is common in livestock feeds, and emerging and masked mycotoxins may remain undetected by routine analytical approaches, increasing the risk of underestimating exposure 21. Mycotoxins adversely affect animal health through hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, oxidative stress, immunosuppression, intestinal barrier disruption, and reduced productivity 21. Farmers should source feed from reputable suppliers, store feed in dry, clean conditions, and test suspect batches.

Labor and Worker Safety

Zoonotic disease prevention among farm and livestock workers depends also on awareness but also on how workers perceive occupational risk and the feasibility of protective action 17. Workers generally recognize that animals can transmit disease to humans, but their understanding of specific pathogens, transmission routes, high-risk tasks, and preventive measures is uneven 17. A persistent perception-behavior gap is observed where personal protective equipment, sanitation, clean water, supervision, and institutional support are limited 17. Protective practices are shaped by workplace safety climate and employer support 17. Farmers should provide training, equipment, and supervision to close this gap.

Animal Health and Welfare Risk

Animal health risk assessment focuses on identifying factors that could lead to disease, injury, or poor welfare outcomes. Early identification of at-risk animals allows for targeted intervention and improvement.

Welfare Risk Assessment Tools

Structured welfare risk assessment tools can identify livestock at risk of poor welfare in extensive farming systems 9. One such tool, the Animal Welfare Risk Assessment Tool, was good at identifying farms with poor livestock welfare based on preliminary testing 9. Intra-observer reliability was good, with 83% of intra-class correlation coefficients for observers at or above 0.8, while inter-observer reliability was moderate 9. The tool provides a structured framework to improve consistency in livestock welfare assessments 9. Farmers can adapt this approach by using a standardized checklist during routine farm walks.

Metabolic Disease Risk

Ketosis is a major metabolic disorder that significantly impacts dairy cow health, welfare, and farm profitability 18. Modern ketosis management requires increased farmer awareness, with veterinarians serving as consultants and data interpreters 18. A practical toolbox of diagnostic, therapeutic, management, and preventive strategies, including precision technologies, can optimize metabolic health and enhance productivity 18. Farmers should work with their veterinarian to identify cows at risk and implement monitoring protocols.

Antimicrobial Stewardship

Antibiotic decision-making for common conditions such as bovine respiratory disease requires careful consideration of treatment protocols and stewardship principles 16. The role of farm and human antibiotic stewardship in shaping the livestock resistome is significant 6. Farmers should use antibiotics only under veterinary direction, complete prescribed courses, and maintain treatment records. Reducing unnecessary antibiotic use helps preserve the effectiveness of these drugs for both animals and humans.

Practical Risk Assessment Workflow

Implementing a farm risk assessment does not require specialized training or expensive software. The following workflow can be completed by a farmer with input from employees, a veterinarian, and other advisers.

Step 1: Map the Farm System

Draw a simple map of the farm showing all production areas, animal housing, feed storage, water sources, manure storage, and entry points. Include neighboring land uses such as other farms, waterways, and public roads. This map serves as the basis for identifying hazard locations.

Step 2: Identify Hazards by Area

Walk through each area on the map and list potential hazards. For animal housing, consider disease transmission, ventilation failure, and injury risks. For feed storage, consider contamination and spoilage. For manure storage, consider overflow and runoff. For entry points, consider biosecurity breaches. Record every hazard, no matter how unlikely it seems.

Step 3: Rate Likelihood and Severity

For each hazard, assign a likelihood rating and a severity rating using a simple scale. The risk score is the product of these two ratings. A hazard that is likely to occur and would cause major harm receives a high score and requires immediate attention. A hazard that is unlikely and would cause minor harm receives a low score and can be monitored.

Step 4: Develop a Risk Register

Create a table listing each hazard, its likelihood and severity ratings, the calculated risk level, the control measures in place, and the person responsible for monitoring. This risk register becomes the working document for farm risk management. Update it whenever conditions change.

Step 5: Implement Controls

For high-risk items, implement controls immediately. For medium-risk items, schedule controls within a defined timeframe. For low-risk items, note them for periodic review. Controls should be practical, affordable, and compatible with existing farm routines.

Step 6: Review and Update

Schedule a formal risk assessment review at least annually. Also review after any significant event such as a disease outbreak, equipment failure, or major change in farm operations. Involve employees in the review process because they often have direct knowledge of hazards that the farm owner may not see.

Records and Measurements

Accurate records are essential for effective risk management. Records serve multiple purposes: they document what has been done, provide data for analysis, support regulatory compliance, and demonstrate due diligence.

Essential Farm Records

Maintain records of animal health treatments, including the product used, dose, route, date, and withdrawal period. Record feed purchases, deliveries, and test results. Document water testing dates and results. Keep maintenance logs for critical equipment. Record employee training sessions and safety incidents. These records support both day-to-day management and periodic risk reviews.

Production and Financial Records

Track production metrics such as average daily gain, milk production, feed conversion, and mortality rates. Compare these against historical averages and regional benchmarks. Financial records should include income and expenses by category, debt service obligations, and cash flow projections. The ability to cover costs and service debt determines the profitability of the business 22.

Environmental Monitoring Records

Document manure application dates, rates, and locations. Record water quality test results, including any testing for antibiotics or other contaminants. Keep records of any environmental incidents such as spills or runoff events. These records support both regulatory compliance and continuous improvement.

Common Failure Patterns in Farm Risk Management

Understanding why risk management efforts fail helps farmers avoid these pitfalls. The following patterns are commonly observed in livestock operations.

Treating Risk Assessment as a Paper Exercise

A risk assessment that is completed once and filed away provides no ongoing benefit. Risk management must be an active process with regular review and updating. The farm environment changes constantly, and the risk register must change with it.

Focusing on Single Risks in Isolation

Risks are interconnected. A financial downturn can lead to deferred maintenance, which increases operational risk. A disease outbreak can affect both animal welfare and market access. A comprehensive risk assessment considers how different risks interact.

Ignoring Low-Probability, High-Impact Events

Farmers often focus on frequent, minor problems and neglect rare but catastrophic events. A single disease outbreak, major equipment failure, or market collapse can threaten the entire operation. The risk matrix should include these low-probability, high-impact scenarios even though they are difficult to quantify.

Relying on Memory Instead of Records

Informal risk management based on memory is unreliable, especially during stressful events. Written records provide a consistent reference and support communication among family members, employees, and advisers.

Failing to Involve Employees

Employees who work with animals daily often have the best knowledge of hazards and near-misses. Excluding them from the risk assessment process misses valuable information and reduces their commitment to implementing controls.

Limitations of Farm Risk Assessment

Farm risk assessment has inherent limitations that farmers should recognize. Risk assessment reduces uncertainty but does not eliminate it. The future remains unpredictable, and even well-managed farms will experience unexpected events.

Data Limitations

Quantitative data supporting the effectiveness of many recommended biosecurity measures is limited 15. Farmers must make decisions with incomplete information, relying on experience, expert advice, and reasonable judgment. Risk assessments should be updated when new information becomes available 7.

Uncertainty in Risk Estimates

Risk estimates are inherently uncertain. The probability of a disease introduction, for example, depends on many factors that are difficult to measure precisely. Sensitivity analysis can help identify which assumptions have the greatest impact on risk estimates 8. Farmers should treat risk scores as relative priorities instead of precise predictions.

Resource Constraints

Implementing all recommended controls may exceed available time and money. Farmers must prioritize based on risk level and available resources. A risk assessment that identifies more problems than can be fixed is still valuable because it provides a roadmap for improvement.

Safety and Regulatory Context

Farm risk assessment is also good management practice but also supports compliance with animal health and welfare requirements. Official organizations provide guidance and resources for farmers seeking to improve their risk management practices.

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations provides animal production and health resources that support sustainable livestock development 1. The USDA National Agricultural Library offers animal health and welfare information for producers 2. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration provides animal and veterinary resources, including information on approved products and regulatory requirements 3. The World Organisation for Animal Health addresses animal health and welfare at the international level 4. The USDA Agricultural Research Service conducts animal production and protection research that informs practical recommendations 5.

Farmers should be aware of regulations that apply to their specific operations, including those related to manure management, water quality, food safety, and worker protection. Regulatory requirements vary by jurisdiction, and farmers should consult local authorities for specific obligations.

Professional Escalation Criteria

Some situations require professional assistance beyond what a farmer can provide. Recognizing these situations and seeking help promptly can prevent minor problems from becoming major crises.

When to Contact a Veterinarian

Contact a veterinarian immediately if animals show signs of a reportable disease, if mortality rates exceed normal levels, if multiple animals become ill simultaneously, or if a disease is suspected that could spread to humans. Also seek veterinary advice for herd health planning, vaccination programs, and antimicrobial treatment decisions 16. A veterinarian should be involved in developing protocols for metabolic disease management and other health programs 18.

When to Contact an Agricultural Engineer or Adviser

Seek engineering or technical advice for major infrastructure projects, ventilation system design, manure storage construction, or biogas installation planning 25. Investment in new technologies is influenced by technical and economic uncertainty, and professional analysis can help farmers make informed decisions 25.

When to Contact Environmental Authorities

Contact environmental authorities if a manure spill occurs, if water testing reveals contamination, or if there is reason to believe that farm activities are affecting neighboring properties or waterways. Early reporting of environmental incidents is generally better than delayed reporting.

When to Contact Financial Advisers

Seek financial advice when debt service becomes difficult, when considering major capital investments, or when developing a long-term business plan. Financial risk indicators help determine whether the farm can operate as a profitable enterprise 22.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between a hazard and a risk on a farm?

A hazard is anything that has the potential to cause harm, such as a disease organism, a piece of faulty equipment, or a chemical stored improperly. Risk is the combination of the likelihood that the hazard will cause harm and the severity of that harm. Identifying hazards is the first step in risk assessment, but risk management focuses on reducing the likelihood and severity of harm.

How often should a farm risk assessment be conducted?

A formal risk assessment should be conducted at least annually. It should also be conducted after any significant change such as a disease outbreak, major equipment purchase, expansion of the herd, or change in farm personnel. Informal risk awareness should be continuous, with employees encouraged to report hazards as they notice them.

What is a risk matrix and how do I use one?

A risk matrix is a table that combines likelihood and severity ratings to produce an overall risk level. Likelihood is rated on a scale from rare to almost certain, and severity is rated from negligible to catastrophic. The intersection of these two ratings gives a risk score that helps prioritize actions. High-risk items require immediate attention, medium-risk items need planned controls, and low-risk items should be monitored.

How can I assess biosecurity risks on my farm without specialized training?

Start by mapping all potential disease entry points, including new animals, visitors, vehicles, feed deliveries, wildlife, and water sources. Review quarantine protocols for incoming stock. Observe how visitors and vehicles are managed. Test drinking water and inspect water systems for biofilm buildup 19. Consult your veterinarian for guidance on diseases that are relevant to your region and species.

What records should I keep for risk management purposes?

Keep records of animal health treatments, feed purchases and test results, water testing, equipment maintenance, employee training, safety incidents, manure application, and financial performance. These records support both day-to-day management and periodic risk reviews. They also demonstrate due diligence if questions arise from regulators or customers.

How do I prioritize risks when I cannot address everything at once?

Use the risk matrix to rank hazards by their risk score. Address high-risk items first, then medium-risk items, and monitor low-risk items. Consider the cost and feasibility of controls. Some controls are inexpensive and can be implemented immediately, while others require significant investment and should be planned over time.

What are the most common mistakes in farm risk assessment?

Common mistakes include treating risk assessment as a one-time paper exercise, focusing on single risks in isolation, ignoring low-probability high-impact events, relying on memory instead of records, and failing to involve employees. Avoiding these patterns improves the effectiveness of risk management.

When should I seek professional help for farm risk management?

Seek professional help when you suspect a reportable disease, when mortality exceeds normal levels, when planning major capital investments, when environmental contamination is suspected, or when financial difficulties arise. Veterinarians, agricultural engineers, environmental authorities, and financial advisers each bring specialized expertise that complements farmer knowledge.

Related Farming Guides

• Sheep Farm Biosecurity Plan
• Pig Farm Biosecurity Plan
• How to Write a Farm Biosecurity Plan
• Farm Risk Assessment for Livestock Operations
• Fish Farm Water Source Risk Assessment

References and Further Reading

• FAO Animal Production and Health. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
• Animal Health and Welfare. USDA National Agricultural Library.
• Animal and Veterinary Resources. U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
• Animal Health and Welfare. World Organisation for Animal Health.
• Animal Production and Protection. USDA Agricultural Research Service.
• Global health risks lurking in livestock resistome.. Science advances, 2025.
• Vector-borne diseases.. EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority, 2017.
• Quantitative Risk Assessment for the Introduction of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) into Dutch Livestock Farms.. Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland), 2022.
• Can an animal welfare risk assessment tool identify livestock at risk of poor welfare outcomes?. Animal welfare (South Mimms, England), 2024.
• Quantitative Assessment of the Health Risk for Livestock When Animal Viruses Are Applied in Human Oncolytic Therapy: A Case Study for Seneca Valley Virus.. Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis, 2019.
• Spatio-temporal trends in livestock exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) inform risk assessment and management measures.. Environmental research, 2023.
• [Ecological Risk Assessment of Tetracycline Antibiotics in Livestock Manure and Vegetable Soil of Chongqing].. Huan jing ke xue= Huanjing kexue, 2020.
• Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Antibiotics in Manure, Soil, Wastewater, Groundwater from Livestock and Poultry Farms in Xuzhou, China.. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology, 2019.
• Using Financial Risk Criteria to Analyze Rice Production: Farm Sharpe Ratio Evidence on Farmer Risk Aversion and Chemical Input Overuse. 2026.
• A scoping review of farm-level biosecurity measure effectiveness against foot-and-mouth disease to inform planning and preparedness efforts in the United States.. 2026.
• Understanding antibiotic decision-making for bovine respiratory disease: a survey of UK farm veterinarians
• From awareness to action: determinants of zoonotic risk perception and protective practices among farm and livestock workers.. 2026.
• The Future Toolbox for Managing Ketosis in Dairy Cow Herds: A European Key Opinion Leader Consensus.. 2026.
• The livestock drinking water system as an active reservoir for antimicrobial resistance: A systematic review and one health gap analysis.. 2026.
• Community preferences and expectations for end-of-life management strategies of wind farms: A prospective study.. 2026.
• One Health perspective on mycotoxins in poultry production: Ecology, toxicological effects, occupational and environmental exposure, food safety risks, and mitigation strategies (2020-2025).. 2026.
• Risk Assessment on an Agricultural Farm. Wseas Transactions on Business and Economics, 2024.
• Methods and Approaches for Risk Assessment in Livestock Farm Management. Wseas Transactions on Business and Economics, 2026.
• Occurrence of Antibiotics at a Typical Livestock Farm in Northwest China: Emergence Characteristics and Ecological Risk Assessment.. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2026.
• Analysis and assessment of risk in the implementation of a cogeneration installation at a livestock farm. Polityka Energetyczna - Energy Policy Journal, 2022.
• Overall Evaluation of Antibiotics Occurrence from Large-Scale Livestock Farms in Sichuan Basin, China: Spatial Distribution, Source Apportionment, and Risk Assessment. Toxics, 2025.
• An exhaustive investigation on antibiotics contamination from livestock farms within sensitive reservoir water area: Spatial density, source apportionment and risk assessment. Science of the Total Environment, 2022.

This article is educational and is not a substitute for veterinary diagnosis, treatment, public-health guidance, or regulatory reporting.