# Valley Fever in Dogs: Symptoms, Testing, Treatment, and Recovery Valley fever in dogs is a fungal infection caused by inhaling the spores of *Coccidioides* species, soil-dwelling fungi found in the southwestern United States and a few other arid regions. The disease is also called canine coccidioidomycosis. Most infected dogs develop a cough, fever, lethargy, and weight loss, but the infection can spread from the lungs to bones, joints, skin, eyes, and the brain. Valley fever is not contagious between dogs or from dogs to people. Treatment usually means fluconazole given daily for many months, sometimes a year or longer, with periodic blood tests to track antibody titers. This article is educational and is not a substitute for veterinary diagnosis or treatment. ## Owner Triage Summary If your dog lives in or has traveled to an endemic region and shows a persistent cough, unexplained lameness, fever, or weight loss, call your veterinarian and mention Valley fever by name. Early testing and early antifungal treatment improve outcomes. Go to an emergency clinic now if your dog has difficulty breathing, seizures, sudden blindness, a swollen painful limb that cannot bear weight, non-healing skin wounds, or a distended painful abdomen. Do not wait for a cough to "clear up on its own" if your dog has been in an endemic area. Coccidioidomycosis in dogs can spread beyond the lungs, and the longer it goes untreated, the harder it is to control. ## At a Glance: Valley Fever in Dogs | Feature | What Owners Should Know | |--|--| | Cause | Inhalation of *Coccidioides* spores from disturbed soil [1][2] | | Contagious? | No. Dogs do not pass it to other dogs or to people [1][3] | | Most common form | Pulmonary (lung) disease with cough, fever, lethargy, weight loss [4] | | Disseminated form | Spreads to bone, joint, skin, eye, brain, or other organs [5][6] | | First-line treatment | Fluconazole given by mouth, often for many months [4][7] | | Typical treatment length | Median around 298 days in one case series, with wide variation [4] | | Monitoring | Repeat antibody titers and recheck exams every few months [8][4] | | Endemic regions | Arizona, California (especially the San Joaquin Valley), New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Texas, and parts of Washington [9][1][10] | | Prognosis | Good for uncomplicated lung disease, guarded for severe disseminated disease [5][4] | ## What Is Valley Fever in Dogs? Valley fever is the common name for coccidioidomycosis, an infection caused by two closely related fungi, *Coccidioides immitis* and *Coccidioides posadasii* [1]. These fungi live in warm, dry, alkaline soils. When the soil is disturbed by wind, construction, digging, or dust storms, tiny infectious particles called arthroconidia become airborne. A dog that breathes them in can develop infection [1][2]. Dogs are highly susceptible to coccidioidomycosis. In a nationwide analysis of 834,899 canine serologic tests performed between 2012 and 2022, the overall seropositivity rate among tested dogs was 37.6 percent [9]. That figure reflects dogs whose veterinarians already suspected exposure, so it does not mean 37 percent of all dogs are infected. It does show how common the infection is in the tested population. Dogs also serve as sentinels for human disease. Because they live close to the ground, dig in soil, and usually stay in one area, they can reveal where *Coccidioides* is present in the environment. Canine cases helped identify new endemic regions in Washington and Texas [1]. This makes Valley fever a One Health issue, meaning animal and human health are connected [9][1]. ## How Dogs Get Valley Fever A dog gets Valley fever by inhaling fungal spores from contaminated soil [1][2]. The spores are small enough to reach the deep airways and alveoli, where they transform into a larger tissue form called a spherule. The spherule produces endospores that spread within the lung and can travel through the bloodstream to distant organs. Key points about transmission: - The fungus is not spread dog to dog, dog to person, or person to dog [1][3]. - There is no evidence that a dog can transmit *Coccidioides* to another animal through biting, licking, or coughing. - A dog cannot "catch" Valley fever from another infected dog at a dog park, boarding facility, or home. - The only route of infection is environmental exposure to airborne spores [1][2]. Because of this, an infected dog does not need to be isolated from other pets or from family members. The risk to people comes from the same shared environment, not from the dog. ### Which Dogs Are at Highest Risk Any dog living in or visiting an endemic area can be infected. Risk goes up with: - Time spent outdoors, especially in dusty or disturbed soil. - Digging behavior, which aerosolizes soil particles [1]. - Living in or near an endemic region for months or years. - Travel to endemic regions, even briefly, during dusty conditions. Military working dogs stationed in endemic regions have shown measurable exposure. In one study of 276 military working dogs housed in California, Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, and Utah, 2.1 percent were IgG-positive and 1.1 percent were equivocally IgM-positive, with positive samples from Arizona and California [10]. This confirms that working and outdoor dogs face real exposure risk. ### Endemic Regions Explained Plainly *Coccidioides* is not found everywhere. The classic endemic areas in the United States are: - **Arizona**, especially the Phoenix and Tucson areas, which have the highest reported canine incidence [9][10]. - **California**, particularly the San Joaquin Valley around Bakersfield and Fresno, plus parts of southern California [11][9]. - **New Mexico**, including the southern and central regions [9][5]. - **Nevada**, mainly the southern counties [9][10]. - **Utah**, in the southwestern corner [9][10]. - **Texas**, especially West Texas and the El Paso region [11][9][5]. - **Washington state**, where canine cases helped confirm a newly recognized endemic zone [1]. The Paso del Norte region, which includes El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, has documented canine cases with heavy bone involvement [5]. Endemic regions are not fixed. Climate change, drought, and new development are predicted to expand the area where *Coccidioides* can survive, potentially putting many more people and animals at risk in coming decades [1]. ## Valley Fever Symptoms in Dogs Valley fever symptoms in dogs depend on where the infection settles. Most dogs start with lung disease. Some progress to disseminated disease, which means the fungus has spread beyond the respiratory tract. ### Pulmonary (Lung) Symptoms The most common early signs in one case series of 49 dogs treated with fluconazole were respiratory signs, lethargy, and reduced appetite (hyporexia) [4]. Watch for: - Persistent dry or productive cough. - Fever. - Lethargy or reduced activity. - Weight loss or poor appetite. - Exercise intolerance. - Labored or rapid breathing. - Occasional nosebleeds. These signs can look like kennel cough, pneumonia, or heart disease. A dog that does not improve with antibiotics and lives in an endemic area should be tested for Valley fever. ### Disseminated Disease Symptoms Disseminated coccidioidomycosis can affect almost any organ. In a 10-case series from the Paso del Norte region, all dogs had systemic signs, 80 percent had bone involvement, and 30 percent had respiratory signs. Neurological signs, skin lesions, blindness, nosebleeds, and testicular enlargement were also observed [5]. Signs to watch for by organ system: - **Bone and joint:** Lameness, limb pain, swollen joints, reluctance to walk, painful swellings over bones [5][12]. - **Skin:** Non-healing wounds, draining tracts, nodules, abscesses that do not respond to antibiotics [5]. - **Eye:** Uveitis, red or cloudy eyes, squinting, vision loss, blindness [5]. - **Brain and central nervous system:** Seizures, head tilt, circling, abnormal eye movements, behavior change, incoordination [13][14]. - **Nose:** Epistaxis (nosebleeds) from nasal cavity involvement [5]. - **Reproductive:** Orchidomegaly (testicular enlargement) in male dogs [5]. - **General:** Persistent fever, severe weight loss, enlarged lymph nodes, abdominal distension. A published case report described a Belgian Malinois in Phoenix whose only sign was abnormal eye movements called convergence-retraction nystagmus. Brain MRI found fungal granulomas in the frontal lobe and midbrain, and serology supported coccidioidomycosis. The dog improved with antifungal and anti-inflammatory therapy, and the granulomas resolved or were resolving 10 months later [14]. This case shows that disseminated disease can present with a single unusual sign. ### How Symptoms Differ from Other Diseases Valley fever symptoms overlap with many other conditions. The differential list includes: - Bacterial pneumonia or kennel cough. - Fungal infections such as blastomycosis or histoplasmosis. - Bone cancer or other tumors causing lameness. - Immune-mediated joint disease. - Heartworm disease or heart failure. - Other causes of seizures or brain lesions. This overlap is why testing matters. A dog with a persistent cough, a swollen leg, or a seizure in an endemic region needs specific testing for *Coccidioides*, not just general treatment. ## How Valley Fever Is Diagnosed in Dogs Diagnosis combines history, physical exam, imaging, and laboratory testing. No single test is perfect, and veterinarians often use more than one. ### History and Physical Examination Your veterinarian will ask where your dog has lived and traveled, how much time is spent outdoors, and whether digging or dust exposure is possible. The physical exam looks for fever, abnormal lung sounds, enlarged lymph nodes, lameness, skin lesions, and eye changes. ### Antibody Serology Antibody tests are the mainstay of diagnosis. They detect the dog's immune response to *Coccidioides* rather than the fungus itself. Three commercial assays were compared in one study of 98 dog serum samples. The immunodiffusion assay (IDCF) had an accuracy of 92 percent, the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) had 91 percent accuracy, and the lateral flow assay (LFA) had 82 percent accuracy [15]. Agreement between EIA and IDCF was strong, with a Kappa value of 0.79 [15]. Important limitations: - Early in infection, antibodies may not yet be detectable. A negative test does not rule out Valley fever. - One dog with pulmonary coccidioidomycosis had negative IgM and IgG serology on two separate commercial laboratory tests months after signs began. The diagnosis was confirmed only when fungal culture of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid grew *Coccidioides* [16]. - Antibody titers do not always match disease severity. In a study of 32 dogs with pulmonary coccidioidomycosis, tracheobronchial lymphadenopathy was found in 81 percent, but there was no relevant association between lymph node severity and antibody serology results [8]. ### Imaging Thoracic radiographs (chest X-rays) are standard for dogs with respiratory signs. Common findings include lung infiltrates and enlarged tracheobronchial lymph nodes. In the 32-dog study, tracheobronchial lymphadenopathy resolved in 72 percent of dogs by the 3-month recheck, with a median time to resolution of 96 days after starting fluconazole [8]. Imaging helps track response to treatment but does not replace serology. ### Culture and Airway Sampling Fungal culture can confirm the diagnosis when serology is negative. In the case report of the dog with a 3-month cough, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid culture grew *Coccidioides* after negative antibody tests, and the dog improved on fluconazole [16]. Culture is not routine because it takes time and requires special handling, but it is valuable in confusing cases. ### Cerebrospinal Fluid Testing for CNS Disease When a dog has neurological signs, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can be tested for *Coccidioides* antigen and antibody. In a study of 51 dogs evaluated for central nervous system disease, CSF antigen testing had low sensitivity (20 percent) but high specificity (100 percent). CSF antibody testing had 46 percent sensitivity and 86 percent specificity [13]. These numbers mean a positive result is meaningful, but a negative result does not exclude CNS coccidioidomycosis. Diagnosis of CNS disease is often hampered by overlap with other neurological disorders and the limited sensitivity of available tests [13]. ### Blood Work Routine blood work supports diagnosis and monitoring. Common abnormalities in dogs with coccidioidomycosis include hyperglobulinemia, monocytosis, and neutrophilia. In the 49-dog fluconazole study, hyperglobulinemia resolved within 30 days, neutrophilia within 90 days, and monocytosis after 180 days [4]. These trends help veterinarians judge treatment response. ## Valley Fever Dog Treatment Treatment goals are to control the infection, relieve symptoms, prevent spread, and achieve long-term remission. Antifungal medication is the foundation. Treatment is long, and owners should plan for months of daily medication and regular rechecks. ### Fluconazole as First-Line Treatment Fluconazole is the most commonly used first-line antifungal for canine coccidioidomycosis [4][7]. It is given by mouth, usually once or twice daily, and is generally well tolerated. In a retrospective study of 49 dogs treated with fluconazole, the median initial dosage was 19.7 mg/kg per day. The median treatment duration was 298.5 days, and 26 of the 49 dogs completed treatment during the study period [4]. This means many dogs need roughly 10 months of therapy, and some need longer. Clinical improvement follows a predictable pattern in many dogs: - Lethargy decreased after about 30 days of treatment. - Reduced appetite and respiratory signs decreased after about 90 days. - Median IgG titer at diagnosis was 1:32 and fell significantly at all recheck intervals after 90 days [4]. Fluconazole for dogs with Valley fever is not a short course. Stopping early can lead to relapse. Your veterinarian will decide when to stop based on clinical signs, titer trends, and imaging. ### Itraconazole and Ketoconazole as Alternatives Itraconazole and ketoconazole are other azole antifungals used for coccidioidomycosis in dogs. They may be chosen when fluconazole is not effective, not tolerated, or when a veterinarian prefers a different azole based on the case. These drugs have their own side effect profiles and monitoring needs, and they are typically managed by a veterinarian experienced with fungal disease. Newer azoles are also being studied. A pharmacokinetic study in healthy dogs evaluated isavuconazonium sulfate, a prodrug of isavuconazole. The study found that isavuconazole has an expanded spectrum of antifungal activity and may cause fewer side effects such as liver and kidney toxicity compared with older azoles in humans, though its profile in dogs had not been previously characterized [17]. This research is early, and isavuconazole is not yet a standard first-line choice for canine Valley fever. ### Supportive Care Alongside antifungal therapy, veterinarians may use: - Anti-inflammatory drugs for pain and swelling, especially with bone or joint involvement. - Anti-nausea medication if the antifungal causes stomach upset. - Nutritional support for dogs that have lost weight. - Oxygen therapy for dogs with severe respiratory distress. - Surgery in selected cases, such as draining abscesses or stabilizing affected bone. A published case of CNS coccidioidomycosis with brain granulomas improved with antifungal and anti-inflammatory therapies together [14]. This shows that combining treatments can help in complicated cases. ### Treatment Duration and Monitoring Expect a long treatment course. The median of about 298 days in one study gives owners a realistic benchmark, but every dog is different [4]. Monitoring typically includes: - Recheck exams every 1 to 3 months. - Repeat antibody titers to track the immune response. - Repeat chest X-rays if lung disease was present. - Blood work to check liver values and blood cell counts. - Imaging of affected organs if disseminated disease is present. In the 32-dog pulmonary study, rechecks with radiographs and serology occurred every 3 months until remission or for up to 12 months [8]. This schedule is a reasonable example of how veterinarians follow dogs over time. ### Why Titers Matter Antibody titers help guide treatment length. In the fluconazole study, median IgG titer dropped significantly after 90 days of treatment [4]. Falling titers combined with improving clinical signs suggest the dog is responding. Rising or persistently high titers may prompt a change in medication or a longer course. Titers are not the whole story. The lymph node study found that radiographic lymph node changes did not correlate well with antibody results [8]. Your veterinarian will interpret titers alongside the physical exam and imaging. ## Is Valley Fever Contagious? No, Valley fever is not contagious. Dogs do not spread *Coccidioides* to other dogs, cats, or people [1][3]. The infection comes only from inhaling spores from the environment [1][2]. This means: - An infected dog can stay in the home with other pets. - An infected dog can sleep in bed with family members. - No isolation, quarantine, or special disinfection is needed for the dog. - People in the household are not at risk from the dog. They are at risk from the same soil and dust the dog was exposed to. If a dog is diagnosed with Valley fever, the more useful conversation is about the shared environment. Other pets and family members may have had similar exposure to airborne spores. Anyone with persistent respiratory symptoms, fever, or fatigue should see a physician and mention possible Valley fever exposure. ## Unsafe Home Remedies and What to Avoid Valley fever cannot be treated with home remedies. The infection requires prescription antifungal medication. Avoid these approaches: - Do not give human antifungal medications to your dog without veterinary direction. Doses and formulations differ, and some can be toxic. - Do not rely on honey, colloidal silver, essential oils, or herbal supplements to treat a fungal lung infection. - Do not stop prescribed antifungal medication early because your dog looks better. Relapse is common when treatment is stopped too soon. - Do not use over-the-counter cough suppressants for a persistent cough without veterinary guidance. Cough suppressants can mask worsening disease. - Do not assume a negative antibody test means your dog is clear if symptoms continue. Additional testing may be needed [16]. If your dog is on fluconazole or another azole, tell your veterinarian about every other medication or supplement you give. Drug interactions are possible. ## Prevention and Risk Reduction There is no licensed vaccine for Valley fever in dogs yet. Research into a live avirulent vaccine candidate is ongoing, and one study developed an interferon-gamma recall assay to detect T-cell responses after vaccination in dogs [18]. A survey of people in two endemic regions found that 49 percent of West Texas residents and 74 percent of Kern Medical employees were willing to vaccinate their dogs against Valley fever, and that avoiding side effects was the most important factor in their decision [11]. A vaccine is not currently available for routine use. Practical prevention steps: - Reduce dust exposure. Keep dogs away from active construction, excavation, and dust storms. - Limit digging in known endemic areas when possible. - Keep dogs indoors during high-wind dust events. - Provide good ventilation and avoid tracking large amounts of soil indoors. - Discuss any travel to endemic regions with your veterinarian, especially if your dog has a weakened immune system. No prevention method is perfect. The fungus is in the environment, and spores can travel on the wind. Early recognition and treatment remain the most reliable way to protect your dog. ## Prognosis and Recovery Prognosis depends on how far the infection has spread and how quickly treatment starts. For uncomplicated pulmonary coccidioidomycosis, the outlook is generally good. In the 49-dog fluconazole study, clinical signs, titers, and blood work abnormalities improved after treatment began [4]. Many dogs return to normal activity over months of therapy. For disseminated disease, the outlook is more guarded. A case series from the Paso del Norte region noted that most cases had bone involvement and that the overall prognosis is serious [5]. Dogs with CNS involvement face additional challenges because diagnosis is difficult and treatment must penetrate the brain and spinal cord [13][14]. Recovery is measured in months, not weeks. Owners should expect: - Daily medication for many months. - Regular veterinary rechecks. - Gradual improvement in energy and appetite. - Possible flare-ups if medication is stopped too early. - Long-term monitoring even after treatment ends. Some dogs achieve sustained clinical remission. In the case report of the dog diagnosed by bronchoalveolar lavage culture, clinical signs improved shortly after fluconazole started, and the dog achieved long-term sustained clinical remission [16]. This is the goal of treatment. ## Emergency Red Flags Call an emergency veterinary hospital immediately if your dog shows: - Severe difficulty breathing, blue gums, or collapse. - Seizures, especially repeated or lasting more than a minute. - Sudden blindness or severe eye pain. - A limb that is swollen, hot, and too painful to bear weight. - A rapidly enlarging skin wound or draining tract. - A distended, painful abdomen. - High fever that does not respond to treatment. - Inability to eat or drink for more than 24 hours. These signs can indicate severe pulmonary or disseminated coccidioidomycosis and require urgent care. ## Limitations and When to Contact a Veterinarian This article provides general information about Valley fever in dogs. It cannot diagnose your dog or replace an in-person veterinary examination. Every case is different, and treatment decisions depend on your dog's specific test results, symptoms, and overall health. Contact your veterinarian if: - Your dog has a cough lasting more than a week, especially with fever or weight loss. - Your dog has been in an endemic region and develops any unexplained lameness, skin wound, or eye problem. - Your dog is on antifungal medication and develops vomiting, diarrhea, yellow gums, or reduced appetite. - Your dog's symptoms worsen or new symptoms appear during treatment. - You are unsure whether your dog needs testing for Valley fever. If you have concerns about your own health or the health of other family members after possible exposure, contact a physician. Valley fever affects people too, and the same environmental exposure can affect both dogs and humans [9][1]. ## Frequently Asked Questions ### Is Valley fever contagious from dog to dog? No. Valley fever is not contagious between dogs. The infection comes from inhaling *Coccidioides* spores from soil, not from contact with an infected animal [1][3]. An infected dog does not need to be isolated from other pets. ### Can I get Valley fever from my dog? No. You cannot get Valley fever from your dog. People get the infection the same way dogs do, by inhaling spores from the environment [1][2]. If your dog was exposed, you may have shared the same environmental exposure, so watch for your own symptoms and see a physician if they occur. ### How long does Valley fever treatment last in dogs? Treatment usually lasts many months. In one study of 49 dogs treated with fluconazole, the median treatment duration was 298.5 days [4]. Some dogs need a year or longer, and the exact length depends on response to treatment and titer trends. ### What is the first-line treatment for Valley fever in dogs? Fluconazole is the most commonly used first-line antifungal for canine coccidioidomycosis [4][7]. It is given by mouth, often daily, and is generally well tolerated. Itraconazole and ketoconazole are alternative azoles that may be used in some cases. ### How do veterinarians test for Valley fever in dogs? Veterinarians use antibody serology as the main diagnostic tool. Immunodiffusion and enzyme immunoassay tests have accuracy around 91 to 92 percent in dogs with confirmed coccidioidomycosis [15]. Chest X-rays, blood work, and sometimes fungal culture or cerebrospinal fluid testing are used when needed [8][13][16]. ### Can a dog recover from Valley fever? Yes, many dogs recover, especially with uncomplicated lung disease. In one study, dogs treated with fluconazole showed improvement in clinical signs, antibody titers, and blood work abnormalities over time [4]. Disseminated disease has a more guarded prognosis, but treatment can still control the infection [5][14]. ### What are the signs of disseminated Valley fever in dogs? Disseminated Valley fever can cause lameness, bone pain, swollen joints, non-healing skin wounds, eye inflammation, blindness, nosebleeds, seizures, and behavior changes [5][13][14]. In one case series, 80 percent of dogs with systemic disease had bone involvement [5]. ### Which regions have Valley fever in dogs? Valley fever is endemic in Arizona, California (especially the San Joaquin Valley), New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Texas, and parts of Washington state [9][1][10]. The endemic region is expanding with climate change, so dogs in nearby areas may also be at risk [1]. ## Related Articles - [Dog Bad Breath Cough](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/dental-care/dog-bad-breath-cough) - [Dog Coughing - Kennel Cough, Allergies, or Something Worse?](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/online-vet-and-care-costs/dog-coughing-kennel-cough-allergies) - [Dog Coughing - When to Call the Vet and Home Care Tips](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/online-vet-and-care-costs/dog-coughing-when-to-call-vet) - [Dog Coughing - When Should You Worry?](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/parasitic-diseases/dog-coughing-when-to-worry) - [Can You Give Your Dog Robitussin for a Cough?](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/pet-medication-guide/can-you-give-dog-robitussin-cough) - [How to Tell If Your Dog's Cough Is a Side Effect of Heartworm Medication](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/pet-medication-guide/dog-cough-heartworm-medication-side-effect) ## Sources 1. 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