# Metacam for Dogs: Dosing, Safety, and Side Effects Metacam is the brand name for meloxicam, a prescription nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) licensed for dogs. It reduces pain and inflammation, and it is most often used for osteoarthritis and for pain after surgery or injury. Metacam for dogs comes as an oral suspension and as an injectable solution. The oral suspension is dosed by body weight using the markings on the manufacturer's syringe, and the dose is never guessed, doubled up, or borrowed from a human or cat product. This article is educational and is not a substitute for veterinary diagnosis or treatment. ## At a Glance | Feature | Detail | |--|--| | Active ingredient | Meloxicam, a preferential COX-2 inhibitor NSAID | | Brand name | Metacam | | Licensed species | Dogs for oral and injectable use. Cats have a single-dose injectable use only | | How it is given | Oral suspension by mouth, or subcutaneous injection by a veterinarian | | Onset | Pain relief is measurable within hours after an injection, and within days of starting oral therapy | | Duration | Once-daily oral dosing. The injectable provides roughly 24 hours of cover | | Given with food | Oral suspension is best given with or just after food | | Prescription status | Prescription only in the United States | | Main uses | Osteoarthritis pain, postoperative pain, acute pain and inflammation | | Main risks | Vomiting, diarrhea, appetite loss, kidney or liver effects, gastrointestinal ulceration | ## What Metacam Is and What It Treats Meloxicam belongs to the oxicam family of NSAIDs. It works by inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes, with a preference for COX-2, the enzyme largely responsible for the prostaglandins that drive pain and inflammation at sites of injury and joint disease. Because it is relatively sparing of COX-1, it tends to cause less gastric irritation than older non-selective NSAIDs, though it is not free of gastrointestinal risk. The evidence base for meloxicam in dogs is strong. A systematic review of NSAID adverse effects in dogs rated the strength of evidence for meloxicam as high, with the best possible quality and consistency ratings among the drugs assessed [1]. That matters because it tells you meloxicam is one of the most studied NSAIDs available for canine pain. Meloxicam is used for two broad categories of pain. ### Osteoarthritis pain Osteoarthritis is the number one cause of chronic pain in dogs [2]. Meloxicam is a first-line drug for that pain, and it has been shown to reduce lameness, stiffness, painful rising, and exercise intolerance over four weeks of therapy in dogs with chronic osteoarthritis [3]. It also improves sleep quality and daytime activity. In a crossover trial using accelerometry, dogs receiving meloxicam showed activity patterns consistent with better nighttime rest and more daytime movement compared with placebo [4]. ### Acute and postoperative pain Meloxicam is widely used around surgery. In dogs undergoing abdominal procedures, preoperative meloxicam produced good or excellent pain control in 9 of 12 dogs and controlled postoperative pain for about 20 hours, with no clinically important blood, biochemical, or tissue abnormalities [5]. In dogs having orthopedic surgery, meloxicam given as an injection before surgery and then orally afterward provided pain control comparable to another NSAID, with only minor adverse events [6]. A separate trial in dogs undergoing laparoscopic procedures found lower pain scores at 24 hours in dogs that received meloxicam compared with robenacoxib, and fewer meloxicam-treated dogs needed rescue analgesia [7]. ### What Metacam does not do Meloxicam controls pain and inflammation. It does not reverse cartilage damage, cure arthritis, or replace weight management, exercise modification, or other parts of a multimodal plan. Some dogs with osteoarthritis pain do not get enough relief from an NSAID alone, and additional drugs may be added by the veterinarian [8]. ## How Metacam Works Pain and inflammation in a damaged joint or a surgical site are driven partly by prostaglandins. The cyclooxygenase enzymes COX-1 and COX-2 produce those prostaglandins. COX-1 is involved in protecting the stomach lining and maintaining normal kidney blood flow. COX-2 is induced at sites of inflammation and in the central nervous system, where it contributes to pain signaling. Meloxicam inhibits both enzymes but favors COX-2. That selectivity is the reason it is described as a preferential COX-2 inhibitor rather than a fully selective one. At higher doses the selectivity narrows, which is part of why the labeled dose matters and why more is not better. Meloxicam does not appear to harm cartilage the way some older NSAIDs can. In a canine study comparing meloxicam with indomethacin, meloxicam did not inhibit cartilage proteoglycan synthesis at concentrations that clearly suppressed it with indomethacin, and meloxicam reduced joint inflammation and pain in an experimentally induced arthritis model [9]. This does not mean meloxicam repairs joints. It means the drug itself is not expected to accelerate cartilage breakdown at labeled doses. ## Metacam Dosing for Dogs Meloxicam dosing is weight-banded. The manufacturer's label and the dosing syringe supplied with the oral suspension are designed as a matched pair. You read the dog's weight on the syringe scale, draw the suspension to that mark, and give it once daily. You do not calculate a milligram dose yourself, you do not convert a human tablet, and you do not use a cat product. ### The labeled dose The labeled oral maintenance dose for dogs is 0.1 mg/kg once daily [2][10][6]. The labeled injectable dose used before surgery is 0.2 mg/kg given subcutaneously, followed by oral dosing at 0.1 mg/kg once daily [10][6][7]. These figures come from the manufacturer's label and from published clinical trials that used the labeled regimen. They are not a dosing guide for your individual dog. Your veterinarian sets the actual dose, the duration, and any adjustments. ### Why you must not extrapolate Three mistakes cause most meloxicam problems in dogs. 1. Using a human meloxicam product. Human formulations come as tablets in strengths designed for people, and they cannot be divided accurately into a canine dose. 2. Using a feline product. Cats have a single-dose injectable meloxicam use only, and the oral suspension is not licensed for repeated dosing in cats. A cat product is not a dog product. 3. Using another dog's syringe or another dog's bottle. The syringe scale is matched to the concentration of the suspension in that bottle. Mixing brands or concentrations produces the wrong dose. ### Giving the oral suspension Shake the bottle well before each dose. Draw the suspension to the weight mark on the syringe. Give it directly into the mouth or onto a small amount of food. The oral suspension is best given with or just after a meal. Food reduces the chance of stomach upset and improves absorption consistency. If your dog refuses food, do not force the dose onto a full meal, but do not give it on a completely empty stomach if you can avoid it. Ask your veterinarian what to do if your dog is off food. ### Onset and duration After a subcutaneous injection, pain relief begins within hours and the effect lasts roughly 24 hours. That is why the injectable is used as a single preoperative or first dose, then switched to daily oral dosing. With oral therapy, owners typically notice improvement over the first several days, and the full benefit in chronic osteoarthritis builds over weeks. In the four-week osteoarthritis trial, clinical signs improved significantly by the end of the study period [3]. In a comparison trial, both meloxicam and an anti-NGF antibody injection reduced pain scores from baseline over the study, with the benefit of meloxicam growing across later visits [11]. ### Dose reduction Owners often ask whether the dose can be lowered once the dog is comfortable. The evidence says be careful. In a randomized, blinded study of 59 dogs with osteoarthritis, dogs whose meloxicam dose was progressively reduced dropped out because of insufficient pain control more often than dogs kept on the standard dose (13 versus 5), with an odds ratio of 3.67 [12]. Among dogs that stayed in the study, activity and weight-bearing measures were similar between groups, which means some dogs do fine on less. The practical lesson is that dose reduction is a decision made with your veterinarian, with rechecks, not a do-it-yourself taper. A structured tapering approach has been studied in combination with nutritional support, using a progressive 25 percent decrease of the original 0.1 mg/kg/day dose every two weeks over the first eight weeks [2]. ## The Decision Path for Starting Metacam The flowchart below shows the main steps a veterinarian works through before and during meloxicam treatment. ```mermaid flowchart TD A[Owner reports pain or surgery planned] --> B[Veterinarian examines dog] B --> C{Any contraindication} C -->|Yes| D[Choose different pain plan] C -->|No| E[Baseline blood and urine tests] E --> F[Inject or oral dose by weight] F --> G[Give with food once daily] G --> H[Recheck at set interval] H --> I{Doing well} I -->|Yes| J[Continue and monitor] I -->|No| K[Reassess dose or switch drug] ``` ## Side Effects of Metacam in Dogs Meloxicam is generally well tolerated at labeled doses, but it is an NSAID and it carries real risks. In a six-month target animal safety study, dogs given meloxicam at one, two, three, and five times the maximum proposed dose showed clinical signs of NSAID-associated gastrointestinal upset more often than controls, but no toxicologically relevant dose-related effects were found on food consumption, body weight, physical examination, urinalysis, bleeding time, endoscopy, or tissue pathology [13]. In other words, the most common problems are gastrointestinal and they show up as signs you can see at home. The most commonly reported NSAID adverse effects in dogs are vomiting, diarrhea, and anorexia [1]. ### Warning signs versus routine transient effects | Sign | Usually routine and transient | Call your veterinarian | |--|--|--| | Vomiting | One episode, dog otherwise bright, eating normally | Repeated vomiting, vomiting blood, vomiting after every dose | | Diarrhea | Soft stool for less than a day, no blood | Diarrhea lasting more than a day, black tarry stool, blood in stool | | Appetite | Slightly picky for one meal | Refusing food for more than 24 hours, or refusing all food and water | | Energy | Mildly quieter on the first day | Marked lethargy, weakness, collapse, or unwillingness to stand | | Stool color | Normal brown | Black, tarry, or bloody | | Urination | Normal frequency and volume | Drinking much more, urinating much more, or producing little to no urine | | Abdomen | Normal | Painful belly, retching without producing vomit, bloating | | Gums | Pink | Pale, white, or yellow gums | | Behavior | Normal | Disorientation, stumbling, tremors, seizures | Black tarry stool and vomiting blood are the two signs that most strongly suggest gastrointestinal bleeding, and they need same-day veterinary care. A painful abdomen with unproductive retching can indicate a serious gastrointestinal event. Reduced urine output, increased thirst, or increased urination can indicate kidney effects. ### Gastrointestinal effects Gastrointestinal upset is the most frequent problem. It can range from mild nausea to ulceration and bleeding. The risk rises with higher doses, with long-term use, and with concurrent drugs that damage the stomach lining. ### Kidney effects NSAIDs reduce prostaglandin-mediated blood flow within the kidney. In a dog with normal hydration and blood pressure, that is usually harmless. In a dehydrated, hypotensive, or kidney-compromised dog, it can tip the kidney into injury. This is why baseline bloodwork and attention to hydration matter, and why meloxicam is used with caution in dogs with existing kidney disease. ### Liver effects Meloxicam is metabolized in the liver. Dogs with liver disease may clear the drug more slowly. Periodic bloodwork is the standard way to watch for liver changes, especially during long-term therapy. ### Bleeding NSAIDs can affect platelet function. In a study of dogs undergoing abdominal surgery, meloxicam did not produce clinically important bleeding abnormalities [5]. In the six-month safety study, buccal mucosal bleeding time was not affected in a toxicologically relevant way [13]. Even so, tell any veterinarian who is planning surgery or a dental procedure that your dog is on meloxicam. ### What to do if you suspect a problem Stop the medication and call your veterinarian. Do not give another dose to see if the problem repeats. Do not give human antacids, human pain relievers, or leftover medications from another pet unless your veterinarian instructs you to. If your dog has collapsed, is vomiting blood, has black stool, or is not producing urine, treat it as an emergency and go to a veterinary hospital. ## Which Dogs Should Not Receive Metacam Meloxicam is not appropriate for every dog. The veterinarian weighs the benefit of pain control against the risk in each case. Dogs that should not receive meloxicam, or should receive it only with extreme caution and close monitoring, include: - Dogs with known hypersensitivity to meloxicam or other NSAIDs. - Dogs with active gastrointestinal ulceration or a history of NSAID-associated gastrointestinal bleeding. - Dogs that are dehydrated, in shock, or hypotensive. - Dogs with pre-existing kidney disease. - Dogs with pre-existing liver disease. - Dogs with bleeding disorders. - Dogs that are pregnant or nursing, unless the veterinarian specifically decides the benefit justifies the risk. - Dogs younger than the minimum age stated on the label. - Dogs receiving a corticosteroid, another NSAID, or certain blood pressure and diuretic medications. The reason the last point matters so much is drug interaction. Read the next section carefully. ## Drug Interactions and Combination Risks ### Corticosteroids Combining meloxicam with a corticosteroid such as dexamethasone or prednisone significantly increases the risk of gastrointestinal ulceration. In a study of healthy dogs given meloxicam and dexamethasone together for three days, the combined group had significantly worse endoscopic scores in the stomach and duodenum than any other group [14]. This is one of the clearest interaction findings in [veterinary medicine](/blog/careers/veterinary-medicine-careers-from-clinical-practice-to-public-health). Do not give a corticosteroid and meloxicam together unless a veterinarian has specifically designed and is monitoring that plan. ### Other NSAIDs Two NSAIDs at once multiply the gastrointestinal and kidney risk without adding much pain relief. If your dog is switching from one NSAID to another, the veterinarian will usually build in a washout period. In the dose-reduction study, a 14-day washout preceded the trial [12]. Never stack NSAIDs. ### Diuretics and ACE inhibitors Diuretics such as furosemide and ACE inhibitors such as benazepril or enalapril reduce kidney perfusion pressure. Adding an NSAID on top of that combination can compromise kidney blood flow, a pattern sometimes called a triple whammy. In a safety study of dogs receiving a multimodal renin-angiotensin system blockade that included meloxicam alongside benazepril, none of the dogs developed hypotension, one dog had intermittent vomiting over 64 weeks, and one dog had a single increase in a kidney marker [15]. That study was small, and it does not mean the combination is risk-free. It means the combination can be managed with monitoring in selected cases. ### Other drugs to mention to your veterinarian Any drug that affects bleeding, any drug that affects the liver, and any drug that affects kidney blood flow deserves a conversation before meloxicam is started. Bring a complete list, including supplements and anything you buy without a prescription. ## Monitoring During Treatment Monitoring is what makes long-term NSAID use safe. The exact schedule is set by your veterinarian, but the components are consistent. ### Before starting Baseline bloodwork and a urinalysis give the veterinarian a picture of kidney and liver function before the drug is introduced. This is especially important in older dogs, in dogs with any history of kidney or liver problems, and in dogs that will be on meloxicam long term. ### During treatment Periodic rechecks with bloodwork let the veterinarian catch changes early. In the six-month safety study, dogs were evaluated with clinical pathology, urinalysis, bleeding time, and endoscopy at intervals, and no toxicologically relevant dose-related effects were found [13]. That is the pattern of monitoring that supports long-term use. ### At home You are the most sensitive monitor your dog has. Track appetite, water intake, urine output, stool character, energy, and willingness to move. Write down anything that changes. Bring that list to the recheck. ### Recheck timing Your veterinarian sets the recheck interval based on your dog's age, other conditions, and how long the drug will be used. Short courses after surgery may need only a single recheck. Long-term osteoarthritis therapy typically involves rechecks with bloodwork at intervals set by the clinic. ## Metacam Compared With Other Pain Options Meloxicam is not the only choice. Knowing the alternatives helps you have a better conversation with your veterinarian. ### Other NSAIDs Carprofen, firocoxib, deracoxib, ketoprofen, and robenacoxib are all NSAIDs used in dogs. The systematic review rated meloxicam, carprofen, and firocoxib as having high strength of evidence, with meloxicam receiving the top quality and consistency ratings [1]. Head-to-head trials show meloxicam performing well. In a postoperative orthopedic trial, meloxicam and robenacoxib gave similar pain control with only minor adverse events [6]. In a laparoscopic surgery trial, meloxicam-treated dogs had lower pain scores at 24 hours and needed less rescue analgesia than robenacoxib-treated dogs [7]. ### Grapiprant Grapiprant is a non-NSAID anti-inflammatory drug that blocks a specific prostaglandin receptor. In a randomized, double-blinded trial of dogs having tibial plateau leveling osteotomy, grapiprant-treated dogs had lower pain severity scores than meloxicam-treated dogs three days after surgery [10]. That is one time point in one surgical model, and it does not mean grapiprant is superior for all pain. It does mean there is a genuine alternative for dogs that cannot take an NSAID. ### Anti-NGF monoclonal antibodies Bedinvetmab is an injectable antibody given once monthly. In a randomized trial comparing it with daily oral meloxicam for osteoarthritis, both treatments significantly reduced pain scores from baseline, and the difference between them was not statistically significant [11]. This is an option for owners who cannot give daily medication or for dogs that do not tolerate NSAIDs. ### Adjunctive drugs For dogs whose osteoarthritis pain is not controlled by an NSAID alone, adding amantadine improved activity compared with NSAID therapy alone in a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled study [8]. This is a veterinarian-directed combination, not something to add on your own. ### Nutritional support Some nutritional interventions have been studied alongside meloxicam. In an 18-week study, dogs with osteoarthritis pain receiving meloxicam on a tapering regimen plus a dietary supplement of palmitoyl-glucosamine co-micronized with curcumin maintained pain relief as the meloxicam dose was reduced [2]. A separate blinded, placebo-controlled study found that a green-lipped mussel plus krill oil product and meloxicam both improved peak vertical force in dogs with hip osteoarthritis compared with placebo, while another supplement did not [16]. These are maintenance and support strategies, not replacements for prescription pain control when pain is significant. ## Special Note on Cats Meloxicam has a single-dose injectable use in cats. It is not licensed for repeated oral dosing in cats, and the feline oral suspension is not a dog product. If you have both a dog and a cat, keep the bottles separate, keep the syringes separate, and never give a cat's meloxicam to a dog or a dog's meloxicam to a cat. This is one of the most common and most dangerous household medication errors. ## Questions to Ask Your Veterinarian Bring these to your appointment. 1. What is the specific dose for my dog's current weight, and which syringe marking do I use? 2. Should this be given with food, and what do I do if my dog will not eat? 3. How long will my dog be on meloxicam? 4. What baseline tests do you recommend before we start? 5. When should we recheck, and what tests will you run? 6. What other medications and supplements is my dog on, and do any of them interact? 7. What signs should make me stop the medication and call you right away? 8. Is there a lower-risk alternative if my dog has kidney, liver, or stomach issues? ## Limitations and When to Contact a Veterinarian Every dog is an individual. The information here describes how meloxicam is used in general, not how it should be used in your dog. Only your veterinarian can examine your dog, review the bloodwork, consider the other medications, and set a dose and monitoring plan. Contact a veterinarian promptly if any of the following occur while your dog is taking Metacam: - Vomiting that repeats, or any vomiting of blood or material that looks like coffee grounds - Black, tarry, or bloody stool - Refusing food for more than 24 hours - Marked lethargy, weakness, or collapse - Drinking or urinating much more than usual, or producing little to no urine - A painful or distended abdomen, or retching without producing vomit - Yellow gums, eyes, or skin - Pale or white gums - Stumbling, disorientation, tremors, or seizures - Any new medication being started, including a corticosteroid, another NSAID, a diuretic, or an ACE inhibitor If your dog has collapsed, is having a seizure, is vomiting blood, or has not produced urine, go to an emergency veterinary hospital immediately. ## Frequently Asked Questions ### What is Metacam used for in dogs? Metacam is a prescription meloxicam NSAID used to control pain and inflammation in dogs. Its main uses are osteoarthritis pain and postoperative or acute pain from surgery and injury. ### How is Metacam dosed for dogs? The oral suspension is dosed by body weight using the markings on the manufacturer's syringe, given once daily. The labeled maintenance dose is 0.1 mg/kg once daily, and the labeled preoperative injectable dose is 0.2 mg/kg subcutaneously. Your veterinarian sets the actual dose for your dog. ### Can I give my dog human meloxicam? No. Human meloxicam products come in strengths and forms designed for people and cannot be accurately divided into a canine dose. Giving a human product risks a serious overdose. ### Should Metacam be given with food? Yes. Give the oral suspension with or just after a meal. Food reduces stomach upset and makes absorption more consistent. ### How fast does Metacam work in dogs? After an injection, pain relief begins within hours and lasts about 24 hours. With daily oral therapy, owners usually notice improvement over the first several days, and the full benefit for chronic arthritis builds over weeks. ### Can Metacam be given with prednisone or another NSAID? No, not without a veterinarian specifically designing and monitoring that plan. Combining meloxicam with a corticosteroid or another NSAID sharply increases the risk of stomach ulcers and kidney problems. ### What are the most common side effects of Metacam in dogs? Vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of appetite are the most commonly reported NSAID side effects in dogs. Most are mild and short-lived, but repeated vomiting, black stool, or refusal to eat needs veterinary attention. ### Can the Metacam dose be lowered once my dog feels better? Sometimes, but only with veterinary guidance and rechecks. A randomized study found that dogs whose meloxicam dose was reduced dropped out for poor pain control more often than dogs kept on the standard dose. ## Related Articles - [Prednisone for Dogs: Steroid Dosing Tapering and Side Effects](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/calculators-clinical-tools/prednisone-for-dogs-steroid-dosing-tapering-and-side-effects) - [Dog Apoquel: How It Works, Side Effects, and Safety](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/skin-allergy-and-ear-care/dog-apoquel-guide) - [Librela Injection for Canine Osteoarthritis: Efficacy, Dosing and Side Effects](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/orthopedic-mobility/librela-injection-for-canine-osteoarthritis-efficacy-dosing-and-side-effects) - [Prednisone for Dogs: Uses, Side Effects, and Safety Guidelines](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/preventive-care/prednisone-for-dogs-uses-side-effects-and-safety-guidelines) - [What Are the Side Effects of Gabapentin for Cats?](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/pet-medication-guide/gabapentin-side-effects-cats) - [What Are the Side Effects of Clavamox for Dogs?](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/pet-medication-guide/clavamox-side-effects-dogs) - [Zenrelia Dosing Chart for Dogs and Side Effects](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/pet-medication-guide/zenrelia-dosing-chart-for-dogs-and-side-effects) - [Clomicalm for Dogs: Dosing, Uses, and Side Effects](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/pet-medication-guide/clomicalm-for-dogs-dosing-uses-and-side-effects) - [Bravecto for Cats: Dosage, Safety, and Side Effects](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/pet-medication-guide/bravecto-for-cats-dosage-safety-and-side-effects) ## Sources 1. 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