Q: What is the recommended SAMe dose for dogs with liver disease?

The typical hepatoprotective dose of SAMe in dogs is 18 to 20 mg/kg orally once daily on an empty stomach, though some protocols use up to 40 mg/kg daily; your veterinarian will determine the appropriate dose for your dog.

Q: How long does SAMe take to work in dogs with liver disease?

SAMe may take 2 to 4 weeks to show measurable improvements in liver enzymes, but some studies monitor dogs for up to 365 days to assess long-term benefits.

Q: Can I give my dog SAMe with food?

SAMe should be given on an empty stomach, at least 1 hour before a meal, to maximize absorption and effectiveness.

Q: Is SAMe safe for all dogs with liver disease?

SAMe is generally safe and well tolerated, but it should only be used under veterinary supervision, especially in dogs with severe liver disease or other health conditions.

Q: What are the side effects of SAMe in dogs?

Side effects are uncommon but may include mild gastrointestinal upset such as vomiting or diarrhea; contact your veterinarian if you notice any adverse reactions.

Q: Can SAMe cure liver disease in dogs?

SAMe is a hepatoprotectant that supports liver health, but it is not a cure for liver disease; it is typically used as part of a comprehensive treatment plan.

Q: How should SAMe be monitored in dogs?

Monitoring involves regular blood tests to check liver enzymes (ALT, ALP, GGT, AST), bilirubin, bile acids, and sometimes imaging such as ultrasound to assess liver structure and gallbladder sludge.

Q: What other supplements are often combined with SAMe for liver disease?

SAMe is often combined with silymarin (milk thistle), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), vitamin C, and vitamin E to enhance hepatoprotective effects.

# SAMe for Liver Disease Dogs: Hepatoprotective Dose and Monitoring ## Key Takeaways - S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) functions as a hepatoprotectant in dogs by acting as a primary methyl donor, crucial for synthesizing glutathione, a key intracellular antioxidant that combats oxidative stress in hepatocytes. - The commonly recommended oral dosage for SAMe in dogs with liver disease is 18-20 mg/kg once daily, administered on an empty stomach to optimize absorption, with higher doses up to 40 mg/kg/day utilized in specific therapeutic protocols. - Effective management of canine liver disease necessitates comprehensive monitoring, including regular assessment of liver enzymes (ALT, ALP, GGT, AST), bilirubin, bile acids, and imaging modalities such as abdominal ultrasound to evaluate hepatocellular injury, cholestasis, and structural changes. - SAMe is most effective as an adjunct therapy, often combined with other hepatoprotectants like silymarin (milk thistle) and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), particularly in conditions such as gallbladder mucocele, where this combination demonstrated significant biochemical and ultrasonographic improvements. - While generally well-tolerated, SAMe administration requires veterinary guidance due to the need for appropriate dosing, formulation (enteric-coated tablets should not be crushed), and monitoring tailored to the specific liver condition and concurrent medications. - Emergency veterinary care is critical for dogs exhibiting severe lethargy, jaundice (icterus), vomiting, or collapse, as SAMe is a supportive therapy and not an emergency treatment for acute liver failure. --- S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe, also written as SAM-e) is a natural molecule produced in the liver that acts as a primary methyl donor in numerous biochemical reactions. In veterinary medicine, SAMe is used as a hepatoprotectant, meaning it helps protect liver cells from oxidative damage and supports the liver's natural repair mechanisms. For dogs with liver disease, the commonly used hepatoprotective dose of SAMe is 18 to 20 mg/kg orally once daily on an empty stomach, though higher doses up to 40 mg/kg daily are used in some protocols. Monitoring liver enzymes, bile acids, and clinical signs at regular intervals is essential to assess whether the supplement is working and to adjust the overall treatment plan. **Owner Triage Summary:** If your [dog](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/clinical-methods/dog) has been diagnosed with liver disease, SAMe is one of several medical options your veterinarian may recommend. Do not start SAMe without veterinary guidance because the dose, formulation, and monitoring schedule depend on the specific liver condition, your dog's weight, and other medications. If your dog shows severe lethargy, yellow gums or eyes (jaundice/icterus), vomiting, or collapse, seek emergency veterinary care immediately. SAMe is a support therapy, not an emergency treatment. ## At a Glance: SAMe and Liver Disease in Dogs | Feature | Recommendation / Finding | |, - |, - | | **Common indication** | Chronic hepatitis, hepatic oxidative stress, toxin exposure, gallbladder mucocele (adjunct) [1][2] | | **Typical dose** | 18-20 mg/kg PO once daily; some protocols use up to 40 mg/kg/day | | **Administration** | On an empty stomach, usually 1 hour before a meal | | **Formulation** | Enteric-coated tablets (do not crush or split) | | **Time to effect** | Clinical and biochemical improvement may take 2-4 weeks; some studies follow dogs for 30-365 days [2] | | **Key monitoring** | Serum ALT, ALP, GGT, AST, bilirubin, bile acids, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, ultrasound [2] | | **Common combinations** | Silymarin (milk thistle), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), vitamin C, N-acetylcysteine [1][2] | | **Safety** | Generally well tolerated; no significant adverse effects reported in canine studies [2] | | **Contraindications** | Use with caution in dogs with known hypersensitivity; discuss with a veterinarian | ## Understanding the Liver and SAMe The liver is the central metabolic organ in dogs, responsible for detoxification, protein synthesis, bile production, and nutrient storage. Hepatocytes, the functional cells of the liver, are constantly exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and toxic byproducts of metabolism. When the liver's antioxidant defenses are overwhelmed, oxidative stress damages cellular membranes, proteins, and DNA, leading to inflammation, fibrosis, and impaired function. SAMe is synthesized from methionine and ATP in a reaction catalyzed by methionine adenosyltransferase. It serves as the principal methyl donor for methylation of phospholipids, proteins, and DNA. In the liver, SAMe supports the synthesis of glutathione, a critical intracellular antioxidant. By replenishing glutathione stores, SAMe helps hepatocytes resist oxidative injury and supports regeneration. In dogs, SAMe is often used as part of a multimodal approach to manage chronic hepatitis, hepatic lipidosis, copper-associated hepatopathy, and toxin-induced liver injury. It is also included in protocols for gallbladder mucocele, a condition characterized by excessive mucin accumulation in the gallbladder that can lead to bile duct obstruction [2]. ## Causes and Types of Liver Disease in Dogs [Liver disease in dogs](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/internal-medicine/canine-liver-disease) encompasses a wide range of conditions, each with distinct causes, clinical presentations, and therapeutic targets. Understanding the underlying disease is critical because SAMe is not a universal cure; it is one component of a comprehensive management plan. ### Chronic Hepatitis Chronic hepatitis is a common inflammatory liver disease in dogs, characterized by persistent hepatocellular injury and inflammation. Causes include infectious agents (e.g., leptospirosis, infectious canine hepatitis), drugs, toxins, and immune-mediated processes. In some breeds, such as Bedlington Terriers and Labrador Retrievers, copper accumulation is a primary trigger. Chronic hepatitis can progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and eventually liver failure if not managed. ### Gallbladder Mucocele Gallbladder mucocele (GBM) is a condition where mucin accumulates excessively in the gallbladder, forming a thick, immobile bile sludge. This can lead to biliary obstruction, gallbladder rupture, and peritonitis. The exact cause is unknown, but it is associated with endocrinopathies such as hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's disease) and hypothyroidism. In subclinical cases, medical management with hepatoprotectants is often attempted before considering cholecystectomy [2]. ### Hepatic Neoplasia Primary liver tumors, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma, are relatively common in older dogs [3][4]. HCC is the most frequent primary liver tumor, and while surgical resection is the treatment of choice, not all tumors are resectable. Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is an emerging alternative for nonresectable HCC, with a median survival time of 164 days in one case series [3]. Cholangiocarcinoma, arising from bile duct epithelium, is another malignant tumor with a poor prognosis [4]. SAMe is not a treatment for cancer, but it may be used to support liver function during cancer therapy. ### Toxin-Induced Liver Injury Dogs can develop acute liver injury after ingesting toxins, including certain medications, plants, and supplements. A notable case involved two dogs that ingested a human joint health supplement containing high levels of manganese, leading to acute fulminant liver failure in one dog and severe acute liver injury in the other [1]. The surviving dog was treated with a combination of N-acetylcysteine, vitamin C, SAMe, and silybin, followed by long-term SAMe, silybin, ursodiol, and vitamin C, with clinical and biochemical resolution by day 44 [1]. This case highlights the potential role of SAMe in supporting recovery from acute toxin-induced hepatopathy. ### Vascular Anomalies Congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts (CEHPSS) are abnormal blood vessels that bypass the liver, allowing portal blood to enter the systemic circulation without hepatic detoxification. This leads to hepatic encephalopathy, poor growth, and other clinical signs. Medical management, including dietary modification and lactulose, is used before surgical attenuation [5]. SAMe is not a primary treatment for shunts but may be used to support liver health. ### Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Certain infections can affect the liver. Canine babesiosis, caused by Babesia canis, can lead to acute kidney injury and hepatic involvement [6]. Leishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania infantum, can also affect the liver, and allopurinol is a mainstay of long-term management [7]. Pseudorabies, a viral infection transmitted from pigs, can cause fatal encephalitis in dogs, with the liver testing positive for viral DNA in some cases [8]. These conditions require specific antimicrobial or antiparasitic therapy; SAMe is not a substitute. ## How SAMe Works as a Hepatoprotectant The hepatoprotective effects of SAMe are primarily attributed to its role in glutathione synthesis and methylation reactions. ### Glutathione Replenishment Glutathione is a tripeptide (glutamate-cysteine-glycine) that acts as a major intracellular antioxidant. In the liver, glutathione neutralizes ROS and detoxifies electrophiles. During liver disease, glutathione levels are often depleted, making hepatocytes more vulnerable to oxidative injury. SAMe provides the methyl groups necessary for the transsulfuration pathway, which converts homocysteine to cysteine, a precursor for glutathione. By supporting this pathway, SAMe helps restore glutathione levels and enhance the liver's antioxidant capacity. ### Membrane Stabilization SAMe also contributes to the methylation of phospholipids in cell membranes. Methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine increases membrane fluidity and stabilizes hepatocyte membranes. This can improve bile flow and reduce cholestasis, a common feature of many liver diseases. ### Anti-inflammatory Effects In addition to its antioxidant properties, SAMe may modulate inflammatory responses. In a study of dogs with subclinical gallbladder mucocele, treatment with SAMe combined with silymarin and UDCA resulted in significant reductions in inflammatory markers (ALT, AST) and improvements in liver echogenicity [2]. While the exact mechanisms are not fully defined, SAMe appears to reduce hepatocellular injury and inflammation. ## Evidence for SAMe in Canine Liver Disease Several studies have evaluated the use of SAMe in dogs with liver disease, either alone or in combination with other hepatoprotectants. ### SAMe in Gallbladder Mucocele A 2025 study evaluated the effects of different hepatoprotectant regimens in 60 dogs with subclinical gallbladder mucocele [2]. Dogs were randomly assigned to one of three groups: - Group 1: Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) alone - Group 2: SAMe and silymarin - Group 3: UDCA, SAMe, and silymarin Hepatic biochemical markers (GGT, ALP, ALT, AST, bilirubin, cholesterol) and ultrasound parameters (gallbladder sludge percentage, liver echogenicity) were assessed at baseline, day 30, day 60, day 180, and day 365. Group 3 exhibited the most significant improvement, with substantial reductions in GGT, ALP, ALT, and AST levels (p < 0.05). Group 3 also demonstrated a significant decrease in gallbladder sludge percentage and improved liver echogenicity (p < 0.05). Group 1 showed mild improvement, while Group 2 had minimal impact on markers of cholestasis or gallbladder health [2]. These findings suggest that SAMe is most effective when used in combination with UDCA and silymarin, rather than as a standalone therapy for gallbladder mucocele. ### SAMe in Acute Toxin-Induced Liver Injury In the case of acute manganese toxicosis in two dogs, the surviving dog received a combination of N-acetylcysteine, vitamin C, SAMe, and silybin during hospitalization, followed by long-term SAMe, silybin, ursodiol, and vitamin C [1]. Clinical and biochemical resolution occurred by day 44. This case demonstrates that SAMe can be part of an effective protocol for acute liver injury, although it is difficult to attribute the recovery to any single agent. ### SAMe in Chronic Hepatitis While direct clinical trials of SAMe alone for chronic hepatitis in dogs are limited, SAMe is widely recommended as an adjunctive therapy based on its antioxidant properties and the evidence from other hepatopathies. In human medicine, SAMe has been studied for various liver conditions, and the extrapolation to canine patients is considered reasonable by many veterinary specialists. ## SAMe Dosage: Hepatoprotective Dose and Administration The hepatoprotective dose of SAMe in dogs is typically 18 to 20 mg/kg administered orally once daily. Some protocols use higher doses, up to 40 mg/kg daily, particularly for acute liver injury or severe chronic disease. However, the optimal dose should be determined by a veterinarian based on the individual dog's condition and response to therapy. ### Administration Guidelines - **Empty stomach:** SAMe should be given on an empty stomach, usually at least 1 hour before a meal, to maximize absorption. - **Enteric-coated tablets:** SAMe is available as enteric-coated tablets designed to resist gastric acid and dissolve in the intestine. Do not crush, split, or break the tablets, as this can reduce efficacy. - **Consistency:** Give SAMe at the same time each day to maintain consistent blood levels. - **Duration:** Treatment is typically long-term, with rechecks at 30, 60, 180, and 365 days, as seen in the gallbladder mucocele study [2]. ### Formulations SAMe is available in various formulations, including tablets and capsules. Some products combine SAMe with other hepatoprotectants, such as silybin (milk thistle extract) and vitamin E. The choice of formulation depends on availability, cost, and the specific needs of the patient. ## Combination Therapy: SAMe with Silymarin and UDCA The evidence from the gallbladder mucocele study suggests that SAMe is most effective when combined with other hepatoprotectants [2]. Silymarin, the active compound in milk thistle (Silybum marianum), has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a bile acid that improves bile flow, reduces cholestasis, and has cytoprotective effects. In the study, the triple combination of UDCA, SAMe, and silymarin (Group 3) produced the most significant improvements in liver enzymes and gallbladder sludge [2]. This combination is now considered a reasonable medical approach for subclinical gallbladder mucocele and may also benefit dogs with other chronic liver diseases. ### Other Adjuncts - **Vitamin C:** An antioxidant that may complement SAMe's effects. In the manganese toxicity case, vitamin C was part of the treatment protocol [1]. - **N-acetylcysteine (NAC):** A precursor to glutathione, NAC is used in acute liver injury to replenish glutathione stores. It was administered intravenously in the manganese toxicity case [1]. - **Vitamin E:** A fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cell membranes from lipid peroxidation. ## Monitoring SAMe Therapy and Liver Disease Monitoring is essential to evaluate the response to SAMe and the progression of liver disease. The frequency and type of monitoring depend on the underlying condition and the severity of the disease. ### Biochemical Markers - **Alanine aminotransferase (ALT):** An enzyme found primarily in hepatocytes. Elevated ALT indicates hepatocellular injury. Monitoring ALT helps assess the degree of liver damage and the response to therapy [2]. - **Aspartate aminotransferase (AST):** Another enzyme that can be elevated in liver disease, though it is less specific than ALT. - **Alkaline phosphatase (ALP):** An enzyme associated with cholestasis (impaired bile flow). Elevated ALP is common in gallbladder mucocele and other biliary diseases [2]. - **Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT):** A marker of cholestasis, often elevated in gallbladder disease [2]. - **Total bilirubin:** Elevated bilirubin indicates impaired bilirubin metabolism or excretion, leading to jaundice (icterus). - **Bile acids:** Serum bile acid concentrations are measured to assess liver function. Pre- and post-prandial bile acids are useful for evaluating portosystemic shunts and hepatic insufficiency [5]. - **Albumin and globulin:** Low albumin can indicate impaired liver synthetic function. Globulin levels may be altered in chronic inflammation. - **Cholesterol:** Abnormal cholesterol levels can occur with liver disease, particularly cholestasis [2]. ### Imaging - **Ultrasound:** Abdominal ultrasound is used to evaluate liver size, echogenicity, and the presence of masses, gallbladder sludge, or bile duct obstruction [2]. In the gallbladder mucocele study, liver echogenicity and gallbladder sludge percentage were assessed at each recheck [2]. - **Computed Tomography (CT):** CT hepatic volumetry is a non-invasive method for assessing liver volume and can be useful in planning surgery or radiation therapy [9]. CT is also used for characterizing portosystemic shunts [5]. ### Histopathology In some cases, a liver biopsy is necessary to confirm the diagnosis and guide treatment. Histopathology can identify the type and severity of liver disease, such as chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, or neoplasia [3][4][10]. ### Monitoring Schedule A typical monitoring schedule for a dog on SAMe therapy might include: - Baseline: Complete blood count, serum chemistry, bile acids, urinalysis, and abdominal ultrasound. - Recheck at 30 days: Repeat serum chemistry to assess initial response. - Recheck at 60 days: Repeat serum chemistry and possibly ultrasound. - Recheck at 180 days: Full re-evaluation, including imaging. - Recheck at 365 days: Annual assessment to monitor long-term progress [2]. The exact schedule should be tailored to the individual dog and the underlying disease. ## Safety and Adverse Effects of SAMe SAMe is generally well tolerated in dogs. In the gallbladder mucocele study, no significant adverse effects were reported in any of the treatment groups over the 365-day study period [2]. However, as with any supplement or medication, there is a potential for side effects. - **Gastrointestinal upset:** Some dogs may experience mild vomiting, diarrhea, or decreased appetite, especially when SAMe is first started. Giving SAMe on an empty stomach can sometimes worsen nausea, but this is uncommon. - **Interactions:** SAMe may interact with other medications. It is important to inform your veterinarian about all supplements and medications your dog is receiving. - **Contraindications:** SAMe should be used with caution in dogs with a known hypersensitivity to the compound. There is limited information on the safety of SAMe in pregnant or lactating dogs, so it should be used only when clearly needed. ## Unsafe Home Remedies and Misconceptions There are many misconceptions about liver disease and its treatment. Some owners may turn to unproven home remedies or alternative therapies that can be harmful. - **Do not use human SAMe products without veterinary guidance:** Human formulations may contain different doses or inactive ingredients that are not appropriate for dogs. - **Avoid over-the-counter "liver detox" products:** Many products marketed for liver health have not been tested in dogs and may contain ingredients that are toxic or ineffective. - **Do not give additional supplements without veterinary approval:** Some supplements, such as iron or high-dose vitamins, can worsen liver disease. - **Never use acetaminophen (paracetamol) for pain:** Acetaminophen is highly toxic to dogs and can cause severe liver damage. ## Prevention of Liver Disease Preventing liver disease involves minimizing exposure to toxins, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, and addressing underlying risk factors. - **Avoid toxins:** Keep medications, household chemicals, and toxic plants out of reach. Be cautious with human supplements, as seen in the manganese toxicity case [1]. - **Vaccination:** Vaccinate against infectious causes of hepatitis, such as canine adenovirus-2 (CAV-2), which is included in core vaccines. - **Parasite control:** Prevent tick-borne diseases like babesiosis and leishmaniasis by using appropriate parasite prevention and avoiding endemic areas [7][6]. - **Healthy diet and weight:** Obesity is a risk factor for liver disease and other comorbidities [11]. Maintaining a healthy body condition score is important. - **Regular veterinary check-ups:** Routine blood work and physical examinations can help detect liver disease early. ## Prognosis for Dogs with Liver Disease The prognosis for dogs with liver disease varies widely depending on the underlying cause, the severity of the disease, and the response to treatment. - **Chronic hepatitis:** With appropriate management, many dogs can have a good quality of life for months to years. The prognosis is worse if cirrhosis or liver failure develops. - **Gallbladder mucocele:** Subclinical cases managed medically with UDCA, SAMe, and silymarin may show improvement, as seen in the 2025 study [2]. Symptomatic cases often require surgery. - **Hepatic neoplasia:** The prognosis for hepatocellular carcinoma depends on the size, location, and resectability of the tumor. In one case series of dogs treated with SBRT, the median survival time was 164 days [3]. Cholangiocarcinoma carries a poor prognosis [4]. - **Acute toxin-induced liver injury:** With aggressive supportive care, some dogs can recover. In the manganese toxicity case, the surviving dog had clinical and biochemical resolution by day 44 [1]. ## Emergency Red Flags If your dog has liver disease, certain signs indicate a medical emergency. Seek immediate veterinary care if you observe any of the following: - **Jaundice (icterus):** Yellowing of the gums, eyes, or skin. - **Severe lethargy or collapse:** Inability to stand or walk. - **Vomiting or diarrhea:** Especially if persistent or bloody. - **Abdominal distension:** Swelling of the abdomen, which may indicate fluid accumulation (ascites). - **Neurological signs:** Seizures, disorientation, circling, or stupor, which can indicate hepatic encephalopathy. - **Difficulty breathing:** May indicate fluid in the chest or severe metabolic disturbance. - **Bleeding:** Bruising, petechiae, or bleeding from the gums, which can indicate coagulopathy. ## Limitations and When to Contact a Veterinarian This article provides general information about SAMe and liver disease in dogs, but it cannot replace professional veterinary advice. The response to SAMe and other treatments varies between individual dogs, and what works for one may not work for another. Breed-level information cannot predict the exact outcome for your dog. Always consult with a veterinarian before starting any supplement or medication, and follow their recommendations for monitoring and follow-up. If your dog has been diagnosed with liver disease, work closely with your veterinarian to develop a comprehensive treatment plan. Do not adjust medications or supplements without their guidance. If you have any concerns about your dog's condition, contact your veterinarian promptly. ## Frequently Asked Questions ### What is the recommended SAMe dose for dogs with liver disease? The typical hepatoprotective dose of SAMe in dogs is 18 to 20 mg/kg orally once daily on an empty stomach, though some protocols use up to 40 mg/kg daily; your veterinarian will determine the appropriate dose for your dog. ### How long does SAMe take to work in dogs with liver disease? SAMe may take 2 to 4 weeks to show measurable improvements in liver enzymes, but some studies monitor dogs for up to 365 days to assess long-term benefits. ### Can I give my dog SAMe with food? SAMe should be given on an empty stomach, at least 1 hour before a meal, to maximize absorption and effectiveness. ### Is SAMe safe for all dogs with liver disease? SAMe is generally safe and well tolerated, but it should only be used under veterinary supervision, especially in dogs with severe liver disease or other health conditions. ### What are the side effects of SAMe in dogs? Side effects are uncommon but may include mild gastrointestinal upset such as vomiting or diarrhea; contact your veterinarian if you notice any adverse reactions. ### Can SAMe cure liver disease in dogs? SAMe is a hepatoprotectant that supports liver health, but it is not a cure for liver disease; it is typically used as part of a comprehensive treatment plan. ### How should SAMe be monitored in dogs? Monitoring involves regular blood tests to check liver enzymes (ALT, ALP, GGT, AST), bilirubin, bile acids, and sometimes imaging such as ultrasound to assess liver structure and gallbladder sludge. ### What other supplements are often combined with SAMe for liver disease? SAMe is often combined with silymarin (milk thistle), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), vitamin C, and vitamin E to enhance hepatoprotective effects. --- *This article is educational and is not a substitute for veterinary diagnosis or treatment.* ## Sources [1] [Acute manganese toxicosis related to joint health supplement ingestion in two dogs.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38788832/) [2] [Evaluation of Hepatoprotectants in the Management of Subclinical Gallbladder Mucocele in Dogs.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41153929/) [3] [Canine primary liver tumors treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy: A case series.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38279767/) [4] [Cholangiocarcinoma: Consistent clinical, cytological, hematological, and biochemical findings and pathomorphology of the liver and kidney in five exotic dog breeds in Abeokuta, Nigeria.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39507797/) [5] [Short- and long-term outcomes of 14 dogs with single congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts attenuated with a percutaneously controlled hydraulic occluder.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40588289/) [6] [Serum and urine profiling by high-throughput TMT-based proteomics for the investigation of renal dysfunction in canine babesiosis.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36174949/) [7] [Evidence for in vivo resistance against allopurinol in a dog infected with Leishmania infantum by reduction in copy numbers of the S-adenosylmethionine synthetase (METK) gene.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39681858/) [8] [A pseudorabies outbreak in hunting dogs in Campania region (Italy): a case presentation and epidemiological survey.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39026329/) [9] [Pilot Study: The Effects of Slice Parameters and the Interobserver Measurement Variability in Computed Tomographic Hepatic Volumetry in Dogs without Hepatic Disease.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36977216/) [10] [Grossly normal-appearing livers have low risk of metastatic malignancy in dogs with splenic masses.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40939628/) [11] [An olive oil-derived NAE mixture (Olaliamid(®)) improves liver and cardiovascular health, and decreases meta-inflammation in naturally obese dogs: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40764576/) [12] [Long-term follow-up of liver-directed, adeno-associated vector-mediated gene therapy in the canine model of hemophilia A.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35405003/) [13] [Long-Term Correction of Murine Glycogen Storage Disease Type III by AAV-Mediated Gene Therapy Using an Immunotolerizing Dual Promoter to Express Bacterial Pullulanase.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41059362/) [14] [Single cell atlas of canine natural killer cells identifies distinct circulating and tissue resident gene profiles.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40443661/) [15] [Use of Epilobium parviflorum in the Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Canines.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40033986/) [16] [Adipose-derived stem cell exosomes act as delivery vehicles of microRNAs in a dog model of chronic hepatitis.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38577321/) [17] [Clinical impact of near-infrared fluorescence imaging with indocyanine green on surgical treatment for hepatic masses in dogs.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36261863/) [18] [[Molecular Characterization of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Canine Leishmaniasis Strains Isolated from Northern Cyprus and Their Clinical Reflections in Mice Models].](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40277267/) [19] [Clinicopathologic findings of splenic marginal zone lymphoma with gallbladder involvement that progressed to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in a dog.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38806404/) [20] [Diverse genome-wide DNA methylation alterations in canine hepatocellular tumours.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37483163/) ## Related Clinical & Scientific Guides * [What Does It Mean When A Cat Throws Up Undigested Food](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/nutrition/what-does-it-mean-when-a-cat-throws-up-undigested-food) * [Tibetan Terrier Feeding Guide: Calorie Targets and Sensitive Stomach Diet Plans](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/nutrition/tibetan-terrier-feeding-guide-calorie-targets-and-sensitive-stomach-diet-plans) * [Hydrolyzed Protein Diet Dogs](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/nutrition/hydrolyzed-protein-diet-dogs)