# Babesia in Dogs: Tick-Borne Hemolytic Anemia Treatment Guide ## Key Takeaways - Babesiosis is a tick-borne protozoal disease causing hemolytic anemia in dogs, with species like *Babesia canis*, *B. gibsoni*, *B. vogeli*, and *B. rossi* exhibiting varying geographic distributions and pathogenicity. - Transmission primarily occurs via infected tick bites, with *Dermacentor reticulatus* and *Rhipicephalus sanguineus* being common vectors, though blood transfusions and direct contact (for *B. gibsoni*) are also potential routes. - Clinical signs range from lethargy, fever, and pale gums to severe hemolysis, jaundice, dark urine, and multi-organ dysfunction, with thrombocytopenia being a common concurrent finding. - Diagnosis relies on microscopic examination of blood smears, highly sensitive PCR for parasite DNA detection and species identification, and supportive laboratory tests like CBC and biochemistry profiles. - Treatment involves antiprotozoal medications such as imidocarb dipropionate for *B. canis* and *B. vogeli*, and often combination therapies (e.g., Artesunate-Atovaquone-Azithromycin) for *B. gibsoni*, alongside critical supportive care including fluid therapy and blood transfusions in severe cases. - Prevention is paramount and centers on year-round, veterinarian-recommended ectoparasite prophylaxis, environmental tick control, and prompt removal of ticks to mitigate the risk of infection. --- If your [dog](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/clinical-methods/dog) has been diagnosed with babesiosis, you are facing a tick-borne disease that destroys red blood cells and causes hemolytic anemia. This guide provides a definitive, evidence-based overview of Babesia infections in dogs, from the microscopic parasites involved to the latest treatment protocols and prevention strategies. We will cover what you need to know immediately, how veterinarians diagnose and treat this condition, and what the prognosis truly looks like based on recent clinical research. **Owner Triage Summary:** If your dog shows sudden lethargy, pale gums, dark urine, or a fever, seek veterinary care immediately. Babesiosis can progress rapidly, and delays in treatment significantly worsen outcomes. Do not attempt any home remedies; this condition requires professional diagnosis and prescription medications. This article is educational and is not a substitute for veterinary diagnosis or treatment. ## At a Glance: Canine Babesiosis Overview To help you quickly understand the key aspects of this disease, here is a comparison table of the most common Babesia species affecting dogs. | Feature | **Babesia canis** | **Babesia gibsoni** | **Babesia vogeli** | **Babesia rossi** | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | **Geographic Distribution** | Europe (Central/Eastern), Asia [1][2] | Asia, North America, emerging globally [3][4][5][6] | Worldwide, especially tropical/subtropical regions [7][4][8] | Sub-Saharan Africa [9] | | **Relative Pathogenicity** | Moderate to high | Moderate to high | Low to moderate | High (often complicated) [9] | | **Typical Tick Vector** | *Dermacentor reticulatus* [10] | *Haemaphysalis* spp., *Rhipicephalus sanguineus* [4] | *Rhipicephalus sanguineus* [4] | *Haemaphysalis* spp. | | **Common Clinical Signs** | Fever, lethargy, anemia, thrombocytopenia [1][2] | Anemia, thrombocytopenia, fever [11][6] | Often subclinical or mild anemia [8] | Severe hemolysis, multi-organ dysfunction [9] | | **Treatment Nuance** | Imidocarb dipropionate is first-line [1][2] | Often requires combination therapy (e.g., AAA or DCM) [11] | Usually responds well to imidocarb [4] | Requires intensive supportive care [9] | ## Understanding Babesia: The Parasite and Its Impact Babesia is a genus of protozoan parasites that infect red blood cells (erythrocytes). These are not bacteria or viruses, but single-celled organisms belonging to the same phylum (Apicomplexa) as the malaria parasite. When a dog is infected, the Babesia organisms invade the red blood cells, multiply, and cause the cells to rupture. This destruction of red blood cells leads to hemolytic anemia, a condition where the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen [12][9]. There are several species of Babesia that can infect dogs, and they vary significantly in their geographic range and the severity of disease they cause. The most commonly discussed species include *Babesia canis*, *Babesia gibsoni*, *Babesia vogeli*, and *Babesia rossi* [10][12][9]. While all cause hemolytic anemia, their clinical presentation and response to treatment can differ. For example, *Babesia rossi*, found in sub-Saharan Africa, is considered highly virulent and frequently leads to complicated disease with multiple organ dysfunction [9]. In contrast, *B. vogeli* is often associated with subclinical or mild infections [8]. The emergence of *Babesia gibsoni* in new regions, such as Brazil, highlights the expanding global distribution of these pathogens [6]. The infection is primarily transmitted through the bite of an infected tick. The tick acts as a vector, carrying the parasite from one host to another. Different tick species are associated with different Babesia species. For instance, *Dermacentor reticulatus* is a known vector for *B. canis* in Europe [10], while *Rhipicephalus sanguineus* (the brown dog tick) is a vector for *B. vogeli* and *B. gibsoni* [4]. The prevalence of these ticks and the pathogens they carry varies significantly by region, as shown in studies from France, China, and the United States [10][12][13][4]. ## Causes and Transmission: How Dogs Get Babesia The primary cause of babesiosis in dogs is the transmission of the Babesia parasite through the saliva of an infected tick during a blood meal. The lifecycle of the tick is crucial to the epidemiology of the disease. For example, research has shown that *Rhipicephalus turanicus* ticks can complete their development from egg to adult in approximately 50 days under [laboratory conditions](/knowledge/diagnostics/molecular/laboratory-conditions), indicating a rapid lifecycle and high reproductive potential that can facilitate the spread of disease [13]. While tick bites are the most common route of transmission, other routes exist. Dogs can become infected through blood transfusions from a carrier dog. There is also evidence suggesting that *B. gibsoni* can be transmitted through direct contact, particularly through bite wounds from an infected dog, as the parasite can be present in the saliva of a clinically affected dog. This is a significant concern in kennel situations or with fighting dogs. The risk of a dog contracting babesiosis is directly linked to their exposure to ticks. This is influenced by several factors: - **Geographic Location:** The prevalence of Babesia species varies dramatically. For example, *B. canis* is a concern in Europe, while *B. gibsoni* is more common in Asia and parts of North America [3][1][5]. A nationwide study in Portugal found a 12% seropositivity for Babesia spp. in clinically suspected dogs, highlighting the endemic nature of the disease in some regions [14]. - **Lifestyle:** Dogs that spend time outdoors in tick habitats, such as tall grass, wooded areas, or regions with high wildlife populations, are at greater risk. Stray dogs and working dogs, like military K9 units, are also at higher risk due to their environments [7][15]. - **Seasonality:** Tick activity often peaks in warmer months. Studies have shown that the incidence of certain tick-borne pathogens, including *B. gibsoni*, is higher in the summer season [16]. - **Lack of Prophylaxis:** Discontinuing ectoparasite prophylaxis significantly increases the risk of tick-borne disease, as seen in a case report where a dog developed acute babesiosis three months after prophylaxis was stopped [1]. ## Risk Factors and Susceptibility While any dog can become infected with Babesia, certain factors can influence their risk and the severity of the disease. - **Breed:** Some breeds may have a genetic predisposition to more severe disease. For instance, *Babesia gibsoni* infection is often reported in American Pit Bull Terriers, though it can affect any breed [3]. A study on shelter dogs in Texas found no statistical association between breed group and *B. vulpes* positivity, suggesting that in some populations, breed may not be the primary risk factor [12]. - **Age:** A study in Italy and Greece found a statistically significant association between age (dogs over 7 years old) and exposure to at least one vector-borne pathogen, including Babesia [17]. This could be due to cumulative exposure over a dog's lifetime. - **Immune Status:** Dogs with compromised immune systems may be more susceptible to clinical disease or may experience more severe symptoms. The interaction between Babesia infection and the immune system is complex. For example, Babesia infection can trigger secondary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA), where the body's immune system begins attacking its own red blood cells, worsening the anemia [3]. - **Co-infections:** Dogs can be infected with multiple tick-borne pathogens at the same time. Co-infections often exacerbate clinical affections and complicate diagnosis and treatment [16]. A study in Thailand found that 46.25% of dogs were infected with at least one vector-borne pathogen, with co-infections being common [7]. ## Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Babesiosis The clinical signs of babesiosis can range from mild and non-specific to severe and life-threatening. The severity often depends on the Babesia species involved, the dog's immune status, and the stage of the disease. In the early stages, the signs can be vague and easily mistaken for other illnesses. Common clinical signs include: - **Lethargy and Depression:** The dog may seem unusually tired, weak, or uninterested in activities [1]. - **Fever:** An elevated body temperature is a common sign of infection [1][6]. - **Anemia:** Pale gums, weakness, and exercise intolerance are all signs of anemia due to red blood cell destruction [12][11]. - **Jaundice (Icterus):** A yellowish discoloration of the gums, eyes, or skin, caused by the accumulation of bilirubin from broken-down red blood cells [9][11]. - **Dark Urine (Hemoglobinuria/ Bilirubinuria):** The urine may appear dark brown or reddish due to the presence of hemoglobin or bilirubin [1]. - **Loss of Appetite (Anorexia):** Infected dogs often lose interest in food [1]. - **Vomiting and Diarrhea:** Gastrointestinal signs can occur in some cases [1]. - **Enlarged Spleen or Lymph Nodes:** The spleen, which helps filter old or damaged red blood cells, may become enlarged as it works to remove the infected cells. - **Thrombocytopenia (Low Platelets):** This is a very common finding, even in mild cases, and can lead to a tendency to bleed or bruise easily [1][2][11]. In severe cases, particularly with *Babesia rossi*, the disease can become "complicated," involving severe systemic inflammation and multiple organ dysfunction, which carries a high morbidity and mortality rate [9]. Liver histopathology in fatal cases has shown severe changes, including cholestasis and widespread inflammation, indicating significant hepatic involvement secondary to the systemic infection [9]. ## Veterinary Examination and Diagnostic Approach If you suspect your dog has babesiosis, your veterinarian will perform a thorough physical examination and recommend specific diagnostic tests. The goal is to confirm the diagnosis, identify the specific Babesia species, and assess the severity of the disease. ### Physical Examination The veterinarian will check your dog's vital signs, including temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate. They will examine the mucous membranes (gums) for pallor or jaundice, feel the abdomen for an enlarged spleen or liver, and check for dehydration [6]. ### Laboratory Tests - **Complete Blood Count (CBC):** This test is crucial. It will typically reveal a regenerative or non-regenerative anemia, thrombocytopenia, and sometimes leukopenia (low white blood cell count) or leukocytosis (high white blood cell count) [1][2][11]. The presence of spherocytes (abnormally shaped red blood cells) can sometimes be seen and may indicate a secondary immune-mediated component [3]. - **Biochemistry Profile:** This test assesses organ function. Common findings include hyperbilirubinemia (elevated bilirubin), elevated liver enzymes (like ALT and ALP), and sometimes azotemia (elevated kidney values) [9][11]. - **Urinalysis:** This can detect bilirubin or hemoglobin in the urine, which indicates significant red blood cell breakdown. - **Coagulation Profile:** This test evaluates blood clotting and may be recommended in severe cases to check for disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). ### Definitive Diagnostic Tests To confirm the presence of Babesia and identify the species, your veterinarian will use one or more of the following: - **Blood Smear Microscopy:** A thin blood smear is stained and examined under a microscope to look for the characteristic pear-shaped or ring-shaped merozoites inside red blood cells [1]. This is a rapid and inexpensive test, but it can be negative in low-level infections, especially in carrier dogs. - **Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR):** This is the most sensitive diagnostic test. PCR detects the DNA of the Babesia parasite in the blood. It is highly specific and can often identify the exact species, which is critical for determining the appropriate treatment and prognosis [3][16][1]. Newer tests, like hexaplex PCR, can even detect and differentiate between multiple tick-borne pathogens in a single sample [16]. - **Serology (Antibody Testing):** Blood tests that detect antibodies against Babesia can indicate exposure to the parasite. However, antibodies may not be present in the early stages of infection, and a positive test can also indicate a past, resolved infection. Serology is more useful for epidemiological studies and assessing exposure in endemic areas [10][17][14]. One study noted that initially serologically negative dogs built up Babesia antibody levels by 15 days after treatment [2]. ## Evidence-Based Management and Treatment Protocols The treatment of babesiosis aims to eliminate the parasite, manage the clinical signs, and provide supportive care. The specific treatment protocol will depend on the Babesia species involved and the severity of the disease. Treatment should always be guided by a licensed veterinarian. ### Antiprotozoal Medications Several drugs are used to treat Babesia infections. - **Imidocarb Dipropionate:** This is the most commonly recommended drug for treating large Babesia species like *B. canis* and *B. vogeli*. The standard recommended dose is 6.6 mg/kg body weight, administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously, with a second injection given 14 days later [3][2]. However, a case report highlighted a treatment failure in a dog with acute *B. canis* infection using lower-range therapeutic doses (2.0 mg/kg and 5.0 mg/kg). The dog only became PCR-negative after receiving two further injections at a higher dose of 9.4 mg/kg [1]. Another prospective study found that all 23 dogs treated for *B. canis* were PCR-negative after the first treatment, despite a wide range in the actual dosage administered (1.7 to 7.0 mg/kg, median 4.2 mg/kg) [2]. This suggests that while the standard dose is recommended, there may be a range of effective doses, but under-dosing carries a risk of failure. - **Combination Therapies:** For *Babesia gibsoni*, which is often more resistant to treatment, combination therapies are frequently required. A comparative study evaluated a novel Artesunate-Atovaquone-Azithromycin (AAA) regimen against a standard Doxycycline-Clindamycin-Metronidazole (DCM) protocol. The study found that AAA therapy was associated with sustained superior efficacy, with progressive reduction of parasitemia, whereas DCM therapy showed initial improvement followed by recrudescence (return of the parasite) [11]. - **Supportive Antibiotics:** Doxycycline is often used in conjunction with imidocarb, particularly when co-infection with other tick-borne pathogens like *Ehrlichia* or *Anaplasma* is suspected [3][11]. ### Supportive Care In addition to antiprotozoal drugs, supportive care is crucial, especially for dogs with severe anemia or systemic illness. - **Intravenous Fluids:** To correct dehydration and maintain blood pressure and organ perfusion. - **Blood Transfusions:** In cases of severe, life-threatening anemia, a blood transfusion may be necessary to stabilize the dog and provide oxygen-carrying capacity. - **Immunosuppressive Therapy:** As mentioned earlier, Babesia infection can trigger secondary IMHA. In these cases, immunosuppressive doses of corticosteroids like prednisolone may be necessary to control the immune-mediated destruction of red blood cells [3]. However, a case report noted that prednisolone was administered to a dog with babesiosis, but it was discontinued when merozoites were still detected in the blood smear, as immunosuppression could potentially worsen the parasitic infection [1]. - **Gastrointestinal Support:** Anti-nausea medications and a bland diet may be recommended for dogs experiencing vomiting or inappetence. ## Unsafe Home Remedies and What to Avoid It is absolutely critical to understand that babesiosis is a serious, potentially fatal disease that requires professional veterinary treatment. There are no safe or effective home remedies for this condition. - **Do Not Self-Medicate:** Never give your dog human medications, especially antiparasitic drugs or pain relievers, as many are toxic to dogs. - **Avoid Herbal "Cures":** There is no scientific evidence supporting the use of herbal supplements to cure Babesia. Relying on them delays effective treatment and can allow the disease to progress. - **Do Not Wait:** If you suspect babesiosis, do not adopt a "wait and see" approach. The disease can progress rapidly, and early intervention is key to a successful outcome. ## Prevention and Control Strategies Prevention is the most effective strategy against babesiosis. The primary goal is to prevent tick bites. - **Ectoparasite Prophylaxis:** Year-round use of veterinarian-recommended tick preventives is essential. These products come in various forms, including topical spot-ons, oral chewables, and collars. It is crucial to use products that are effective against the tick species in your geographic area. The Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC) and the American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA) provide guidelines on parasite control. Discontinuing prophylaxis, even for a short period, significantly increases the risk of infection [1]. - **Environmental Management:** Reduce tick habitats in your yard by keeping grass short, removing leaf litter, and creating a barrier between wooded areas and your lawn. - **Tick Checks:** After your dog has been outdoors, especially in wooded or grassy areas, perform a thorough tick check. Promptly and carefully remove any ticks you find. - **Testing New Dogs:** If you are introducing a new dog into your home, especially a rescue or a dog from an endemic area, have them tested for tick-borne diseases before allowing them to interact with other pets. This is particularly important for *B. gibsoni*, which can be transmitted through bites [6]. - **Blood Donor Screening:** Blood donor dogs should be rigorously screened for Babesia and other vector-borne pathogens to prevent transfusion-transmitted infections. ## Prognosis and Long-Term Outlook The prognosis for a dog with babesiosis depends on several factors, including the infecting species, the severity of the disease at presentation, the dog's overall health, and the speed of treatment. With prompt and appropriate treatment, many dogs with uncomplicated babesiosis recover fully. A study of 23 dogs with acute *B. canis* infection found that all dogs were PCR-negative after treatment and laboratory abnormalities resolved quickly [2]. However, infection with *B. rossi* or the development of complicated disease carries a much more guarded prognosis [9]. The presence of concurrent immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is a negative prognostic indicator. A prospective cohort study found that dogs with IMHA associated with *B. gibsoni* infection had poorer survival outcomes compared to dogs with primary IMHA. In this study, 40 out of 55 dogs died of IMHA during the 60-day follow-up period [3]. This highlights the severity of the condition when an autoimmune component is present. Even after successful treatment, some dogs may remain carriers of the parasite. This means they may test positive on PCR in the future, even without showing clinical signs. These carrier dogs can serve as a source of infection for ticks, which can then transmit the disease to other dogs. ## Limitations and When to Contact a Veterinarian This guide provides a comprehensive overview of canine babesiosis, but it cannot replace the expertise of a veterinarian. The information presented here is for educational purposes. Breed-level information, in particular, cannot predict the outcome for an individual dog. Each case is unique, and a veterinarian must evaluate your dog's specific condition to provide an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan. **You should contact a veterinarian immediately if you observe any of the following "red flags" in your dog:** - Pale or white gums - Lethargy or collapse - Dark, tea-colored, or bloody urine - Difficulty breathing - Yellowing of the eyes or skin (jaundice) - High fever (over 103°F / 39.4°C) - Vomiting or diarrhea that persists for more than 24 hours - Any sudden change in behavior or appetite Early intervention is critical for a positive outcome. ## Frequently Asked Questions ### 1. Can a dog survive Babesia? Yes, many dogs with babesiosis survive, especially when the disease is diagnosed early and treated aggressively with appropriate antiprotozoal medications and supportive care. The prognosis is worse for dogs infected with highly virulent species like *Babesia rossi* or those that develop secondary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia [3][9]. ### 2. How is Babesia transmitted to dogs? The primary mode of transmission is through the bite of an infected tick. The tick ingests the parasite when feeding on an infected dog and then transmits it to a new host during a subsequent blood meal. Transmission can also occur through blood transfusions and, in the case of *Babesia gibsoni*, through bite wounds from an infected dog. ### 3. What are the first signs of Babesia in dogs? The first signs are often non-specific and can include lethargy, fever, and loss of appetite. As the disease progresses, more specific signs of hemolytic anemia appear, such as pale gums, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), and dark urine [1][6]. ### 4. What is the best treatment for Babesia in dogs? The best treatment depends on the infecting species. Imidocarb dipropionate is the standard treatment for large Babesia species like *B. canis* [2]. For *B. gibsoni*, combination therapies like Artesunate-Atovaquone-Azithromycin (AAA) have shown superior efficacy compared to other protocols [11]. Treatment must be prescribed by a veterinarian. ### 5. Is Babesia in dogs contagious to humans? Most Babesia species that infect dogs are not considered significant zoonotic risks. However, the brown dog tick (*Rhipicephalus sanguineus*) that transmits some canine Babesia species can also bite humans. While human babesiosis is primarily caused by different species (like *B. microti*), the presence of these ticks in the environment poses a general public health concern [10][7]. ### 6. How long does it take for a dog to recover from Babesia? Recovery time varies. Clinical signs like fever and lethargy often improve within a few days of starting treatment. Laboratory abnormalities, such as anemia and thrombocytopenia, typically improve significantly within two weeks, as seen in a study where most abnormalities resolved by day 15 [2]. However, some dogs may remain PCR-positive carriers for months or even years. ### 7. Can a dog get Babesia more than once? Dogs can be re-infected with Babesia, especially if they are exposed to infected ticks again. While they may develop some level of immunity after an initial infection, this immunity is not always sterile or long-lasting. Studies have shown that antibody levels can drop after treatment, which may leave the dog susceptible to future infections [2]. ### 8. How can I prevent my dog from getting Babesia? The most effective prevention is year-round use of veterinarian-recommended tick preventives. You should also perform regular tick checks after walks, manage your yard to reduce tick habitats, and consider testing new dogs for tick-borne diseases before introducing them to your home. ## Sources [1] [Treatment failure in a dog with acute Babesia canis infection using lower-range therapeutic doses of imidocarb dipropionate.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41843221/) [2] [Clinicopathological abnormalities and outcome of acute Babesia canis infections in 23 dogs treated with imidocarb dipropionate.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42375825/) [3] [Concurrent Babesia gibsoni infection as a negative prognostics indicator of survival in dogs diagnosed with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia: A prospective cohort study.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42448039/) [4] [Survey of tick species and tick-borne pathogens in pet dogs and cats in mainland China.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42155156/) [5] [Urban surveillance of Babesia spp. in dogs and cats: molecular evidence from Changsha, China.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42427975/) [6] [Babesia gibsoni in Brazil: First multilocus molecular characterization in a domestic dog with clinical, hematological and morphological data.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42276660/) [7] [The Comparative Study for Detection of Canine Vector-Borne Pathogens Between Companion and Stray Dogs in Bangkok and Vicinities, Thailand.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42198653/) [8] [Molecular Epidemiology of Babesia vogeli and Hepatozoon canis in Dogs from Urban and Peri-Urban Areas of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42075710/) [9] [Liver histopathology in dogs with naturally acquired Babesia rossi infection.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42339097/) [10] [Tick-borne pathogens in dogs and their ticks in France: Molecular and serological evidence from a multicenter participatory study.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42394763/) [11] [Comparative therapeutic efficacy of Artesunate-Atovaquone-Azithromycin and Doxycycline-Clindamycin-Metronidazole regimens in dogs naturally infected with Babesia gibsoni.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42289158/) [12] [Prevalence of Babesia vulpes in shelter dogs from Texas, USA.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42034947/) [13] [A Molecular Epidemiological Survey of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Dogs and Their Associated Ticks in Xinjiang, China.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41750996/) [14] [Nationwide seroepidemiology of canine exposure to Ehrlichia canis and Babesia spp. in Portugal (2015-2025): One Health biosentinel surveillance.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42332825/) [15] [Vector-borne pathogen evaluation and phylogenetic analysis in working K9 dogs in Iraq: implications for canine and public health.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42402532/) [16] [Development of hexaplex PCR assay for the detection and characterization common tick-borne pathogens in dogs, and analysis of risk factors.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42257235/) [17] [Serological Evidence of Selected Tick-Borne Pathogens and Dirofilaria immitis in Owned Dogs from Italy and Greece.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41745927/) [18] [Molecular Epidemiology of Tick-Borne (Anaplasma, Babesia, Theileria) and Non-Tick Borne (Toxoplasma gondii) Pathogens in Goats from Southern Punjab, Pakistan.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42142691/) [19] [Vector-borne pathogen profiling and phylogeny of ticks infesting domestic dogs in Chad, Africa, using targeted next-generation sequencing and DNA barcoding.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42464363/) [20] [Molecular-Based Detection of Vector-Borne Diseases in Shelter Dogs in Northern of Vietnam.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42515029/)
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