# Degenerative Myelopathy in German Shepherds: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Mobility Support


## Key Takeaways

- Degenerative Myelopathy (DM) is a progressive, incurable neurodegenerative disease affecting the spinal cord, primarily in German Shepherds over 8 years old, characterized by ascending paralysis.
- Early clinical signs include pelvic limb ataxia, knuckling of the paws, and proprioceptive deficits, often mistaken for orthopedic conditions like hip dysplasia but generally painless.
- Definitive diagnosis in living dogs involves genetic testing for the SOD1:c.118G>A mutation (identifying G/G, A/G, or A/A genotypes) coupled with the exclusion of other neurological and orthopedic conditions via examination, radiography, and potentially MRI or CSF analysis.
- Management focuses on supportive care, including physical therapy (range of motion, controlled exercise), mobility aids (harnesses, carts), and meticulous nursing care to maintain quality of life.
- There is no cure for DM; treatment strategies are palliative, aiming to preserve function and comfort, with the disease invariably leading to tetraplegia and requiring humane euthanasia.
- Responsible breeding practices, including mandatory genetic testing of breeding stock for the SOD1 mutation, are crucial for reducing the incidence of DM in German Shepherd populations.

---

If your German Shepherd is over 8 years old and you have noticed a new, subtle weakness or wobble in the back legs, you need to know about Degenerative Myelopathy (DM). This is a progressive, incurable disease of the spinal cord that ultimately leads to paralysis. The most important first step is to understand that early signs look like many other treatable conditions, such as hip dysplasia or a slipped disc. Therefore, a prompt veterinary evaluation is critical to rule out those issues and to confirm whether DM is the cause of your [dog](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/clinical-methods/dog)'s symptoms.

This article provides a comprehensive overview of Degenerative Myelopathy in German Shepherds, covering the symptoms, the diagnostic process, and the strategies available to support your dog's mobility and quality of life.

## At a Glance: DM in German Shepherds

This table provides a quick clinical summary for owners and veterinary professionals. It contrasts the key features of DM with the most common differential diagnosis, hip dysplasia.

| Feature | Degenerative Myelopathy (DM) | Hip Dysplasia (HD) |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| **Typical Age of Onset** | Late-onset, usually >8 years old [<a href="#ref-1">1</a>][<a href="#ref-2">2</a>] | Can be young adults or seniors |
| **Initial Sign** | Pelvic limb ataxia (wobbling), knuckling of the [paws](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/clinical-methods/paws), proprioceptive deficits [<a href="#ref-2">2</a>] | Stiffness, difficulty rising, bunny-hopping gait, pain |
| **Pain** | Generally **painless** | Often painful on hip extension |
| **Neurological Signs** | Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) signs initially: weak but exaggerated reflexes (e.g., patellar reflex) | Usually absent; signs are orthopedic |
| **Progression** | Slowly progressive, ascending paralysis over months to years [<a href="#ref-1">1</a>][<a href="#ref-3">3</a>] | Static or slowly progressive, depending on arthritis |
| **Definitive Diagnosis** | Genetic testing (SOD-1) + ruling out other diseases; definitive only on post-mortem histopathology [<a href="#ref-4">4</a>][<a href="#ref-2">2</a>] | Radiographs (X-rays) of the hips |
| **Key Treatment** | Physical therapy, mobility aids, nursing care | Weight management, anti-inflammatories, surgery |

## What is Degenerative Myelopathy?

Canine Degenerative Myelopathy (DM) is a devastating, adult-onset, progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects the spinal cord [<a href="#ref-1">1</a>][<a href="#ref-3">3</a>][<a href="#ref-5">5</a>]. It is often compared to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), or Lou Gehrig's disease, in humans because of similar pathological features and the involvement of the same gene [<a href="#ref-2">2</a>]. In German Shepherds, the disease is characterized by a widespread degeneration of the white matter of the spinal cord, particularly in the thoracolumbar region [<a href="#ref-6">6</a>].

The condition is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait with incomplete penetrance [<a href="#ref-1">1</a>][<a href="#ref-7">7</a>]. This means a dog must inherit two copies of the mutated gene (one from each parent) to be at high risk of developing the disease. A dog with only one copy of the mutation is a carrier and typically does not develop DM, but can pass the gene on to its offspring.

The genetic basis for DM is a missense mutation in the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene, specifically a G to A transition at position c.118 (SOD1:c.118G>A) [<a href="#ref-4">4</a>][<a href="#ref-8">8</a>][<a href="#ref-2">2</a>]. This mutation leads to an amino acid change (E40K) in the SOD1 protein [<a href="#ref-3">3</a>][<a href="#ref-2">2</a>]. While the exact mechanism of how this mutation causes the disease is complex, it leads to the death of nerve cells in the spinal cord.

### The Genetics of DM in German Shepherds

The frequency of the mutant "A" allele (the gene variant associated with DM) in German Shepherds is a major concern for breeders. Studies from around the world have documented its prevalence:

- **Uruguay and Paraguay:** Allele frequency was 0.23 and 0.15, respectively [<a href="#ref-1">1</a>].
- **Japan:** A large study of 541 GSDs found a mutant allele frequency of 0.220, with 5% of the population being homozygous (A/A) for the mutation [<a href="#ref-3">3</a>].
- **United Kingdom:** In a referral population, 16% of young dogs (under 6 years) were homozygous for the mutation, and 38% were heterozygous [<a href="#ref-5">5</a>]. In older dogs (>8 years) with pelvic limb ataxia, 42% were homozygous [<a href="#ref-5">5</a>].
- **Brazil:** A study of 95 healthy GSDs found a mutant allele frequency of 0.121 [<a href="#ref-8">8</a>].
- **Greece:** The mutant allele was found at a frequency of 0.138 in GSDs [<a href="#ref-9">9</a>].
- **Türkiye:** The mutant allele was identified in GSDs, among other breeds, with an overall population frequency of 0.062 [<a href="#ref-10">10</a>].
- **Romania:** The mutant allele was identified in GSDs, among other breeds [<a href="#ref-7">7</a>].

These studies highlight that the genetic risk for DM is present in German Shepherd populations globally. This is why genetic testing is a crucial tool for breeders to make informed decisions and reduce the incidence of this devastating disease [<a href="#ref-4">4</a>][<a href="#ref-7">7</a>].

## Symptoms and Clinical Progression

The clinical signs of DM are insidious and progressive. The disease typically begins in the pelvic limbs and ascends the spinal cord over time [<a href="#ref-1">1</a>][<a href="#ref-2">2</a>]. It is crucial for owners to recognize the earliest signs.

### Early Signs: The Pelvic Limb Stage

The first signs are usually noticed when the dog is 8 years or older [<a href="#ref-1">1</a>][<a href="#ref-2">2</a>]. The hallmark early sign is **general proprioceptive ataxia** and mild **spastic paresis** in the pelvic limbs [<a href="#ref-2">2</a>]. In plain terms, this means:

- **Wobbling and swaying** of the hindquarters.
- **Knuckling** of the paws, where the dog walks on the top of its foot instead of its pads.
- **Dragging** of the toes, which can cause the nails to wear down excessively.
- **Crossing** of the hind legs.
- Difficulty with tasks like getting into a car, climbing stairs, or navigating uneven terrain.
- A tendency to "bunny-hop" or sway when walking.

These signs are often mistaken for arthritis or hip dysplasia, which are common in older German Shepherds [<a href="#ref-11">11</a>]. However, a key differentiating feature is that DM is generally **not painful**. A neurologic examination by a veterinarian can help distinguish between orthopedic and neurological causes.

### Progression: Ascending Paralysis

As the disease progresses, the weakness and ataxia worsen. The dog will develop a more obvious spastic gait and may frequently fall. The clinical signs will ascend, affecting the thoracic limbs as well [<a href="#ref-1">1</a>][<a href="#ref-2">2</a>]. This leads to:

- **Difficulty standing** and maintaining balance.
- **Severe muscle wasting** (atrophy) in the pelvic limbs.
- **Urinary and fecal incontinence** as the disease affects the nerves controlling these functions.
- **Weakness in the front legs**, leading to a "bear-like" or crawling gait.

### End-Stage: Tetraplegia and Respiratory Distress

In the final stages of the disease, the dog becomes non-ambulatory and progresses to flaccid tetraparesis (weakness in all four limbs) and eventually tetraplegia (paralysis of all four limbs) [<a href="#ref-2">2</a>]. The disease can also affect the nerves that control breathing, leading to respiratory distress [<a href="#ref-3">3</a>]. At this point, most owners and veterinarians choose humane euthanasia to prevent suffering. The disease has an invariably fatal outcome once clinical signs begin [<a href="#ref-1">1</a>].

## How is DM Diagnosed?

Diagnosing DM is a multi-step process. There is no single test that can definitively diagnose the disease in a living dog. A definitive diagnosis is only possible through histopathological examination of the spinal cord at necropsy (post-mortem) [<a href="#ref-4">4</a>][<a href="#ref-2">2</a>]. Therefore, the diagnostic workup in a living dog is focused on two things:

1.  **Genetic Testing:** To identify if the dog is at risk for the disease.
2.  **Rule-Out of Other Conditions:** To exclude other diseases that can cause similar clinical signs and are potentially treatable.

### The Role of Genetic Testing

Genetic testing for the SOD1:c.118G>A mutation is a powerful tool. It can be performed using a simple blood sample, cheek swab, or hair root sample [<a href="#ref-3">3</a>][<a href="#ref-8">8</a>]. The test results categorize a dog into one of three genotypes:

- **G/G (Genetically Clear):** The dog has two normal copies of the gene. It will not develop DM due to this specific mutation.
- **A/G (Carrier):** The dog has one normal copy and one mutated copy. It will not typically develop DM, but it can pass the mutated gene to its offspring.
- **A/A (Genetically At-Risk):** The dog has two mutated copies of the gene. It is at a significantly high risk of developing DM, but not all A/A dogs will develop the disease due to incomplete penetrance [<a href="#ref-7">7</a>].

Genetic testing is highly recommended for any German Shepherd showing clinical signs consistent with DM. A homozygous (A/A) result strongly supports a clinical diagnosis of DM [<a href="#ref-4">4</a>][<a href="#ref-5">5</a>][<a href="#ref-9">9</a>]. However, it is important to remember that a positive genetic test is not a guarantee of the disease, and a negative test does not entirely rule out a similar neurological condition.

### Ruling Out Other Diseases (Differential Diagnosis)

Many other conditions can mimic the early signs of DM. It is essential to rule these out, as some are treatable. The diagnostic plan often includes:

- **Orthopedic Examination:** To rule out hip dysplasia, arthritis, or cruciate ligament disease. This may involve radiographs (X-rays) of the hips and spine [<a href="#ref-11">11</a>].
- **Advanced Imaging (MRI or CT):** An MRI of the spine is the gold standard for ruling out surgically correctable conditions like intervertebral disc disease (IVDD), spinal tumors, or cysts. These conditions can cause similar signs of spinal cord compression.
- **Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Analysis:** A CSF sample is often analyzed to rule out infectious or inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system, such as meningitis [<a href="#ref-12">12</a>][<a href="#ref-11">11</a>].

### Other Diagnostic Tests

- **Electrodiagnostic Testing:** Tests like electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction velocity can help assess the function of the nerves and muscles, but they are not specific for DM.
- **Oligoclonal Bands:** Research has shown that some German Shepherds with DM have detectable oligoclonal bands in their CSF, which indicates an intrathecal humoral immune response [<a href="#ref-12">12</a>]. While this test is not a standalone diagnostic, it may have diagnostic value and supports the theory that the immune system plays a role in the disease's progression [<a href="#ref-12">12</a>][<a href="#ref-13">13</a>].

## Evidence-Based Management and Mobility Support

There is currently no cure or effective disease-modifying treatment for DM. The management of a dog with DM is focused on maintaining quality of life, supporting mobility, and providing excellent nursing care. The goal is to keep the dog comfortable and mobile for as long as possible.

### The Importance of Physical Therapy and Exercise

One of the most important aspects of managing DM is a structured physical therapy program. While it cannot stop the disease, it can help maintain muscle mass, joint health, and improve the dog's overall well-being [<a href="#ref-6">6</a>].

- **Controlled Exercise:** Regular, controlled exercise is essential. This may include short, frequent walks on a harness to support the dog's hindquarters. The goal is to maintain strength without causing fatigue.
- **Range of Motion Exercises:** Gently flexing and extending the dog's joints can help prevent contractures and maintain flexibility.
- **Therapeutic Exercises:** Activities like swimming (with a life vest), walking on an underwater treadmill, or balancing on a physio ball can help strengthen core and limb muscles.
- **Assisted Standing:** Helping the dog stand for short periods can help maintain muscle strength and coordination.

### Mobility Aids and Equipment

As the disease progresses, mobility aids become essential to help the dog move and maintain independence.

- **Harnesses:** A rear-support harness with handles can be used to help support the dog's hindquarters during walks. This allows the dog to exercise and eliminate without dragging its legs.
- **Carts and Wheelchairs:** When the dog can no longer support its own weight on its hind legs, a rear cart or wheelchair can be a life-changing tool. It allows the dog to remain active and mobile, which can significantly improve its quality of life.
- **Non-Slip Flooring:** Providing rugs or yoga mats on slippery floors can help the dog maintain its footing and prevent falls.
- **Ramps:** Ramps can help the dog get in and out of the car or onto furniture without having to jump.

### Nursing Care and Home Modifications

As the dog becomes less mobile, nursing care becomes paramount.

- **Pressure Sore Prevention:** Dogs that are unable to move are at high risk for developing pressure sores (bedsores). It is crucial to provide soft, padded bedding and to turn the dog frequently.
- **Assisted Elimination:** The dog may need help with urination and defecation. This can involve manually expressing the bladder or using absorbent pads.
- **Hygiene:** Keeping the dog clean and dry is essential to prevent skin infections. This includes regular bathing and grooming, especially around the hindquarters.

### The Role of Nutrition and Supplementation

Nutritional support is an important part of managing a chronic disease. While no specific diet can cure DM, a balanced, high-quality diet is necessary to support overall health.

- **Vitamin E:** Some research has explored the role of vitamin E in DM, as a deficiency can cause similar neurological problems in humans. However, a study found no evidence that a defect in the alpha-tocopherol transfer protein gene is involved in the pathogenesis of DM in German Shepherds [<a href="#ref-14">14</a>]. While supplementation is often recommended by veterinarians as a general antioxidant, it is not a proven treatment for DM.
- **Medication:** Various medications, such as aminocaproic acid (EACA) and N-acetylcysteine, have been used anecdotally, but their efficacy is not well-established [<a href="#ref-6">6</a>]. Always discuss any medication or supplement with your veterinarian before starting it.

## Unsafe Home Remedies and What to Avoid

It is critical to avoid certain actions that can be harmful to a dog with DM.

- **Do Not Perform Unnecessary Spinal Surgery:** A key piece of advice from veterinary experts is to avoid unnecessary surgical procedures on the spine [<a href="#ref-6">6</a>]. If the diagnostic workup does not reveal a surgically correctable lesion (like a herniated disc), surgery will not help and can cause permanent deterioration in a DM patient [<a href="#ref-6">6</a>].
- **Do Not Force Exercise:** While exercise is important, forcing a dog to exercise to the point of exhaustion is counterproductive and can cause injury.
- **Do Not Use Human Medications:** Never give your dog human pain relievers or other medications without explicit veterinary approval, as many are toxic to dogs.
- **Avoid Slippery Surfaces:** Do not let your dog walk on slick floors without support, as this can lead to falls and injuries.

## Prevention and Breeding Considerations

Because DM is a genetic disease, the most effective form of prevention is responsible breeding. Since the disease has a late onset in adulthood, affected dogs are often fertile and may have already produced offspring before they show signs [<a href="#ref-4">4</a>]. This allows the mutant allele to persist in the population [<a href="#ref-4">4</a>].

- **Genetic Testing of Breeding Stock:** Breeders should genetically test all dogs intended for breeding. The goal is to avoid breeding two carriers (A/G) together, as this can produce at-risk (A/A) puppies. Breeding a carrier to a clear (G/G) dog is a strategy to reduce the frequency of the mutant allele in the gene pool while maintaining genetic diversity.
- **Registration and Databases:** Some kennel clubs and breed organizations maintain databases of genetic test results, which can help breeders make informed decisions.

## Prognosis and Quality of Life

The prognosis for a dog with DM is poor. The disease is progressive and invariably fatal [<a href="#ref-1">1</a>]. The average time from the onset of clinical signs to euthanasia is typically 6 to 12 months, though some dogs may live longer with excellent nursing care. The rate of clinical progression can vary between individual dogs [<a href="#ref-1">1</a>][<a href="#ref-3">3</a>].

The most important aspect of managing a dog with end-stage DM is monitoring its quality of life. Owners and veterinarians should work together to assess the dog's comfort, mobility, and mental state. The decision to euthanize is a personal and difficult one, but it is often the most humane choice when the dog can no longer enjoy a good quality of life.

## Limitations and When to Contact a Veterinarian

This article provides a detailed overview of DM, but it is not a substitute for professional veterinary advice. Breed-level information cannot predict the outcome for an individual dog. The clinical progression and response to supportive care can vary significantly.

**You should contact your veterinarian immediately if your German Shepherd shows any of the following:**

- Any new weakness, wobbling, or ataxia in the hind legs.
- Knuckling of the paws or dragging of the toes.
- Signs of pain, such as whining, panting, or reluctance to move.
- Sudden inability to stand or walk.
- Loss of bladder or bowel control.
- Difficulty breathing.

Early veterinary intervention is essential to rule out treatable conditions and to establish a baseline for monitoring the disease's progression. A veterinarian can help you develop a comprehensive management plan tailored to your dog's specific needs.

## Frequently Asked Questions

### What are the first signs of degenerative myelopathy in a German Shepherd?
The first signs are usually a subtle loss of coordination (ataxia) in the back legs, which can look like wobbling or swaying of the hindquarters. You may also notice your dog knuckling its paws (walking on the top of its feet) or dragging its toes.

### Is degenerative myelopathy painful for dogs?
Degenerative myelopathy is generally considered a painless disease. The degeneration of the spinal cord's white matter causes weakness and incoordination, but it does not directly cause pain, which helps differentiate it from conditions like hip dysplasia or a herniated disc.

### How is degenerative myelopathy diagnosed in dogs?
A definitive diagnosis is only possible with a post-mortem examination. In a living dog, a veterinarian will perform a thorough neurological exam, recommend genetic testing for the SOD-1 mutation, and use diagnostic imaging like MRI and CSF analysis to rule out other causes of the symptoms.

### What does a positive SOD-1 gene test mean for my German Shepherd?
A positive test result (A/A) means your dog has two copies of the mutated gene and is at a high risk of developing DM. It does not mean your dog will definitely develop the disease, as it has incomplete penetrance, but it strongly supports a clinical diagnosis if symptoms are present.

### Can degenerative myelopathy be treated or cured?
There is currently no cure for degenerative myelopathy, and no treatment has been proven to stop or reverse the disease's progression. Management focuses on supportive care, physical therapy, and mobility aids to maintain the dog's quality of life for as long as possible.

### How can I support my dog's mobility as DM progresses?
You can support your dog's mobility using a rear-support harness for walks, providing non-slip flooring in your home, and eventually using a rear cart or wheelchair when the dog can no longer support its hindquarters. Physical therapy exercises are also crucial.

### How long can a German Shepherd live with degenerative myelopathy?
The prognosis is poor, and the disease is invariably fatal. The time from the onset of clinical signs to euthanasia is typically 6 to 12 months, but with excellent nursing care, some dogs can maintain a good quality of life for a longer period.

### Should I breed my German Shepherd if it is a carrier for DM?
Breeding a carrier (A/G) dog is a decision that should be made with great care. The most important step is to test the potential mate. Breeding a carrier to a genetically clear (G/G) dog will not produce at-risk (A/A) puppies, but it will continue to pass the mutant allele on to some offspring.

<script type="application/ld+json">
{
  "@context": "https://schema.org",
  "@type": "FAQPage",
  "mainEntity": [
    {
      "@type": "Question",
      "name": "What are the first signs of degenerative myelopathy in a German Shepherd?",
      "acceptedAnswer": {
        "@type": "Answer",
        "text": "The first signs are usually a subtle loss of coordination (ataxia) in the back legs, which can look like wobbling or swaying of the hindquarters. You may also notice your dog knuckling its paws (walking on the top of its feet) or dragging its toes."
      }
    },
    {
      "@type": "Question",
      "name": "Is degenerative myelopathy painful for dogs?",
      "acceptedAnswer": {
        "@type": "Answer",
        "text": "Degenerative myelopathy is generally considered a painless disease. The degeneration of the spinal cord's white matter causes weakness and incoordination, but it does not directly cause pain, which helps differentiate it from conditions like hip dysplasia or a herniated disc."
      }
    },
    {
      "@type": "Question",
      "name": "How is degenerative myelopathy diagnosed in dogs?",
      "acceptedAnswer": {
        "@type": "Answer",
        "text": "A definitive diagnosis is only possible with a post-mortem examination. In a living dog, a veterinarian will perform a thorough neurological exam, recommend genetic testing for the SOD-1 mutation, and use diagnostic imaging like MRI and CSF analysis to rule out other causes of the symptoms."
      }
    },
    {
      "@type": "Question",
      "name": "What does a positive SOD-1 gene test mean for my German Shepherd?",
      "acceptedAnswer": {
        "@type": "Answer",
        "text": "A positive test result (A/A) means your dog has two copies of the mutated gene and is at a high risk of developing DM. It does not mean your dog will definitely develop the disease, as it has incomplete penetrance, but it strongly supports a clinical diagnosis if symptoms are present."
      }
    },
    {
      "@type": "Question",
      "name": "Can degenerative myelopathy be treated or cured?",
      "acceptedAnswer": {
        "@type": "Answer",
        "text": "There is currently no cure for degenerative myelopathy, and no treatment has been proven to stop or reverse the disease's progression. Management focuses on supportive care, physical therapy, and mobility aids to maintain the dog's quality of life for as long as possible."
      }
    },
    {
      "@type": "Question",
      "name": "How can I support my dog's mobility as DM progresses?",
      "acceptedAnswer": {
        "@type": "Answer",
        "text": "You can support your dog's mobility using a rear-support harness for walks, providing non-slip flooring in your home, and eventually using a rear cart or wheelchair when the dog can no longer support its hindquarters. Physical therapy exercises are also crucial."
      }
    },
    {
      "@type": "Question",
      "name": "How long can a German Shepherd live with degenerative myelopathy?",
      "acceptedAnswer": {
        "@type": "Answer",
        "text": "The prognosis is poor, and the disease is invariably fatal. The time from the onset of clinical signs to euthanasia is typically 6 to 12 months, but with excellent nursing care, some dogs can maintain a good quality of life for a longer period."
      }
    },
    {
      "@type": "Question",
      "name": "Should I breed my German Shepherd if it is a carrier for DM?",
      "acceptedAnswer": {
        "@type": "Answer",
        "text": "Breeding a carrier (A/G) dog is a decision that should be made with great care. The most important step is to test the potential mate. Breeding a carrier to a genetically clear (G/G) dog will not produce at-risk (A/A) puppies, but it will continue to pass the mutant allele on to some offspring."
      }
    }
  ]
}
</script>

## Sources

<a id="ref-1"></a>[<a href="#ref-1">1</a>] [Frequency of superoxide dismutase 1 c.118: G>A mutation associated with canine degenerative myelopathy in German Shepherd dogs from Uruguay and Paraguay.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39897354/)

<a id="ref-2"></a>[<a href="#ref-2">2</a>] [Genome-wide association analysis reveals a SOD1 mutation in canine degenerative myelopathy that resembles amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19188595/)

<a id="ref-3"></a>[<a href="#ref-3">3</a>] [Molecular Epidemiological Survey for Degenerative Myelopathy in German Shepherd Dogs in Japan: Allele Frequency and Clinical Progression Rate.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35804546/)

<a id="ref-4"></a>[<a href="#ref-4">4</a>] [Degenerative myelopathy in German Shepherd Dog: comparison of two molecular assays for the identification of the SOD1:c.118G>A mutation.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24390315/)

<a id="ref-5"></a>[<a href="#ref-5">5</a>] [A retrospective study of the prevalence of the canine degenerative myelopathy associated superoxide dismutase 1 mutation (SOD1:c.118G > A) in a referral population of German Shepherd dogs from the UK.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26401327/)

<a id="ref-6"></a>[<a href="#ref-6">6</a>] [Degenerative myelopathy.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1641928/)

<a id="ref-7"></a>[<a href="#ref-7">7</a>] [Molecular Surveillance of Canine Degenerative Myelopathy in Breeding Kennels from Romania.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37106965/)

<a id="ref-8"></a>[<a href="#ref-8">8</a>] [Molecular screening for the mutation associated with canine degenerative myelopathy (SOD1:c.118G > A) in German Shepherd dogs in Brazil.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33196688/)

<a id="ref-9"></a>[<a href="#ref-9">9</a>] [Prevalence of SOD1 allele associated with degenerative myelopathy in canine population in Greece.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37480717/)

<a id="ref-10"></a>[<a href="#ref-10">10</a>] [Breed Distribution of the Superoxide Dismutase 1 Gene Polymorphism Associated With Degenerative Myelopathy in a Canine Population From Different Geographical Regions of Türkiye.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41830531/)

<a id="ref-11"></a>[<a href="#ref-11">11</a>] [Degenerative myelopathy in a German shepherd.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6749121/)

<a id="ref-12"></a>[<a href="#ref-12">12</a>] [Detection of oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid from German Shepherd dogs with degenerative myelopathy by isoelectric focusing and immunofixation.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18533922/)

<a id="ref-13"></a>[<a href="#ref-13">13</a>] [Immunohistochemical evidence for immunoglobulin and complement deposition in spinal cord lesions in degenerative myelopathy in German shepherd dogs.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8143248/)

<a id="ref-14"></a>[<a href="#ref-14">14</a>] [Molecular genetic and expression analysis of alpha-tocopherol transfer protein mRNA in German shepherd dogs with degenerative myelopathy.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12592926/)

<a id="ref-15"></a>[<a href="#ref-15">15</a>] [Alleles of DLA-DRB1 are not unique in German Shepherd dogs having degenerative myelopathy.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18410473/)

<a id="ref-16"></a>[<a href="#ref-16">16</a>] [Compounding for degenerative myelopathy in the german shepherd.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23989294/)

<a id="ref-17"></a>[<a href="#ref-17">17</a>] [[Degenerative myelopathy in the German shepherd].](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7444420/)

<a id="ref-18"></a>[<a href="#ref-18">18</a>] [Degenerative myelopathy in the aging German Shepherd dog: clinical and pathologic findings.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4196853/)

<a id="ref-19"></a>[<a href="#ref-19">19</a>] [Degenerative myelopathy in two Boxer dogs.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19276068/)

<a id="ref-20"></a>[<a href="#ref-20">20</a>] [Degenerative myelopathy in 18 Pembroke Welsh Corgi dogs.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19261635/)

## Related Clinical & Scientific Guides

* [Immune-Mediated Polyarthritis IMPA: Joint Pain, Fever and Steroid Protocol](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/orthopedic-mobility/immune-mediated-polyarthritis-impa-joint-pain-fever-and-steroid-protocol)
* [Hip Dysplasia in Dogs: Hip Replacement vs FHO vs Conservative Management](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/orthopedic-mobility/hip-dysplasia-in-dogs-hip-replacement-vs-fho-vs-conservative-management)
* [Thermoregulating & Heated Dog Beds: Infrared Heat Safety, Temperature Calibration, and Arthritis Relief](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/orthopedic-mobility/heated-dog-bed-senior-arthritis)