Q: How long does it take for a cat to recover from perineal urethrostomy surgery?

Most cats are hospitalized for 1 to 3 days post-surgery. The surgical site takes about 10 to 14 days to heal enough for suture removal, but full activity restriction is usually recommended for 2 to 4 weeks. Cats typically resume normal urination within 48 hours of surgery.

Q: Will my cat still get blocked after a perineal urethrostomy?

The risk of a complete urethral obstruction is dramatically reduced but not eliminated. A blockage can still occur if a stricture forms at the stoma site or if a very large stone lodges in the wider pelvic urethra. The surgery does not prevent the formation of stones or blood clots.

Q: What are the most common long-term problems after cat PU surgery?

The most common long-term problems are recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs), asymptomatic bacteriuria, and urine scald dermatitis around the stoma. Urethral stricture is a less common but more serious complication that can require revision surgery.

Q: Why is my cat licking the surgery site, and what should I do?

Licking is a natural response to the sutures and healing tissue, but it is harmful. It can introduce bacteria, cause inflammation, and lead to wound breakdown or stricture. Your cat must wear an Elizabethan collar (e-collar) at all times until the veterinarian confirms the site is healed.

Q: Is it normal for my cat to have blood in the urine after PU surgery?

It is common to see a small amount of blood in the urine for the first few days after surgery, as the stoma is a fresh surgical wound. However, if the bleeding is heavy, continuous, or occurs after the first week, you should contact your veterinarian.

Q: Can my cat live a normal life after perineal urethrostomy?

Yes, most cats live a normal, happy life after PU surgery. They can jump, play, and interact normally. The main adjustments are lifelong management of their diet, environment, and regular veterinary monitoring for UTIs and kidney health.

Q: What is the success rate of perineal urethrostomy surgery in cats?

The success rate for preventing future urethral obstructions is very high, exceeding 90%. Owner satisfaction is also high, reported at 81.8% in one study. However, the success rate for curing all signs of lower urinary tract disease (e.g., frequent urination, blood in urine) is lower, as the underlying cause often persists.

Q: How is a urethral stricture treated in cats after PU surgery?

Treatment depends on the severity. Mild strictures can sometimes be treated with balloon dilation. More severe or recurrent strictures require surgical revision, which may involve creating a new stoma or performing a more complex procedure like a transpelvic urethrostomy (TPU) or subpubic urethrostomy (SPU).

# Feline Perineal Urethrostomy PU Surgery: Post-Op Care and Complications ## Key Takeaways - Feline perineal urethrostomy (PU) is a salvage procedure indicated for recurrent urethral obstruction, severe trauma, or distal urethral masses, creating a permanent stoma by anastomosing the dilated pelvic urethra to the perineal skin to bypass the narrow penile urethra. - Short-term complications, including perioperative hypotension, surgical site swelling, wound dehiscence, and urinary tract infections (UTIs), occur in up to 60% of cases, necessitating strict analgesia, Elizabethan collar use, and diligent wound monitoring. - Long-term complications, reported in up to 36.7% of cats, most commonly include urethral stricture, recurrent UTIs, and urine scald dermatitis, requiring lifelong surveillance and management of underlying lower urinary tract disease. - Suture selection with monofilament absorbable materials such as 6-0 glycomer 631 or poliglecaprone 25 is associated with acceptable outcomes and low major complication rates for the critical mucosa-to-skin anastomosis. - Owner compliance with strict Elizabethan collar use for 10-14 days, meticulous litter box management with dust-free litter, and strict activity restriction for two weeks are paramount for preventing wound dehiscence and stricture formation. - Long-term management focuses on promoting dilute urine through high-moisture diets, environmental enrichment for stress reduction in FIC cases, and regular veterinary monitoring including urinalysis and urine cultures every 3-6 months. --- **Direct Answer for the Veterinary Team:** Feline perineal urethrostomy (PU) is a salvage procedure that creates a permanent stoma by anastomosing the dilated pelvic urethra to the perineal skin, bypassing the penile urethra. It is indicated for recurrent urethral obstruction, severe urethral trauma, or distal urethral masses. While PU is highly effective at preventing fatal obstructions, it is not a cure for the underlying lower urinary tract disease. Post-operative management focuses on strict analgesia, Elizabethan collar (e-collar) use, monitoring for surgical site complications, and long-term surveillance for urinary tract infections (UTIs) and stricture. Reported complication rates vary widely, with short-term complications occurring in up to 60% of cases and long-term complications in up to 36.7% of cases [1]. **Owner-Facing Triage Summary:** If your [cat](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/clinical-methods/cat) has just had PU surgery, your primary jobs are to prevent them from licking the surgical site (strict e-collar use), ensure they are eating and urinating, and administer all prescribed medications. Contact your veterinarian immediately if you see excessive swelling, bleeding, discharge, straining to urinate, or if your cat stops eating. The surgery widens the urinary opening to prevent blockages, but it does not stop the underlying bladder disease, so lifelong management and monitoring are essential. ## At a Glance: Key Considerations for Feline PU | Aspect | Clinical Consideration | Source Reference | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | **Primary Indication** | Recurrent urethral obstruction, especially from feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) or urethral plugs. | [1] | | **Surgical Goal** | Bypass the narrow penile urethra by creating a stoma at the wider pelvic urethra. | [2] | | **Short-Term Complication Rate** | Reported in up to 60.0% of cats in one multi-technique study; 37.8% in a 90-day multi-institutional study. | [3], [1] | | **Most Common Short-Term Complications** | Hypotension (perioperative), urinary tract infection, surgical site swelling, and wound dehiscence. | [3], [4] | | **Long-Term Complication Rate** | Reported in 36.7% of cats in one study; 31.8% specifically for PU in another. | [1], [5] | | **Most Common Long-Term Complications** | Urethral stricture, recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs), and urine scald dermatitis. | [3], [6], [5] | | **Suture Choice** | 6-0 glycomer 631 and poliglecaprone 25 are acceptable monofilament absorbable options with low major complication rates. | [7], [8] | | **Patient Positioning** | Sternal and dorsal recumbency show no significant difference in surgery/anesthesia duration or complication likelihood. | [9], [10] | | **Key Prognostic Factor** | Owner satisfaction is high (81.8%) for PU, but bacteriuria is common (77.2%), necessitating routine urinalysis. | [5] | ## Understanding the Procedure and Anatomy Perineal urethrostomy is a surgical procedure designed to create a permanent, wide opening for urine to exit the body. In male cats, the penile urethra is the narrowest part of the lower urinary tract and is the most common site for obstructions. By amputating the penis and suturing the wider, more dilated pelvic urethra directly to the skin, the surgeon bypasses the problematic narrow segment [2]. The decision to perform a PU is typically based on the location of the pathology. It is indicated for urethral lesions located distal to the bulbourethral glands. Recent anatomical studies have shown that performing a PU results in significant caudal translation of the pelvic urethra, meaning the urethra can be mobilized more than previously thought. This suggests that some pathologies cranial to the bulbourethral glands might also be accessible via this approach, although this is still under investigation [2]. The procedure is most commonly performed for recurrent obstructions linked to feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) or obstructive calculi and clots [1]. In contrast, prepubic urethrostomy (PPU) is reserved for more severe cases, such as extensive urethral trauma or neoplasia, where the perineal approach is not feasible [1], [5]. ### Surgical Approaches: Sternal vs. Dorsal Recumbency A key perioperative decision is patient positioning. A large retrospective multicentric study compared outcomes in 247 cats positioned in either sternal or dorsal recumbency for PU. The study found that patient position was not associated with differences in the durations of surgery or anesthesia, even when a concurrent cystotomy was necessary [9]. Furthermore, the position did not influence the likelihood of short- or long-term complications [9]. A subsequent study on anesthetic variables in 97 cats also found no significant difference in anesthetic complications or postoperative serum creatinine (SCr) concentrations between cats in sternal or dorsal recumbency [10]. This provides surgeons with flexibility; the choice of positioning can be based on surgeon preference and patient stability rather than concerns about outcome. While one study noted a significant difference in the number of preoperative obstructive episodes between the two groups, this was a retrospective finding and not linked to a difference in outcomes [10]. ## Post-Operative Care: The First 48 Hours and Beyond The immediate post-operative period is critical for identifying and managing early complications. The goals are to maintain cardiovascular stability, provide effective analgesia, and prevent self-trauma to the surgical site. ### Immediate Recovery and Monitoring - **Cardiovascular and Renal Support:** Cats presenting with urethral obstruction often have post-renal azotemia and acute kidney injury (AKI). Perioperative hypotension is a common complication, reported in 15 of 140 cats (10.7%) in one multi-institutional study [3]. Anesthetic protocols should be tailored to minimize further renal insult. The choice of surgical positioning (sternal vs. dorsal) does not appear to significantly impact anesthetic complications or postoperative SCr concentrations, allowing the anesthetist to focus on blood pressure support [10]. - **Analgesia:** Multimodal analgesia is essential. This typically includes opioids (e.g., buprenorphine or methadone) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) if renal function is deemed adequate. Local blocks, such as a lumbosacral epidural, can also be used. The goal is to keep the cat comfortable and reduce the stress response that can exacerbate FIC. - **Urinary Catheter:** The decision to place an indwelling urinary catheter post-operatively is debated. A study on 61 cats using poliglecaprone 25 for closure found that the use of an indwelling urinary catheter after surgery was not significantly associated with the development of postoperative complications [8]. However, another study reported that most cats undergoing PU commonly have a urinary catheter placed postoperatively [3]. The decision is often surgeon-dependent, but if placed, it should be removed as soon as the cat is stable and urinating voluntarily, typically within 24 to 48 hours. All cats in a study of a modified PU technique resumed voluntary urination within 48 hours of surgery [4]. ### Wound Care and Owner Instructions - **Strict E-Collar Use:** This cannot be overemphasized. Licking is the primary cause of wound dehiscence, infection, and stricture formation. The e-collar must be worn at all times for at least 10 to 14 days, until the sutures are removed or the stoma is fully healed. - **Surgical Site Inspection:** Owners should be instructed to check the stoma daily for signs of swelling, redness, discharge, or bleeding. The area will be swollen initially, but should gradually improve. - **Litter Box Management:** Use a dust-free, low-tracking litter (e.g., paper pellets) for the first two weeks to minimize the risk of particulate matter adhering to the fresh stoma. The litter box should be kept meticulously clean. - **Activity Restriction:** Strict rest is required for the first two weeks. No jumping, running, or playing with other pets. This may involve confining the cat to a single room or a large [dog crate](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/clinical-methods/dog-crate). ## Complications: Incidence, Types, and Management Complications from PU surgery are common and can be categorized as short-term (perioperative and within days to weeks) or long-term (months to years). A multi-institutional study of 140 cats found that 53 (37.8%) experienced a complication perioperatively, immediately postoperatively, or within 90 days of discharge [3]. Another study of 56 cats undergoing various urethrostomy techniques reported short-term complications in 60.0% and long-term complications in 36.7% of cats [1]. ### Short-Term Complications - **Perioperative Hypotension:** This is the most common perioperative complication, likely due to the combination of dehydration, AKI, and anesthetic drug effects [3]. - **Surgical Site Swelling and Bruising:** Significant scrotal and perineal swelling is common in the first few days. This is managed with cold packs (if tolerated), anti-inflammatories, and time. - **Wound Dehiscence:** Minor dehiscence can occur if the cat licks the site or if there is excessive tension. In a study of a modified PU technique, minor wound dehiscence occurred in 2 of 30 cats (6.7%) [4]. Most minor dehiscence can be managed medically with wound care and continued e-collar use, but major breakdown may require surgical revision. - **Urinary Tract Infection (UTI):** UTIs are a frequent early complication, reported in 11 of 140 cats (7.8%) in the immediate post-operative period [3]. This is often a consequence of the initial obstruction, catheterization, and the altered anatomy. - **Uroabdomen:** This is a rare but severe complication, usually resulting from a urethral tear, often iatrogenic from catheterization or during surgery. A case report describes a cat that developed a uroabdomen one day post-PU secondary to a urethral tear, which was successfully managed with primary urethral repair [11]. ### Long-Term Complications - **Urethral Stricture:** This is the most feared long-term complication, occurring in 12-17% of cats [6]. It is the most common reason for surgical revision. In the 90-day multi-institutional study, stricture was seen in 5 of 140 cats (3.5%) [3]. Stricture formation is often a sequela of poor surgical technique (e.g., tension on the mucosa-to-skin anastomosis), chronic infection, or excessive trauma to the urethral mucosa. Management options include balloon dilation, which was successful in one cat in a modified PU study [4], or surgical revision. Revision options include transpelvic urethrostomy (TPU) or subpubic urethrostomy (SPU) [6]. - **Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections and Bacteriuria:** This is a very common long-term issue. One study found that recurrent UTIs were present in 22.7% of cats after PU, and bacteriuria (bacteria in the urine without clinical signs) was present in 77.2% of cats [5]. The loss of the normal urethral defenses and the wider stoma predispose these cats to ascending infections. Routine urine cultures are recommended for monitoring. - **Urine Scald Dermatitis:** The wider stoma can lead to urine pooling and scalding of the perineal skin, especially in obese cats or those with poor grooming habits. This was reported in 4.5% of PU cats in one study [5]. Management involves keeping the area clean and dry, applying barrier creams (e.g., petroleum jelly), and addressing any underlying causes of polyuria. - **Feline Idiopathic Cystitis (FIC) Flare-ups:** PU does not cure FIC. Cats can still have episodes of hematuria, dysuria, and periuria (urinating outside the box) due to the ongoing bladder inflammation [1]. ## Evidence-Based Management of Complications The management of complications is dictated by the type and severity. - **For Wound Dehiscence:** Minor dehiscence (<2mm) can be managed with conservative therapy: strict e-collar use, topical cleaning with dilute chlorhexidine, and systemic antibiotics if infection is present. Major dehiscence requires surgical debridement and re-suturing. - **For Urethral Stricture:** Early or mild strictures may be managed with balloon dilation [4]. However, severe or recurrent strictures require surgical intervention. Revision techniques include performing a new PU (if the original was faulty) or advancing to a TPU or SPU. A cadaveric study showed that TPU is feasible after a correctly performed PU and results in a 1.5-times longer residual urethral length than SPU, which may be advantageous [6]. - **For Recurrent UTIs:** Treatment should be based on urine culture and sensitivity results. Long-term prophylactic antibiotics may be considered in cases of recurrent symptomatic UTIs, but this is controversial. More importantly, management should focus on increasing water intake (e.g., wet food diets, water fountains) and reducing stress. ## Suture Selection and Surgical Outcomes The choice of suture material for the crucial mucosa-to-skin anastomosis has been a topic of investigation. The ideal suture should be monofilament, absorbable, and cause minimal tissue reaction. - **Poliglecaprone 25 (Monocryl):** A retrospective study of 61 cats found that poliglecaprone 25 is an acceptable suture for PU. The study reported minor short-term complications in 18% of cats and minor long-term complications in 42% of cats. Major complications requiring revision were rare (1.6% short-term, 0% long-term) [8]. - **Glycomer 631 (Biosyn):** A larger, more recent study of 314 cats evaluated the use of 6-0 glycomer 631. The results were excellent, with only 5.7% of cats developing minor complications and 2.2% developing major complications that required surgical revision or resulted in euthanasia. The authors concluded that 6-0 glycomer 631 is acceptable and that minor complication rates were lower than those reported in previous studies using other suture types [7]. These studies suggest that the use of fine (6-0 or 4-0), monofilament, absorbable sutures is associated with acceptable outcomes. The lower complication rates with glycomer 631 may reflect improvements in technique and suture technology over time [7]. ## The Role of Modified Techniques To further improve outcomes, a modified PU technique using preputial mucosa for reconstruction of the urethral stoma has been described. In a study of 30 cats, this technique resulted in all cats resuming voluntary urination within 48 hours, no persistent dysuria or incontinence, and no cases of peristomal dermatitis. Minor wound dehiscence occurred in 6.7% of cats and one cat (3.3%) developed a stricture that was successfully managed with balloon dilation. No revision surgeries were required [4]. While this is a promising approach, it requires surgical proficiency, and the study demonstrated a learning curve with surgical time decreasing from 71 minutes in early cases to 54 minutes in later cases [4]. ## Prevention and Long-Term Management Prevention of future complications is centered on managing the underlying disease, not the surgical site. - **Dietary Management:** The primary goal is to promote dilute urine. This is best achieved by feeding a high-moisture diet (canned or fresh food). If the cat had struvite uroliths, a therapeutic diet to dissolve or prevent them may be recommended. If calcium oxalate stones were the cause, a different therapeutic diet is indicated. - **Environmental Enrichment:** For cats with FIC, stress reduction is paramount. This includes providing multiple litter boxes (one more than the number of cats), vertical space (cat trees), hiding places, puzzle feeders, and consistent daily routines. The use of synthetic feline facial pheromone (Feliway) diffusers may also be helpful. - **Monitoring:** Regular veterinary check-ups are essential. This should include a physical examination, urinalysis, and potentially urine culture every 3 to 6 months to screen for asymptomatic bacteriuria and early signs of stricture formation. Serum symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) and creatinine should also be monitored, as some cats may have progressive kidney disease [5]. - **Owner Education:** Owners must understand that PU is a salvage procedure for obstruction, not a cure for cystitis. They should be educated on the signs of a urinary tract infection and the importance of not allowing the cat to become overweight, as obesity can lead to poor grooming and peristomal dermatitis. ## Unsafe Home Remedies and What to Avoid - **Do Not Remove the E-Collar Early:** This is the most common cause of post-operative failure. The collar must stay on until the veterinarian confirms the stoma is healed. - **Do Not Use Human Medications:** Never give a cat human pain relievers like acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil). These are highly toxic and often fatal to cats. - **Do Not Apply Topical Ointments Unless Directed:** While barrier creams like petroleum jelly can be used to protect the skin around the stoma, do not apply antibiotic ointments or other creams to the stoma itself unless specifically instructed by your veterinarian, as they can interfere with healing. - **Do Not Palpate or "Express" the Bladder:** Do not press on the cat's abdomen to check for urination. This can cause trauma to the surgical site and the bladder. ## Prognosis The prognosis for cats after PU is generally good to excellent for survival and quality of life. Owner satisfaction rates are high, with one study reporting an excellent rating in 81.8% of PU cases [5]. The surgery is highly effective at preventing the life-threatening complication of urethral obstruction. However, the prognosis is guarded for the complete resolution of lower urinary tract signs, as many cats will continue to have episodes of cystitis. The long-term complication rate is significant, with recurrent UTIs and bacteriuria being common [5]. The development of a urethral stricture carries a more guarded prognosis, as it may require additional, more complex surgery [6]. ## Limitations and When to Contact a Veterinarian This article provides a comprehensive overview based on current veterinary literature. However, it cannot predict the outcome for an individual cat. Breed, age, the severity of the presenting disease, the presence of concurrent illnesses (e.g., chronic kidney disease), and the specific surgical technique used all influence the final result. The cited studies are largely retrospective and have inherent limitations, including variations in data recording and follow-up. **Contact your veterinarian immediately if you observe any of the following "Red Flags" after PU surgery:** 1. **Straining to urinate (dysuria) or anuria (no urine output)** for more than 12 hours after surgery or after catheter removal. 2. **Excessive bleeding** from the surgical site (more than a few drops). 3. **Severe swelling or bruising** that seems to be worsening rapidly. 4. **Vomiting or complete anorexia** lasting more than 24 hours. 5. **Lethargy or collapse.** 6. **Any signs of pain** such as hiding, hissing, or not wanting to be touched. 7. **If the e-collar is removed or broken**, contact your vet for advice, as the risk of self-trauma is high. ## Frequently Asked Questions ### How long does it take for a cat to recover from perineal urethrostomy surgery? Most cats are hospitalized for 1 to 3 days post-surgery. The surgical site takes about 10 to 14 days to heal enough for suture removal, but full activity restriction is usually recommended for 2 to 4 weeks. Cats typically resume normal urination within 48 hours of surgery [4]. ### Will my cat still get blocked after a perineal urethrostomy? The risk of a complete urethral obstruction is dramatically reduced but not eliminated. A blockage can still occur if a stricture forms at the stoma site or if a very large stone lodges in the wider pelvic urethra. The surgery does not prevent the formation of stones or blood clots. ### What are the most common long-term problems after cat PU surgery? The most common long-term problems are recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs), asymptomatic bacteriuria, and urine scald dermatitis around the stoma [5]. Urethral stricture is a less common but more serious complication that can require revision surgery [6]. ### Why is my cat licking the surgery site, and what should I do? Licking is a natural response to the sutures and healing tissue, but it is harmful. It can introduce bacteria, cause inflammation, and lead to wound breakdown or stricture. Your cat must wear an Elizabethan collar (e-collar) at all times until the veterinarian confirms the site is healed. ### Is it normal for my cat to have blood in the urine after PU surgery? It is common to see a small amount of blood in the urine for the first few days after surgery, as the stoma is a fresh surgical wound. However, if the bleeding is heavy, continuous, or occurs after the first week, you should contact your veterinarian. ### Can my cat live a normal life after perineal urethrostomy? Yes, most cats live a normal, happy life after PU surgery. They can jump, play, and interact normally. The main adjustments are lifelong management of their diet, environment, and regular veterinary monitoring for UTIs and kidney health [5]. ### What is the success rate of perineal urethrostomy surgery in cats? The success rate for preventing future urethral obstructions is very high, exceeding 90%. Owner satisfaction is also high, reported at 81.8% in one study [5]. However, the success rate for curing all signs of lower urinary tract disease (e.g., frequent urination, blood in urine) is lower, as the underlying cause often persists. ### How is a urethral stricture treated in cats after PU surgery? Treatment depends on the severity. Mild strictures can sometimes be treated with balloon dilation [4]. More severe or recurrent strictures require surgical revision, which may involve creating a new stoma or performing a more complex procedure like a transpelvic urethrostomy (TPU) or subpubic urethrostomy (SPU) [6]. ## Sources [1] [Comparison of surgical indications and short- and long-term complications in 56 cats undergoing perineal, transpelvic or prepubic urethrostomy.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32996836/) [2] [Effect of Perineal Urethrostomy on the Length of the Urethra of the Cat: A Cadaveric Study.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37760210/) [3] [Multi-Institutional, Retrospective Evaluation of Risk Factors Predicting Complications Associated With Perineal Urethrostomy in Cats With Urethral Obstruction (2009-2019): 140 Cases.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42226656/) [4] [Clinical evaluation of a modified perineal urethrostomy technique in 30 cats: a retrospective observational study.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41384601/) [5] [Clinical outcomes of 28 cats 12-24 months after urethrostomy.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31808718/) [6] [Comparison of urethral length and orifice diameter in cats undergoing transpelvic or subpubic urethrostomy for perineal urethrostomy revision (cadaveric study).](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36638151/) [7] [The use of 6-0 glycomer 631 for perineal urethrostomy in male cats: 314 cases (2013-2023).](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40357197/) [8] [Use of poliglecaprone 25 for perineal urethrostomy in cats: 61 cases (2007-2013).](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28959931/) [9] [Retrospective multicentric study comparing durations of surgery and anesthesia and likelihoods of short- and long-term complications between cats positioned in sternal or dorsal recumbency for perineal urethrostomy.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32597729/) [10] [Effect of intraoperative positioning on anesthetic variables in cats undergoing a perineal urethrostomy.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42168827/) [11] [Case Report: Primary urethral repair in a cat secondary to urethral tear sustained during the catheterization procedure.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40191079/) [12] [Cystoscopy-assisted urolith retrieval via a perineal urethrostomy stoma in male cats.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40243255/) ## Related Clinical & Scientific Guides * [Urethral Prolapse in Bulldogs: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/urology-nephrology/urethral-prolapse-in-bulldogs-diagnosis-treatment-and-prevention) * [Urinary Tract Infection in Dogs: Diagnostic Rules and Antibiotic Stewardship](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/urology-nephrology/urinary-tract-infection-in-dogs-diagnostic-rules-and-antibiotic-stewardship) * [Fanconi Syndrome in Basenjis: Genetic Testing and Urine Glucose Management](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/urology-nephrology/fanconi-syndrome-in-basenjis-genetic-testing-and-urine-glucose-management)