# Rabbit Poop Guide: Normal Droppings, Cecotropes, and Warning Signs Rabbit poop is one of the most useful health signals a pet owner can monitor at home. A healthy rabbit produces two completely different kinds of droppings: firm, round fecal pellets that land in the litter box, and soft, shiny cecotropes that the rabbit eats directly from its own rear end. Both are normal. Cecotrophy, the act of eating cecotropes, is not a dirty habit or a sign of a deficient diet. It is a required part of rabbit digestion that supplies the body with protein, vitamins, and volatile fatty acids the rabbit cannot otherwise absorb efficiently [1]. The triage rule is simple. Firm round pellets plus a healthy appetite means the gut is moving. No droppings for 12 hours, watery diarrhea, or a rabbit that stops eating is an emergency that needs a veterinarian the same day. Rabbits with gastrointestinal stasis, the most common digestive emergency in pet rabbits, are often hypothermic on presentation, and hypothermic rabbits are roughly five times as likely to die or be euthanized as rabbits with a normal temperature [2]. Waiting to "see if it passes" is the single most dangerous mistake an owner can make. This article is educational and is not a substitute for veterinary diagnosis or treatment. ## At a Glance: Rabbit Dropping Chart | Dropping type | What it looks like | What it usually means | Action | |--|--|--|--| | Normal fecal pellets | Round, uniform, dry, roughly pea to marble sized, easily swept up | Healthy hindgut function and normal cecal fermentation | Keep doing what you are doing | | Cecotropes | Soft, shiny, clustered, mucus coated, strong odor, usually eaten directly from the anus | Normal and necessary. A major source of nitrogen, vitamins, and organic acids | None. Do not stop the rabbit from eating them | | Uneaten cecotropes | Soft clusters left in the litter box or stuck to fur | Diet too rich, obesity, arthritis or pain, dental disease, or stress | Review diet and pellets first. If the rabbit cannot reach its rear or is losing weight, see a vet | | Small or misshapen pellets | Noticeably smaller, irregular, teardrop, or few in number | Reduced gut motility, early stasis, dehydration, or pain | Weigh the rabbit, check appetite. Call a vet within 24 hours if it persists | | Strung-together pellets | Pellets linked by fur or hair, like a beaded chain | The rabbit is ingesting hair, often from grooming itself or a companion | Increase grooming and fiber. Watch for reduced output | | Mucus on droppings | Clear or gelatinous coating, jelly-like material | Intestinal irritation or inflammation | Veterinary examination is warranted | | True diarrhea | Unformed, watery, liquid stool, soiled rear end | Serious intestinal disease. A true emergency in young rabbits | Emergency veterinary care now | | No droppings for 12 hours | Empty litter box, no output, often with reduced appetite | Rabbit gastrointestinal syndrome (RGIS), also called GI stasis | Emergency veterinary care now | ## Why Rabbit Poop Matters So Much Rabbits are hindgut fermenters. The cecum, a large blind pouch at the junction of the small and large intestine, holds a dense microbial community that breaks down plant fiber the rabbit cannot digest on its own. The rabbit cecum is dominated by fibrolytic bacteria such as Bacteroides and by acetogens in the genus Blautia and related Clostridiales, a microbial profile that differs substantially from the rumen of sheep and other foregut fermenters [3]. That microbial community is the engine behind every pellet your rabbit produces. Fecal output is therefore a direct readout of gut motility. When motility slows, the cecum stops emptying normally, fermentation shifts, and the rabbit's whole physiology destabilizes. A study of pet rabbits with rabbit gastrointestinal stasis (RGIS) found measurable shifts in the fecal microbiota during illness, with higher abundance of Clostridium sensu stricto 1 and an unclassified Enterobacteriaceae genus in affected rabbits and higher abundance of five other bacterial genera in healthy rabbits [4]. The yeast Cyniclomyces guttulatus dominated the eukaryotic microbiota in all rabbits in that study, healthy or not [4]. RGIS is best understood as a syndrome rather than a single disease. It is a complex of clinical signs and concurrent pathologic conditions affecting the digestive tract, and the underlying cause is often never identified even after a full diagnostic workup [5]. That is why owners should treat dropping changes as a signal to investigate, not as a diagnosis in itself. ## The Two Kinds of Rabbit Droppings ### Normal Fecal Pellets Normal rabbit droppings are round, dry, uniform, and easy to sweep or scoop. They should be roughly the size of a pea to a small marble, consistent in shape, and produced in steady numbers throughout the day. Color varies with diet, from golden brown to darker brown, and pellets may lighten when a rabbit eats more hay. Healthy rabbit droppings should not be soft, should not smell strongly, and should not stick to the rabbit's fur. If you can pick a pellet up with your fingers and it holds its shape without smearing, that is a good sign. ### Cecotropes: The Droppings Your Rabbit Eats Cecotropes are sometimes called night feces or soft feces. They are produced in the cecum and are structurally different from normal pellets. They are soft, moist, shiny, clustered together, and coated in mucus. They have a stronger odor than regular pellets. Most owners never see them because the rabbit eats them directly from the anus as they are produced. Cecotrophy is a normal and necessary behavior, and it is the reason the term "rabbit coprophagia" is misleading when applied to rabbits. Coprophagia in dogs usually means eating feces, which is abnormal. In rabbits, eating cecotropes is a designed part of digestion. When researchers prevented cecotrophy in rabbits by fitting a collar, lactic fermentation in the stomach stopped, lactate levels dropped in venous and arterial blood, and volatile fatty acid production shifted from the foregut to the hindgut [1]. In other words, blocking cecotrophy directly disrupts the rabbit's energy supply. Cecotropes deliver more than calories. The liver of a rabbit with normal cecotrophy takes up acetate, propionate, and butyrate at rates of roughly 21, 59, and 76 percent respectively, and those uptake values change when cecotrophy is prevented [1]. Cecotropes also recycle nitrogen. In fattening rabbits, the type and particle size of dietary fiber significantly affected how much soft feces was produced and how much total and microbial nitrogen those soft feces contained [6]. This is why fiber quality, not just fiber quantity, drives rabbit gut health. The practical takeaway: if you see your rabbit eating soft droppings from its rear, do not stop it. If you see soft droppings left uneaten, that is the problem to investigate. ## Why Do Rabbits Eat Their Poop? Rabbits eat their poop because cecotropes contain nutrients the rabbit cannot get any other way. The cecum ferments fiber into volatile fatty acids and builds microbial protein, and cecotrophy returns that material to the stomach for a second pass through digestion. This is not a sign of a poor diet, a behavioral problem, or a vitamin deficiency in a healthy rabbit. It is a fixed feature of rabbit physiology. A rabbit that stops eating its cecotropes is not being picky. It usually cannot reach them, cannot tolerate them, or is producing too many of them. ## Uneaten Cecotropes: Causes and What to Do Uneaten cecotropes are the most common abnormal dropping finding in pet rabbits, and they are usually a management problem rather than an emergency. The classic presentation is soft, dark, smelly clusters stuck to the fur around the tail or left in the litter box overnight. Common causes include: **Diet too rich.** A diet high in pellets, treats, fruit, or starchy vegetables pushes excess fermentable substrate into the cecum. A review of digestive problems in rabbits describes an "overload" pathway in which excess easily fermentable substrate such as starch and protein reaches the cecum incompletely digested, triggering hyperfermentation, changes in cecal pH, and inhibition of the normal microflora [7]. The result is overproduction of cecotropes that the rabbit does not need and does not eat. **Obesity.** An overweight rabbit cannot easily reach its rear end to eat cecotropes as they are produced. The droppings then accumulate on the fur. **Arthritis or pain.** The same mechanical problem occurs when a rabbit has joint pain or spinal discomfort. The rabbit wants to eat the cecotropes but cannot comfortably bend to reach them. **Dental disease.** Rabbits with painful or overgrown cheek teeth may have difficulty grooming and may also have altered food intake that changes cecal fermentation. **Stress or environmental disruption.** A new home, a new companion, or a disrupted routine can change eating patterns and dropping output. The first step for most uneaten cecotropes is a diet review. Reduce pellets and treats, ensure unlimited grass hay, and check whether the rabbit can physically reach its rear. If the rabbit is overweight or seems painful when moving, that is a veterinary conversation. If cecotropes are persistently uneaten despite a good diet, a veterinarian should examine the teeth, joints, and body condition. ## Small Rabbit Poop and Misshapen Pellets Small rabbit poop is an early warning sign. When pellets become noticeably smaller than usual, irregular in shape, or fewer in number, gut motility is likely slowing. This is the stage where intervention is most effective. Reduced motility can be triggered by many things. Pain from any source, dehydration, a diet low in fiber, dental disease, and stress all reduce gut transit. A study of rabbits presenting with signs of gastrointestinal dysfunction found that many had concurrent disease and biochemical abnormalities, meaning the gut slowdown was often part of a larger problem [2]. In a separate report, a rabbit with lead toxicosis from chewing paint presented with gastric stasis and mineral opacities visible in the cecum on radiographs [8]. Another rabbit developed gastrointestinal stasis secondary to mesenteric cysticercosis, a parasitic infection found on ultrasound [9]. A third case involved sacculitis and appendicitis, inflammation of the sacculus rotundus and appendix, confirmed on CT and ultrasound as the cause of the rabbit's stasis [10]. The pattern is consistent. Small or misshapen pellets are a symptom, not a diagnosis. A veterinarian will look for the underlying cause. What owners should do when pellets get small: 1. Weigh the rabbit and compare to its normal weight. 2. Offer fresh hay and check whether the rabbit is eating. 3. Check water intake and hydration by gently tenting the skin over the shoulders. 4. Count droppings over the next few hours. 5. Call a veterinarian if output stays low, appetite drops, or the rabbit seems painful or quiet. Do not wait for the rabbit to stop eating entirely before seeking help. By the time a rabbit refuses food, the syndrome is usually well established. ## Strung-Together Pellets and Hair Strung-together pellets look like a chain of beads connected by hair or fiber. This usually means the rabbit is swallowing hair during grooming and that hair is passing through the gut bound to fecal material. Rabbits are fastidious groomers and normally ingest some hair. Problems arise when hair accumulates faster than it moves through. Long-haired breeds, rabbits in heavy shed, and rabbits living with a companion they groom constantly are at higher risk. Reduced gut motility makes the problem worse because hair moves more slowly. Practical steps include brushing the rabbit more often during shedding, brushing a bonded companion, keeping hay intake high, and watching dropping output closely. If strung-together pellets are accompanied by small pellets, reduced appetite, or a drop in output, treat it as an early motility problem and contact a veterinarian. ## Mucus on Rabbit Droppings Mucus on droppings appears as a clear, gelatinous, or jelly-like coating. It signals intestinal irritation or inflammation. Mucus is not normal on rabbit droppings and warrants a veterinary examination. Mucus can accompany enteritis, intestinal infection, or other inflammatory conditions of the gut. The rabbit's overall condition matters as much as the mucus itself. A bright, eating, active rabbit with a single mucus-coated dropping is a different situation from a quiet rabbit with repeated mucus and reduced appetite. In both cases, a veterinarian should evaluate the rabbit, and the sooner the better if other signs are present. ## Rabbit Diarrhea: A True Emergency True diarrhea in a rabbit means unformed, watery, or liquid stool, often with a soiled and wet rear end. This is not the same as uneaten cecotropes, and it is not the same as soft pellets. True diarrhea is a medical emergency, and it is especially dangerous in young rabbits. Young rabbits are highly vulnerable to diarrheal disease. An infant rabbit model of Campylobacter jejuni infection produced diarrhea that mimicked human campylobacteriosis, with the large intestine as the most consistently colonized site and with intestinal inflammation and induced cytokines [11]. This work demonstrates how quickly an enteric pathogen can cause serious diarrheal disease in a young rabbit. The PDSA advises that diarrhea in rabbits should be treated as urgent, and VCA Animal Hospitals lists diarrhea among the common health problems in pet rabbits that require veterinary attention [12][13]. What to do if your rabbit has true diarrhea: - Call an emergency veterinary hospital immediately. - Do not withhold food unless a veterinarian tells you to. - Do not give over-the-counter human anti-diarrheal medication. - Keep the rabbit warm and quiet during transport. - Bring a fresh sample of the stool in a clean container if you can. The difference between soft cecotropes and true diarrhea matters. Soft cecotropes that the rabbit is not eating are usually a diet or mobility issue. Watery stool is a gut emergency. ## No Droppings for 12 Hours: GI Stasis Emergency No droppings for 12 hours is the single most important red flag in this guide. A rabbit that has produced no fecal output for half a day, especially if it is also eating less or acting quiet, is likely in rabbit gastrointestinal syndrome (RGIS), commonly called GI stasis. RGIS is defined as reduced motility of any part of the digestive tract, and it can lead to impaction and death if left untreated [4]. It is one of the most common issues in clinical practice [4]. Treatment focuses on supportive care. A clinical review of advanced therapies describes supportive therapy including fluids, hand feeding, and motility-enhancing drugs, and notes that many rabbits respond positively even when no underlying cause is found [5]. RGIS frequently has a primary trigger. Documented causes in the veterinary literature include postoperative stasis after surgery, with return of gastrointestinal function tracked by measuring fecal output [14]. Opioid pain medications can also slow transit. In a study of healthy rabbits, buprenorphine significantly delayed the appearance of the first marker sphere and produced the lowest daily fecal output, while the peripheral opioid antagonist methylnaltrexone reversed that effect [15]. This is relevant because rabbits are often given opioids for pain, and owners should know that reduced droppings after a painful event or procedure can have a medication component. Vaccination has also been associated with gastrointestinal stasis as an adverse reaction in a small percentage of rabbits in one Sydney study, alongside lethargy and lameness [16]. This is a rare event, and the same study concluded that the benefits of vaccination outweigh the risks. What to do when a rabbit stops producing droppings: 1. Treat it as an emergency. Call your veterinarian or an emergency clinic now. 2. Offer the rabbit its normal food and fresh hay. 3. Keep the rabbit warm. Hypothermia is a serious prognostic sign in RGIS [2]. 4. Do not massage the abdomen forcefully. You cannot tell stasis from an obstruction at home. 5. Do not give human medications, oils, or home remedies. A veterinarian will assess hydration, temperature, abdominal palpation, and often imaging. Treatment typically includes fluids, nutritional support, pain control, and drugs that support motility [5]. ## How Veterinarians Evaluate Abnormal Rabbit Droppings A veterinary visit for dropping changes usually starts with a full history. The veterinarian will ask about diet composition, recent changes, appetite, water intake, weight, and how long the droppings have been abnormal. They will also ask about dental history, mobility, and any recent surgery or medication. The physical examination focuses on body condition, hydration, dental examination, abdominal palpation, and temperature. Rectal temperature matters. In a study of 117 rabbits with signs of gastrointestinal dysfunction, rabbits with a rectal temperature at or below 36.6 degrees Celsius (97.9 degrees Fahrenheit) on initial examination were five times as likely to die or be euthanized as rabbits with a normal temperature [2]. Diagnostics may include radiographs to look for gas patterns, obstruction, or foreign material. Ultrasound can identify structural causes such as mesenteric cysticercosis or inflammation of the sacculus rotundus and appendix [9][10]. Bloodwork helps identify concurrent disease and biochemical abnormalities, which are common in rabbits with gastrointestinal dysfunction [2]. Fecal testing may be considered. Research on the fecal microbiota in RGIS has identified specific bacterial shifts, including higher Clostridium sensu stricto 1 and an unclassified Enterobacteriaceae genus in affected rabbits, and lower abundance of five genera found in healthy rabbits [4]. This kind of testing is mainly a research tool at this stage, but it confirms that the gut microbial community changes measurably during stasis. ## Evidence-Based Management of Gut Problems in Rabbits Treatment depends on the underlying cause, but the core principles are consistent. The clinical review of advanced therapies for [gastrointestinal stasis in rabbits](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/exotic-animal-medicine/gastrointestinal-stasis-in-rabbits-pathophysiology-diagnostic-approach-and-evidence-based-treatment) describes supportive therapy built around fluids, hand feeding, and motility-enhancing drugs [5]. The same review notes that identifying the underlying cause is often difficult, and many rabbits respond to supportive care even when no cause is found [5]. Fiber management is central to prevention and to recovery. The type of fiber in the diet changes cecal fermentation and cecotrope production. In fattening rabbits, dietary pectic constituents and a higher proportion of fine particles increased soft feces excretion and raised total and microbial nitrogen in soft feces, while also increasing cecal acidity and total volatile fatty acids [6]. A separate study found that different fiber sources changed gut transit time substantially, with marker turnover ranging from about 30 hours to about 65 hours depending on the fiber source [17]. Lignin, in particular, reduced digestibility of protein, energy, and dry matter, and lowered cecal volatile fatty acid concentrations [17]. For owners, the practical translation is that grass hay should be the foundation of the diet, treats and rich pellets should be limited, and sudden diet changes should be avoided. These are the same principles that reduce the "overload" pathway described in the review of digestive problems in rabbits, where excess fermentable substrate reaching the cecum disrupts normal microflora [7]. Pain control matters because pain slows gut motility. The buprenorphine study showed that opioid analgesia can itself reduce fecal output, and that methylnaltrexone reversed the effect in healthy rabbits [15]. This is a clinical decision for a veterinarian, not an owner decision. ## Unsafe Home Remedies and Common Mistakes Several well-meaning home treatments make rabbit gut problems worse. **Do not give human anti-diarrheal medications.** These are not formulated for rabbits and can cause harm. **Do not give oils or petroleum products** to "move hair through." These are not supported for rabbit gut stasis and can interfere with digestion. **Do not withhold food.** A rabbit's gut needs continuous input to keep moving. Fasting a rabbit with reduced motility makes the problem worse. **Do not forcefully massage the abdomen.** You cannot distinguish stasis from an obstruction at home, and vigorous massage can injure an obstructed gut. **Do not wait for 24 hours.** The 12 hour mark for no droppings is the trigger for veterinary care, not the 24 hour mark. **Do not stop your rabbit from eating cecotropes.** This is normal behavior and blocking it disrupts the rabbit's nutrition [1]. ## Prevention: Keeping Rabbit Droppings Normal Prevention comes down to diet, weight, dental care, and monitoring. **Feed a hay-based diet.** Grass hay should be available at all times. Hay drives cecal fermentation, supports normal motility, and provides the particle size that keeps the hindgut working. **Limit pellets and treats.** Excess pellets, fruit, and starchy treats push fermentable substrate into the cecum and can trigger overproduction of cecotropes [7]. **Keep the rabbit at a healthy weight.** Obesity prevents rabbits from reaching their rear to eat cecotropes and adds strain on joints. **Monitor dental health.** Dental disease is a common contributor to reduced food intake and altered dropping patterns. Regular veterinary examinations help catch it early. **Brush during shedding.** Reducing ingested hair lowers the risk of strung-together pellets. **Know your rabbit's normal.** Count droppings for a few days when your rabbit is healthy so you recognize a change quickly. **Weigh your rabbit regularly.** Weight loss is often the first sign of a chronic problem, including dental disease and reduced gut function. ## Prognosis: What the Evidence Shows Prognosis depends on the cause and how quickly treatment starts. In the study of 117 rabbits with signs of gastrointestinal dysfunction, 84 rabbits survived to hospital discharge, 15 died, and 18 were euthanized [2]. Hypothermia at presentation was the strongest negative prognostic sign, with hypothermic rabbits five times as likely to die or be euthanized [2]. This is why keeping a sick rabbit warm and getting it to a veterinarian quickly matters. Rabbits with stasis and no identifiable underlying cause often respond well to supportive care [5]. Rabbits with an identifiable cause, such as an inflammatory or parasitic condition, may recover fully once that cause is treated, as in the case of sacculitis and appendicitis that resolved completely by six week follow-up [10]. ## Limitations and When to Contact a Veterinarian This guide covers the common patterns in rabbit droppings, but every rabbit is an individual and every case needs a veterinarian's hands-on assessment. Contact a veterinarian promptly if any of the following occur: - No droppings for 12 hours, or a sudden drop in output - True diarrhea, watery stool, or a soiled rear end - A rabbit that stops eating or refuses its favorite food - A rabbit that is quiet, hunched, or grinding its teeth - A rectal temperature that feels low, or a rabbit that feels cold to the touch - Small, misshapen, or mucus-coated droppings that persist beyond a day - Uneaten cecotropes that continue despite diet correction - Weight loss, drooling, or difficulty chewing - Any rabbit that has recently had surgery, anesthesia, or a new medication and has reduced droppings Do not delay care to try home remedies first. In rabbits, gut problems can progress from mild to life-threatening within a day. ## Frequently Asked Questions ### Why do rabbits eat their poop? Rabbits eat a special type of dropping called cecotropes, which are soft, nutrient-rich pellets produced in the cecum. Cecotrophy is a normal and necessary part of rabbit digestion that supplies protein, vitamins, and volatile fatty acids [1]. Do not stop your rabbit from doing this. ### Are cecotropes the same as normal rabbit poop? No. Normal fecal pellets are dry, round, and firm, while cecotropes are soft, shiny, mucus coated, and strongly scented. Cecotropes are usually eaten directly from the anus and are rarely seen in a healthy rabbit. ### What does small rabbit poop mean? Small rabbit poop usually means gut motility is slowing. It can be an early sign of GI stasis, dehydration, pain, or dental disease. If small pellets persist or come with reduced appetite, contact a veterinarian. ### Is rabbit diarrhea an emergency? Yes. True diarrhea, meaning watery or unformed stool, is a medical emergency in rabbits, especially in young rabbits. Call an emergency veterinary hospital immediately. ### How long can a rabbit go without pooping? A rabbit should not go 12 hours without producing droppings. No droppings for 12 hours is a GI stasis emergency that needs same-day veterinary care [4][2]. ### Why are my rabbit's cecotropes uneaten? Uneaten cecotropes usually mean the diet is too rich, the rabbit is overweight, or the rabbit has pain or dental disease that prevents it from reaching its rear. Review the diet first, then see a veterinarian if the problem continues. ### What are strung-together rabbit droppings? Strung-together droppings are pellets linked by hair or fiber. They mean the rabbit is swallowing hair during grooming. Brush the rabbit more often and watch for reduced output. ### Can I give my rabbit human diarrhea medicine? No. Never give a rabbit human anti-diarrheal medication or any over-the-counter human remedy for gut problems. Call a veterinarian instead. ## Related Articles - [What Do Rabbits Need In Their Diet](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/nutrition/what-do-rabbits-need-in-their-diet) - [Rabbit GI Stasis Signs](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/small-mammal-care/rabbit-gi-stasis-signs) - [Mastering Rabbit Health: Your Ultimate Seasonal Care Calendar Guide for Small Mammal Owners](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/small-mammal-care/rabbit-seasonal-care-calendar-guide) - [How Much Food Should A Rabbit Eat](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/nutrition/how-much-food-should-a-rabbit-eat) - [Stress-Free Rabbit Handling: Expert Tips for Safe & Calm Small Mammal Care](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/small-mammal-care/stress-free-rabbit-handling-guide) - [Cytology of Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Masses in Small Mammals](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/exotic-animal-medicine/cytology-of-cutaneous-and-subcutaneous-masses-in-small-mammals-a-diagnostic-approach-for-rabbits-gui) - [Rabbit Dewlap: What It Is, What Is Normal, and Problems](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/small-mammal-care/rabbit-dewlap-what-is-normal) - [Can Rabbits Get Rabies? Risk, Signs, and Bite Guidance](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/small-mammal-care/can-rabbits-get-rabies) - [Rabbits With Tentacles or Horns: Shope Papillomavirus Explained](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/small-mammal-care/rabbit-with-tentacles-or-horns-shope-papillomavirus) ## Sources 1. [[Influence of caecotrophy (coprophagia) on the production, absorption and utilization of organic acids in the rabbit].](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3797799/) 2. [Clinical characteristics and short-term outcomes for rabbits with signs of gastrointestinal tract dysfunction: 117 cases (2014-2016).](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31517584/) 3. [Comparative Analysis of the Microbiota Between Sheep Rumen and Rabbit Cecum Provides New Insight Into Their Differential Methane Production.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29662480/) 4. [Effect of rabbit gastrointestinal stasis (RGIS) on the fecal microbiota of pet rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39999072/) 5. 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[Diarrhoea in rabbits (pdsa.org.uk)](https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/symptoms/diarrhoea-in-rabbits) 13. [Health Problems in Rabbits (vcahospitals.com)](https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/rabbits-problems) 14. [Comparison of two haemostasis techniques on procedural duration, postoperative pain and gastrointestinal function in pet rabbits undergoing ovariohysterectomy.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39122178/) 15. [Effects of Buprenorphine, Methylnaltrexone, and Their Combination on Gastrointestinal Transit in Healthy New Zealand White Rabbits.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28315644/) 16. [Adverse reactions in a population of Sydney pet rabbits vaccinated against rabbit calicivirus.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26503535/) 17. [The effect of different fibre components on growth rate, nutrient digestibility, rate of digesta passage and hindgut fermentation in domesticated rabbits.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9718475/)