# Senior Pet Symptom Log Template: Template and Examples A senior pet symptom log is a short, repeatable record of what you actually see at home: how much your pet eats and drinks, how often they urinate and defecate, how far they walk, how they sleep, and the exact moment something changed. The template in this guide has five parts. A baseline page you fill in once, a daily six-field grid that takes about 90 seconds, an event log for sudden problems, a medication page, and a question page you build before the appointment. Three filled examples show how raw entries become a summary your veterinarian can act on. The point is not a perfect diary. The point is a summary you can hand across the desk in the first two minutes of a 15-minute appointment, when your memory is competing with a worried pet, a noisy exam room, and a list of questions you meant to ask. This article is educational and is not a substitute for veterinary diagnosis or treatment. ## At a Glance | Step | What you do | Time | |--|--|--| | 1 | Choose one format: printed weekly grid, notebook, spreadsheet, or notes app | 5 minutes, once | | 2 | Complete the baseline page (weight, diet, diagnoses, full medication list) | 10 minutes, once | | 3 | Record the daily six at the same time each day | 90 seconds a day | | 4 | Add an event log entry whenever something unusual happens | As needed | | 5 | Write a five-line weekly summary every Sunday | 5 minutes a week | | 6 | Build your top-three agenda and question list before the visit | 10 minutes, before each appointment | ## Why a Senior Pet Symptom Log Changes the Conversation Veterinary appointments are short, and the history is the most information-dense part of the visit. A physical exam and lab work tell your veterinarian what the body is doing today. The history tells them what the body has been doing for the last two months, which is usually what determines whether a problem is stable, drifting, or accelerating. Memory is a poor instrument for that job. Gradual change is easy to explain away one day at a time. A dog that now stops twice on a walk that used to be easy gets described as "a bit slower lately" because no single day felt alarming. A cat that finishes the bowl and asks for more gets described as "eating fine" because the cat is enthusiastic at mealtime. The log fixes this by dating the drift. Structured measurement is a recognized problem well beyond veterinary clinics. Researchers studying chronic pain interventions have repeatedly flagged weak outcome measurement and poor characterization of the study population as reasons the treatment evidence base stays thin [1]. The same principle applies at home. A number on a date is stronger evidence than an adjective recalled at the end of a visit. Trends matter more than snapshots. A single weight is a data point. Six weights over six months form a trajectory, and the trajectory is what tells your veterinarian whether to investigate now or recheck in eight weeks. Weight loss in a senior animal is often multifactorial, reflecting reduced intake, reduced digestion, increased energy demand, and underlying disease at the same time, which is exactly why it needs a methodical approach rather than a guess [2]. Older patients also accumulate problems. In older adults with chronic kidney disease, uncertain kidney function estimates, age-related changes in how drugs are handled, polypharmacy, and coexisting conditions all make the risk-benefit calculation harder, and guidelines built in younger populations have to be adapted to the individual [3]. Older patients with chronic skin disease are frequently managing several other conditions at the same time [4]. A senior pet's record has to hold all of that in one place, because the pieces interact. ## What Changes When a Pet Is Senior Age changes the shape of the record, not just the number at the top of it. Geriatric medicine in people describes a cluster of age-related problems that reshape how chronic disease is managed: functional dependency, cognitive decline, depression, muscle loss, malnutrition, and polypharmacy [5]. Chronic electrolyte problems in older adults are often underdiagnosed even though they are linked to falls, bone loss, cognitive impairment, and muscle weakness [6]. Long-term medication use in older patients raises legitimate questions about the lowest effective dose and about when to stop, and those questions deserve a planned review rather than an abrupt change [7]. These are human findings, not pet diseases. Taken together they describe a pattern that appears in any aging body: several problems at once, several drugs at once, and a baseline that quietly drifts. A symptom log built for a senior pet has to capture that drift with fields for function, cognition, weight, and medication, not only for the complaint that prompted the visit. That is why a "senior" log looks different from a puppy or kitten log. A young pet's problems usually arrive as single events. A senior pet's problems usually arrive as slow adjustments to a moving baseline. ## Senior Pet Symptom Log Template: The Five Blocks Every field in a good log passes one test: you can observe it at home without special equipment, or your veterinarian specifically asked you to measure it. Anything you cannot observe honestly becomes noise that buries the useful rows. ### Block 1: The Baseline Page (Fill In Once) This page never changes unless something changes. It is the context that makes every later entry readable. | Field | What to write | Example | |--|--|--| | Name, age, sex, neuter status | Age in years and months if known | Maisie, 11 y 4 m, female spayed | | Weight at last veterinary visit and date | Use the clinic scale reading | 28.4 kg on 2026-03-14 | | Current body condition comment from your vet | Whatever your vet said | "Slightly thin over the spine" | | Diagnoses | Named conditions and the date diagnosed | Chronic kidney disease, diagnosed 2025-08 | | Diet | Brand, formula, amount, times | Senior dry formula, 1 cup twice daily | | Full medication and supplement list | Name, dose, times | See medication page | | Usual routine | Walks, stairs, litter box location, sleep spot | Two 30-minute walks, sleeps upstairs | | Baseline habits | What "normal" looks like for this pet | Eats in 5 minutes, 3 urine clumps a day | | Your veterinarian's phone and after-hours number | Both numbers | Front desk and emergency clinic | The "baseline habits" row is the one owners skip and later wish they had not. Without it, you cannot tell whether a change is new or whether it has always been there. ### Block 2: The Daily Six A daily grid that takes 15 minutes gets abandoned by Thursday. Keep six fields, no more. Everything else goes into the event log. | # | Field | How to record it | Filled example | |--|--|--|--| | 1 | Appetite | 0 to 3 scale, with your own anchors written once | "2, ate most of breakfast, left the kibble" | | 2 | Water | Bowl refills in cups, or measured milliliters | "3 cups, usual 2" | | 3 | Urine | Number of clumps (cats) or trips and accidents (dogs) | "5 clumps, one outside the box" | | 4 | Stool | Form, count, anything visible | "1 formed, normal" | | 5 | Mobility | Stairs, walk minutes, stiffness after rest | "10-minute walk, stopped twice, stiff after nap" | | 6 | Global rating | Good, usual, or bad | "Bad" | Write your anchors for the appetite scale on the baseline page so the numbers stay comparable across weeks. Three means finished a normal meal. Two means ate most of it. One means ate less than half. Zero means refused everything. ### Block 3: The Event Log The event log is where anything that does not fit the daily six goes: vomiting, coughing, a limp, a seizure, a night of pacing, a lump you found while brushing. Each entry answers the same six questions. | Date and time | What happened | How long | What preceded it | What you did | What happened next | |--|--|--|--|--|--| | 2026-04-02, 21:40 | Vomited twice, undigested food | About 10 minutes apart | Dinner at 18:00, new medication at 19:00 | Withheld water for 20 minutes, then offered small amounts | Slept normally, no further vomiting | The "what preceded it" column is the one that solves problems. Vomiting that consistently follows a dose by 30 to 60 minutes points at the medication. Vomiting that follows a meal by six hours points elsewhere. Without the timing, that pattern is invisible. Describe pain well when you record it. Detailed characterization of where pain sits, what it feels like, and what comes with it is what allows a clinician to choose between treatment options rather than guess [8]. For a pet, "where, when, and what comes with it" translates to: which limb or which part of the body, what the pet does when it hurts, and whether there is panting, trembling, restlessness, or reluctance to be touched at the same time. ### Block 4: The Medication and Supplement Page This page prevents the most common and most dangerous gap in the record: the owner and the veterinarian are working from different medication lists. | Medication or supplement | Dose and route | Time given | Start date | Prescriber | What you observed | |--|--|--|--|--| | Example: joint supplement | 1 chewable tablet by mouth | 08:00 | 2026-01-05 | You | Soft stool on days 3 to 7, resolved | | Example: anti-nausea tablet | Half tablet by mouth | 19:00 | 2026-03-30 | Dr. Example | Mild sedation for 2 hours after dose | Rules for this page. Record supplements and over-the-counter products, not just prescriptions. Record who gave each dose when more than one person is caring for the pet. Record the time a dose was missed. Never stop or change a prescription on your own based on a log entry, call first. Planned review of long-term medication is a normal part of care, not a sign of failure. For long-term proton pump inhibitor use, guidance favors using the lowest dose that controls symptoms and deprescribing when the original indication is gone [7]. Kidney function affects how some drugs are dosed, which is why renal values often trigger a dose review [9]. In older patients with several prescriptions, interaction review becomes routine rather than exceptional [3][6]. Your log gives your veterinarian the timing information needed to tell a side effect from a coincidence. ### Block 5: The Question Page Write this page before the appointment, not in the parking lot. | My question | Why it matters to me | The answer, written down | |--|--|--| | Example: Is the stiffness arthritis or something else? | She used to manage the stairs and now hesitates | (write the answer here during the visit) | | Example: Do we need blood work now or at the next recheck? | I want to know what we are waiting for | | | Example: What should the log show in two weeks if this is working? | I need a target | | Bring a pen. Write the answers in the room. A verbal answer remembered four hours later has usually lost its numbers. ## Senior Pet Symptom Log Template Format: Paper, Spreadsheet, or Notes App All four formats work. Choose based on where the log lives, not on how it looks. | Format | Strongest when | Weakest when | |--|--|--| | Printed weekly grid on the refrigerator | Multiple people feed and walk the pet | You need a long-term trend | | Bound notebook kept by the food bowl | You want chronological narrative and notes | Searching old entries takes time | | Spreadsheet on a phone or computer | You want totals, averages, and a shareable file | Entry feels slow on a busy morning | | Shared note between caregivers | Two or more people live in different places | Format drifts and columns stop matching | Selection criteria that actually matter: - **Speed of entry.** If a row takes more than 20 seconds, it will not survive a busy week. - **Durability of location.** A paper grid that lives near the food bowl gets filled in. A beautiful planner in a drawer does not. - **Shareability.** If two people provide care, the format has to let both of them add entries without duplicating work. - **Chronology.** The format must preserve date and time automatically or force you to write them. - **Photo attachment.** Lumps, wounds, and gait changes are easier to show than to describe. - **Printability.** Your veterinarian will read a one-page printout. They are less likely to read a 40-page file in the room. The most practical combination for most households is a printed weekly grid kept where the pet is fed, plus phone photos of anything visible, plus a single summary page built before each visit. ## Free Senior Pet Symptom Log Template: Build One in Ten Minutes You do not need to buy anything. A ruled notebook and a pen cover the whole job. 1. Write the baseline page on the first page of a notebook, or as a header block in a document. Nine lines. 2. Create a daily grid with seven rows (one per day) and six columns labeled Appetite, Water, Urine, Stool, Mobility, Rating. 3. Add a header line: pet name, week starting date, and the person completing the log. 4. Add an event log section starting on the next page, with six columns: date and time, what happened, how long, what preceded it, what you did, what happened next. 5. Add a medication page with six columns: product, dose and route, time, start date, prescriber, observed effects. 6. Print seven copies if you prefer paper, or duplicate the weekly sheet seven times in a spreadsheet. 7. Photocopy or screenshot the empty template and keep it as your master. 8. Write the date range on every completed page. Loose pages without dates are nearly useless six weeks later. For households with an older pet and several medications, add a ninth step: a one-line weekly summary at the bottom of each page. Three sentences. What improved, what worsened, what is new. ## The Fillable Grid Use this as the master sheet. Copy it weekly. **Week starting:** ____________ **Pet:** ____________ **Completed by:** ____________ | Day | Appetite (0 to 3) | Water (cups or mL) | Urine | Stool | Mobility | Rating | |--|--|--|--|--|--|--| | Mon | | | | | | | | Tue | | | | | | | | Wed | | | | | | | | Thu | | | | | | | | Fri | | | | | | | | Sat | | | | | | | | Sun | | | | | | | **Weekly summary (three lines):** 1. What improved: ______________________ 2. What worsened: ______________________ 3. What is new: ______________________ ## How to Fill It In Without Burning Out - **Anchor it to an existing routine.** Fill the grid right after the morning medication or right after dinner. A log tied to an existing habit survives. A log tied to good intentions does not. - **Measure instead of estimating where you can.** Use a marked cup for water refills, a kitchen scale for food, and the same scale for your pet every time. Estimated amounts drift toward whatever number feels right. - **Write the time, not just the date.** Medication timing questions cannot be answered from dates alone. - **Record one line per event.** Resist the urge to write a paragraph during the event and resist the urge to reconstruct it three days later. - **Do not backfill more than one day.** Reconstructed entries are guesses wearing a date. - **Log the boring days.** A week of "usual" rows is a real finding. It shows a stable baseline around a bad day, which changes how your veterinarian reads the bad day. - **Stop expanding the template.** If you find yourself adding a ninth daily column, you have crossed from logging into a hobby. Move that column to the event log instead. For pets with nighttime restlessness, keep a separate two-line note for sleep, because disturbed sleep is easy to forget by morning. Sleep problems in older patients and in patients with coexisting conditions need to be assessed with those factors in view, and treatment approaches get modified for age and comorbidity [10]. Your job is not to solve the sleep problem. Your job is to record the pattern: what time it starts, how long it lasts, and what the pet does. ## Preparing for the Vet Appointment Good appointments are planned, not improvised. The same principle applies in research interviews with people managing chronic conditions, where pre-interview planning, structured prompts, and attention to who is speaking all improve the quality of what gets communicated [11]. A veterinary history is a structured interview. You are the historian. Before the visit: 1. **Ask what the appointment needs.** Find out whether your pet should be fasted, whether a urine or stool sample is wanted, and how long the appointment is booked for. A 15-minute slot cannot absorb six concerns. 2. **Write your five-line summary.** What changed. When it started. What you have tried. What worries you most. What you want decided today. 3. **Rank your top three concerns.** Say them first. The fourth and fifth concerns often never get discussed, and that is a scheduling reality rather than neglect. 4. **Build the medication list from the bottles.** Include supplements, joint products, and anything given occasionally. Bring the bottles if you can. 5. **Print the log and mark the important rows.** Highlight the three entries that best support your concerns. Twenty pages without marks is harder to use than two marked pages. 6. **Take photos and a short video.** Film the gait from the side and from behind, and film any cough or breathing change. Ten seconds of video often replaces three paragraphs of description. 7. **Bring the food label or a photo of it.** Diet questions come up in almost every senior workup. 8. **Bring previous lab results if they were done elsewhere.** Trends across providers matter. 9. **Bring a second person if your pet is difficult to handle or if you expect a lot of information.** One person manages the pet, the other listens and writes. 10. **Ask for the plan in writing before you leave.** Discharge instructions recalled from memory lose details. ## Questions to Ask Your Veterinarian Take this list and cross out everything that does not apply. Ten focused questions beat thirty generic ones. **About the diagnosis** 1. What are the three most likely explanations for what I described? 2. Which test changes your next decision, and which tests can wait? 3. What else could look like this, and how would we tell the difference? **About treatment** 4. What is this medication for, and how long do we expect to use it? 5. Which side effects should I record in the log, and which ones mean stop and call you? 6. Is there a lower dose that would still control the problem? 7. Does anything on my medication list interact with this, including supplements? 8. Do any doses need adjusting based on kidney or liver values? **About monitoring** 9. What should I measure at home, and how often? 10. What trend in the log would make you want to see her sooner? 11. What does good control look like for a pet this age? 12. When is the recheck, and what will we compare at that visit? **About the bigger picture** 13. What signs would tell us to shift the goal from fixing the problem to protecting comfort? 14. What is the plan if the first treatment does not work? **About logistics** 15. Can I get the plan and the dosing schedule in writing? 16. Who do I call after hours, and what counts as an emergency for this condition? Write the answers on the question page while you are in the room. Ask your veterinarian to repeat any number you did not catch. ## Senior Pet Symptom Log Template Example: Three Filled Logs ### Example 1: The Dog Who Is "Just Slowing Down" An 11-year-old retriever mix. The owner's complaint at booking is vague: "she seems old lately." What the log shows over six weeks: walks dropped from 30 minutes to 12 minutes. Stairs went from four trips a day to one. She now lies down immediately after eating. Appetite stays at 3 every day. Water is steady at two cups. Stool normal. Weight at the clinic scale is unchanged. Global rating is "usual" on most days, "bad" after long walks. What the log lets the owner say in the room: "The change is in endurance and stairs, not in appetite, water, or stool, and her weight has not moved. She is fine on flat ground and worse after exertion and after rest." That is a different conversation from "she seems old." It tells the veterinarian where to look and which questions to ask, and it gives a baseline to compare against in eight weeks. ### Example 2: The Cat Who Is Drinking More A 14-year-old domestic shorthair. The owner notices the water bowl empties faster. What the log shows over ten days: water went from about one cup a day to three and a half cups. Litter clumps went from three to six, then seven. Appetite rose from 2 to 3 and the cat began asking for food between meals. Weight at the clinic scale two weeks earlier was lower than the reading six months before. Global rating stays "usual." No vomiting. What the log lets the owner say: "Water intake has roughly tripled in ten days, urine clumps have doubled, appetite has increased, and the last clinic weight was down from six months ago. She acts normal." Three measured trends, one date range, no adjectives. The veterinarian now has what they need to decide which tests to run and in what order. ### Example 3: The Dog With Vomiting After a New Medication A 12-year-old small breed started a new prescription four days ago. What the event log shows: vomiting on three of four evenings. Each episode occurs 40 to 70 minutes after the evening dose. Each involves undigested food, lasts under 15 minutes, and resolves without further episodes overnight. Appetite the following morning is 2 rather than the usual 3. No diarrhea. No blood. What the log lets the owner say: "The vomiting is tightly tied to the evening dose, three out of four nights, starting about an hour after. Mornings are slightly off but she recovers by afternoon." The owner should call the veterinarian with this pattern rather than stop the medication independently. Timing information is precisely what allows a clinician to decide whether to adjust the dose, change the timing, add a protective medication, or switch drugs. ## Common Mistakes - **Logging only bad days.** Without good days, there is no baseline, and the bad days look worse than they were. - **Replacing numbers with adjectives.** "Drinking a lot" is not a measurement. Three and a half cups is. - **Using different units each week.** Cups one week and milliliters the next makes the trend useless. - **Forgetting the time.** Medication timing questions are unanswerable from dates alone. - **Recording the symptom but not the context.** What the pet ate, what dose was given, and what happened just before are the columns that solve problems. - **Changing two things at once.** A new diet and a new medication started on the same day cannot be evaluated separately. - **Assuming age explains it.** "He is just old" is the most expensive sentence in senior pet care because it delays every treatable diagnosis. - **Bringing everything and prioritizing nothing.** Your veterinarian needs your top three concerns, marked and stated first. - **Stopping a prescription because the log looked bad.** Call first. Some medications need a taper or a substitute, not a stop. - **Abandoning the log after the diagnosis.** The log becomes more valuable after diagnosis, because now it measures response. ## Troubleshooting **Your pet will not sit still on a home scale.** Weigh yourself holding the pet, then weigh yourself alone, and subtract. Or use the clinic scale at every visit and treat those readings as your official weight series. **You cannot tell which pet is drinking more.** Separate water bowls by location and refill them at the same time each day. For cats, count litter clumps per box per day. **The pet eats the other pet's food.** Feed separately, in closed rooms, for a fixed 20 minutes. Note in the log which pet finished and which left food. **Someone else in the house feeds table scraps.** Add a "treats and extras" line to the medication page and have every person initial it. **The log is being filled in from memory at bedtime.** Move it to the food preparation area and fill the morning row before the bowl goes down. **The entries have become inconsistent after a few weeks.** Reset to the master template and restart the week. Consistency matters more than continuity. **You missed a week because of travel.** Write "no data, travel" across the row. Do not estimate. A labeled gap is honest data. ## Welfare and Safety - **Weigh the pet, do not lift a struggling senior.** A dog with back pain or a cat with sore joints can be injured during an amateur weigh-in. Use the two-step scale method or the clinic scale. - **Keep the measurement routine low-stress.** Take the log entry after the pet has settled. Chasing a cat around the house to check a water bowl raises stress and changes the numbers. - **Watch for pain that does not announce itself.** Reduced grooming, hesitation at stairs, reluctance to be picked up, and a shortened walk are pain signals in older animals. Detailed description of when and where these appear is what allows your veterinarian to select treatment [8]. - **Protect mobility.** Slippery floors, stairs, and furniture jumps are hazards for a stiff senior pet. Note in the log where the hesitations happen so you can report the location, not just the behavior. - **Watch water and appetite in hot weather.** Fluid and food intake shift with temperature, and your log should note unusually hot days so the change is not misread. - **Keep children and other pets away from the medication station.** A dropped tablet is a poisoning risk. Count tablets when you fill a pill organizer. - **Do not add supplements based on a log entry.** Every product you add goes on the medication page and into the conversation with your veterinarian. ## Limitations and When to Contact a Veterinarian A symptom log is a memory aid and a communication tool. It is not a diagnostic instrument, and it cannot tell you what is wrong with your pet. Individual cases need a veterinarian who can examine the animal, review the history, and decide what testing is warranted. Contact your veterinarian promptly, and use the after-hours number if the clinic is closed, for any of the following: - **Breathing changes.** Labored breathing, open-mouth breathing in a cat, or a resting breathing rate above the target your veterinarian gave you. - **A male cat straining in the litter box** with little or no urine produced. - **Repeated vomiting**, vomiting with blood, or vomiting that prevents the pet from keeping water down. - **A cat that stops eating**, even for a day. - **Collapse, seizure, sudden weakness, or inability to stand.** - **Sudden blindness, head pressing, circling, or a dramatic change in behavior or personality.** - **Any unintended weight loss**, especially with normal or increased appetite. - **A new lump that is growing quickly, is irregular, or is bleeding.** - **Pain that the current plan is not controlling**, or pain that is getting worse week over week. - **A medication side effect** that concerns you, including lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea, or loss of appetite after a new prescription. Bring the relevant log pages with you when you go. The escalation criteria your veterinarian sets for your specific pet override the general list above. ## Frequently Asked Questions ### How often should I update a senior pet symptom log? Fill in the daily six every day, and write a three-line weekly summary at the end of each week. Add event entries whenever something unusual happens. ### What is the single most useful thing to record? The trend in weight, intake, and activity over time. A dated series of measurements answers questions that a description cannot. ### Can I use a notebook instead of a printed template? Yes. A ruled notebook with the same six columns and a dated header works as well as any printed grid, provided you keep the fields consistent. ### Do I need to log the normal days too? Yes. Normal days establish the baseline that makes a bad day meaningful, and they show your veterinarian how long a change has actually lasted. ### How do I track one pet's symptoms in a multi-pet home? Separate food and water stations, count litter clumps per box, and write the pet's name on every row. If two pets share a bowl, the data is not usable. ### How long should I keep old logs? Keep them for the life of the pet. Trends across months and years are often what identify a slow-moving problem, and they help any veterinarian who sees your pet for the first time. ### What should I bring to the appointment besides the log? Your top three concerns in writing, the printed log with key rows marked, a complete medication list with doses, the food label, any photos or short videos, and previous lab results. ### Should I keep logging after my pet is diagnosed? Yes. After diagnosis the log becomes a response monitor, and it is the fastest way to show whether a treatment is working between rechecks. ## Sources 1. [Special considerations in conducting clinical trials of chronic pain management interventions in children and adolescents and their families](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31583334/) 2. [Nutritional Considerations when Dealing with an Underweight Adult or Senior Horse.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33820611/) 3. [Special considerations in the management of chronic kidney disease in the elderly](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21799548/) 4. [A Review of Hidradenitis Suppurativa in Special Populations: Considerations in Children, Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women, and the Elderly](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39230800/) 5. [Special considerations in the therapeutic education of elderly with diabetes mellitus type 2](https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2022-16-10-22-32) 6. [Special considerations of hyponatremia in the elderly patient.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41077481/) 7. [Long-Term Proton Pump Inhibitor Use: Review of Indications and Special Considerations](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38471653/) 8. [Onabotulinum toxin A in the treatment of chronic migraine: patient selection and special considerations](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29033605/) 9. [Special considerations with regard to the dosage of tranexamic acid in patients with chronic renal diseases](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/664136/) 10. [Special considerations for the nonpharmacological treatment of insomnia](https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-378610-4.00202-3) 11. [Beyond the Interview Guide: Experiences of Practically and Mindfully Implementing Interview Guidelines When Conducting Research With Children and Adolescents With Chronic Conditions and Their Siblings](https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406920982148)