# [Dog Food](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/nutrition/dog-food) Toppers: How to Use Them Without Unbalancing Your Dog's Diet ## Key Takeaways - **Categorization is Crucial:** Dog food products are legally defined as "Complete Diets" (sole nutrition source), "Complementary Toppers" (supplemental feeding only), or "Treats" (rewards). Misidentifying a topper as a complete diet can lead to nutritional deficiencies. - **The 10% Rule is Paramount:** Toppers and treats combined should not exceed 10% of a dog's daily caloric intake to prevent dilution of essential nutrients from the primary complete diet, which is particularly critical for growing puppies due to their sensitive skeletal development and calcium-phosphorus balance requirements. - **Label Literacy is Essential:** Safely using toppers requires scrutinizing labels for a "Nutritional Adequacy Statement" (identifying "complete and balanced" vs. "complementary"), evaluating the ingredient list for quality and fillers, and understanding the Guaranteed Analysis and caloric content to manage intake. - **Gradual Introduction Prevents GI Upset:** New toppers must be introduced slowly over 5-7 days, starting with approximately 10% of the meal volume, to monitor for gastrointestinal distress such as vomiting or diarrhea, and to assess overall tolerance. - **Food Safety is Non-Negotiable:** Raw meat toppers pose a risk of bacterial contamination (e.g., Salmonella, E. coli) requiring stringent handling protocols, while homemade toppers must avoid toxic ingredients like onions and garlic, and all toppers require proper storage to prevent spoilage. - **Picky Eating Can Signal Disease:** A sudden or persistent refusal to eat, even with toppers, is a medical red flag warranting veterinary assessment for underlying conditions such as dental pain, organ dysfunction, or gastrointestinal disease, rather than solely relying on toppers to mask the issue. --- [Dog food](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/nutrition/dog-food) toppers are a popular way to entice picky eaters, add variety, or deliver specific nutrients. However, using them incorrectly can turn a balanced diet into an unbalanced one, leading to nutritional deficiencies or excesses. This guide explains how to use [dog](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/clinical-methods/dog) food toppers safely, how to read labels correctly, and when a picky appetite signals a deeper health problem. The goal is simple: you can enhance your dog's meals without compromising their health. ## At a Glance: Complete Diets, Toppers, and Treats Understanding the legal and nutritional definitions of [pet food](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/nutrition/pet-food) products is the first step in safe feeding. The terms on a label are not marketing fluff; they define the product's intended use and nutritional adequacy. | Category | Intended Use | Nutritional Claim | Example | Feeding Guideline | |------|-------|----------|-----|----------| | **Complete Diet** | Sole source of nutrition for a life stage | "Complete and balanced" per AAFCO or equivalent | Kibble, canned food, some cooked fresh diets | Should form the majority (over 90%) of daily caloric intake | | **Complementary Topper** | Fed with a complete diet to enhance palatability or add moisture | "Complementary," "for supplemental feeding only" | Broths, freeze-dried raw nuggets, wet food mixes, pureed meats | Should not exceed 10% of daily caloric intake | | **Treat** | Reward or bonding, not nutritional | No nutritional adequacy statement required | Biscuits, dental chews, small pieces of meat | Should not exceed 10% of daily caloric intake | **The 10% rule:** Veterinarians commonly advise that treats and toppers combined should make up no more than 10% of a dog's daily calorie intake. This is a general guideline, not a strict scientific threshold, but it helps prevent the most common problem: diluting a complete diet with foods that are not nutritionally balanced. When a dog eats too many toppers and treats, the complete diet becomes a minor component of their intake, and the overall nutrient profile of their meals shifts away from what is considered balanced [1][2]. ## What Is a Complete Diet? A complete diet is a food that contains all the essential nutrients in the correct proportions for a specific life stage (growth, adult maintenance, or reproduction). These foods undergo rigorous formulation and often feeding trials to prove they meet established nutrient profiles. When you feed a complete diet as the primary food, your dog should not need additional vitamins, minerals, or macronutrients. The WSAVA Global Nutrition Toolkit emphasizes that selecting a complete and balanced diet from a reputable manufacturer is the foundation of canine nutrition [2]. The AAHA Nutrition and Weight Management Guidelines similarly stress that the primary diet must be nutritionally adequate before any additions are considered [3]. ## What Is a Complementary Topper? A complementary topper is a food product designed to be fed with a complete diet. It is not meant to be a sole food source. The label will usually state that the product is "complementary" or "for supplemental feeding only." These products may add flavor, moisture, or specific functional ingredients, but they are not formulated to provide complete nutrition. The concept of complementary feeding is well-established in both human and animal nutrition. In human infant nutrition, complementary foods are introduced alongside breast milk or formula to meet changing nutritional needs [4][5]. Similarly, for dogs, a topper complements the main diet. The critical difference is that, unlike an infant transitioning to solid foods, an adult dog does not need a topper for nutritional completeness. The topper is for the owner's or the dog's enjoyment, not for filling a nutritional gap. ## What Is a Treat? Treats are items given for reward, training, or bonding. They are not nutritionally complete and are not intended to provide any specific health benefit. The nutritional value of treats is often low, and they may be high in fat, sugar, or salt. The distinction between a topper and a treat can blur; a piece of chicken used to entice a dog to eat is functionally a topper, while the same piece of chicken given after a walk is a treat. For nutritional planning, both count toward the discretionary calorie allowance. ## The Risks of Unbalanced Topping The primary risk of using toppers incorrectly is nutrient dilution. If a dog consumes 30% of their daily calories from toppers, then 30% of their diet is not nutritionally complete. Over weeks and months, this can lead to deficiencies in essential vitamins, minerals, and amino acids. Conversely, if the toppers are high in a particular nutrient, such as protein or fat, they can create an excess that may be harmful, especially for dogs with certain medical conditions. Research on dog feeding practices shows that many owners add foods to their dog's diet beyond the primary commercial food. A study of Swedish dogs found that four out of five dogs received additional foods, including meat, vegetables, and oils, alongside their dry food [1]. While these additions did not always cause overt deficiency, the study noted that the non-commercial portion of the diet had a different nutrient profile, with higher fat and lower protein compared to the commercial portion [1]. This demonstrates a common pattern: owners add foods without realizing they are shifting the macronutrient balance. Another concern is the risk of creating a diet that is high in phosphorus or low in calcium, which is particularly dangerous for growing puppies. Skeletal development is highly sensitive to calcium and phosphorus balance [6]. Feeding a topper that is high in meat (high phosphorus, low calcium) to a puppy on a complete diet could inadvertently alter the calcium-to-phosphorus ratio, potentially affecting bone development. This is why the 10% rule is especially important for puppies. ## Label Reading: How to Identify a Safe Topper Reading the label is the most important skill for an owner who wants to use toppers safely. The following steps will help you evaluate any product. ### Step 1: Look for the Nutritional Adequacy Statement This statement, often found on the back or side of the package, tells you if the food is complete or complementary. If it says "complete and balanced," the product can be a sole food source. If it says "complementary" or "for supplemental feeding only," it is not meant to be the main diet. ### Step 2: Check the Ingredient List Ingredients are listed in descending order by weight. The first few ingredients make up the bulk of the product. For a topper, you want to see recognizable protein sources and limited fillers. Be cautious of toppers with added sugars, artificial colors, or excessive sodium. ### Step 3: Evaluate the Guaranteed Analysis This shows the minimum percentages of crude protein and crude fat, and the maximum percentages of crude fiber and moisture. Compare this to your dog's main diet. If the topper is very high in fat, you will need to reduce the main diet accordingly. ### Step 4: Understand Caloric Content The calorie content is often listed per piece, per cup, or per container. Use this to calculate how much of the topper you can give without exceeding the 10% discretionary calorie allowance. ### Step 5: Look for the Manufacturer's Contact Information A reputable manufacturer will provide a phone number or website for consumer questions. The WSAVA toolkit recommends choosing companies with expertise in nutrition, including a full-time nutritionist on staff [2]. This is a good indicator of quality, even for toppers. ## How to Introduce a Topper Safely Introducing a new topper should be done gradually, just like introducing a new diet. A sudden change can cause gastrointestinal upset, including vomiting or diarrhea (or diarrhoea in Commonwealth spelling). The following protocol is a safe approach. 1. **Start Small:** On day one, add a small amount of the topper (about 10% of the total meal volume) to your dog's regular food. 2. **Monitor for Tolerance:** Watch for signs of digestive upset over the next 24 to 48 hours. This includes soft stool, increased gas, or vomiting. 3. **Gradually Increase (If Needed):** If your dog tolerates the topper well, you can gradually increase the amount over 5 to 7 days, up to the maximum 10% of daily calories. 4. **Observe Behavior:** Note if your dog's appetite improves and if their energy levels and stool quality remain normal. 5. **Reassess After Two Weeks:** If your dog is eating well, has a good coat, and normal energy, the topper is likely a safe addition. If you see any negative changes, discontinue the topper and consult your veterinarian. ## [Food Safety](/knowledge/bacteria/livestock-bacteria/cooking-chicken-bacteria-prevention) with Toppers Food safety is a critical and often overlooked aspect of using toppers, especially those containing raw meat or undercooked ingredients. ### Raw Meat-Based Toppers Raw meat-based diets (RMBD) are increasingly popular as toppers. A study on raw feeding practices found that owners who feed raw elements often do so based on beliefs about health and naturalness, and they frequently use pet specialty stores for their purchases [7]. However, raw meat carries a risk of bacterial contamination, including Salmonella and E. coli. This can affect the dog and people in the household, particularly immunocompromised individuals, children, and older adults. The study also found that raw feeders were more likely to provide supplements to ensure dietary balance, suggesting an awareness that raw diets may be incomplete [7]. If you choose to feed a raw topper, you must handle it with the same care as raw meat for human consumption. Wash your hands, disinfect surfaces, and store the product properly. Freeze-dried raw toppers are a safer alternative, as the freeze-drying process reduces but does not eliminate bacterial risk. ### Cooked Toppers Cooked toppers are generally safer than raw ones. However, you must ensure that any homemade cooked topper does not contain ingredients that are toxic to dogs, such as onions, garlic, grapes, raisins, or xylitol. If you are using a commercial cooked topper, check the label for these ingredients. ### Storage and Handling Always follow the storage instructions on the label. Refrigerate opened products and discard any uneaten portions after a reasonable time (usually 3 to 5 days). Do not leave wet toppers out at room temperature for more than 2 hours, as this promotes bacterial growth. ## Digestive Concerns and Allergies When introducing any new food, including a topper, you must be alert for signs of an adverse reaction. Food allergies in dogs are less common than many owners believe, but they do occur. Dermatological signs such as itchy skin, ear infections, and recurrent hot spots may be more common than gastrointestinal signs. Some dogs also experience vomiting or diarrhea (diarrhoea) from food sensitivities. If you suspect a food allergy, the gold standard is a dietary elimination trial. This involves feeding a novel protein or hydrolyzed protein diet exclusively for 8 to 12 weeks. Adding toppers during this trial will invalidate the results. If your dog is undergoing an elimination trial, do not add any toppers without your veterinarian's approval. Gastrointestinal issues can also arise from the high fat content of some toppers. A sudden influx of fat can trigger pancreatitis, a painful and potentially life-threatening inflammation of the pancreas. Dogs with a history of pancreatitis, or breeds predisposed to it (such as Miniature Schnauzers), should avoid high-fat toppers entirely. ## When a Picky Appetite Warrants Veterinary Assessment A picky eater is a common reason for using toppers. However, an abrupt change in appetite, or a persistent refusal to eat, is a medical red flag. Do not assume your dog is simply being finicky. Several medical conditions can cause a decreased appetite. A study of dogs with protein-losing enteropathy (PLE), a condition where the gut loses protein, found that decreased appetite was one of the presenting signs in a small percentage of cases [8]. More commonly, weight loss, diarrhea (diarrhoea), and vomiting were the primary reasons for referral to a nutrition service [8]. This highlights that a change in eating behavior can be a sign of systemic illness. You should seek veterinary assessment if your dog: - **Refuses to eat for more than 24 hours:** This is especially concerning for small breeds, which can develop hypoglycemia quickly. - **Shows other signs of illness:** This includes vomiting, diarrhea (diarrhoea), lethargy, fever, or changes in thirst and urination. - **Is losing weight despite eating:** This suggests a metabolic or gastrointestinal problem. - **Has a sudden change in appetite:** Going from a good eater to a picky eater is a red flag. - **Is a puppy:** Puppies have high energy demands, and prolonged anorexia can have serious consequences. In these cases, do not try to mask the problem with toppers. Consult your veterinarian for a full examination and diagnostic workup. The issue may be dental pain, organ dysfunction, or a gastrointestinal disease that requires specific treatment. ## Healthy [Dog Food](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/nutrition/dog-food) Additions: What Works When used correctly, certain toppers can provide health benefits beyond palatability. Plant-derived ingredients, for example, are being studied for their functional properties in [pet food](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/nutrition/pet-food). A review of plant-derived functional ingredients in pet nutrition found that many botanical compounds can enhance antioxidant activity, balance gut microbiota, and support metabolic function [9]. However, the review also cautioned that dogs and cats have different physiological responses to these ingredients, and what works for one species may not work for the other [9]. Some examples of generally safe and potentially beneficial toppers include: - **Plain, cooked pumpkin:** A source of soluble fiber, which can help with mild constipation or diarrhea (diarrhoea). - **Plain, cooked sweet potato:** Another source of fiber and vitamins. - **Plain, cooked lean meats (chicken, turkey, beef):** High-quality protein, but ensure it is unseasoned and boneless. - **Plain, canned sardines in water:** A source of omega-3 fatty acids, but feed in moderation due to calorie density. - **Low-sodium chicken or beef broth:** Adds moisture and flavor, but ensure it contains no onions or garlic. - **Plain, unsweetened yogurt or kefir:** A source of probiotics, but avoid if your dog is lactose intolerant. These additions should be plain and unseasoned. Avoid toppers that contain salt, sugar, artificial preservatives, or flavor enhancers. ## The Problem with Homemade Toppers Many owners prefer to make their own toppers. While this gives you control over ingredients, it also introduces the risk of nutritional imbalance. A study on homemade diets for dogs with a specific skin condition (superficial necrolytic dermatitis) found that over 50% of the dog's ingested calories were from foods that were not nutritionally complete, leading to concerns about malnutrition and variable appetite [10]. This case illustrates how easy it is to unintentionally create an unbalanced diet when preparing food at home. If you choose to make homemade toppers, do not attempt to formulate a complete diet. Stick to simple, single-ingredient toppers like cooked chicken or pumpkin. For a complete homemade diet, you must work with a veterinary nutritionist to ensure the recipe meets all nutrient requirements. The case report on superficial necrolytic dermatitis showed that a nutritionally balanced homemade diet, formulated by a nutrition service, was part of the successful long-term management of the condition [10]. This underscores the value of professional guidance for homemade diets. ## The 10% Rule in Practice: A Clinical Example To illustrate how the 10% rule works, consider a 20 kg (44 lb) adult dog with an ideal body condition. A typical complete dry food provides approximately 350 kcal per cup. The dog may need about 800 kcal per day for weight maintenance. The 10% discretionary allowance would be 80 kcal per day. If you want to add a topper, you have 80 kcal to work with. This might be: - About 2 tablespoons of plain canned pumpkin (approximately 15 kcal). - About 1/4 cup of cooked, shredded chicken breast (approximately 80 kcal). - About 1/4 cup of low-sodium chicken broth (approximately 5 kcal). You would then need to reduce the amount of dry food by the equivalent number of calories to keep the dog at a stable weight. If you add 80 kcal of topper, you should reduce the dry food by roughly 1/4 cup (80 kcal). This requires you to know the caloric content of both your dog's main food and the topper. If this calculation seems daunting, start with a smaller amount of topper, such as 5% of calories, and monitor your dog's weight closely. ## Limitations and When to Contact a Veterinarian This guide provides general principles for using dog food toppers. It cannot predict how a specific dog will respond to a specific topper. Breed, age, health status, and individual sensitivities all play a role. For example, a breed prone to obesity, such as a Labrador Retriever, will need stricter calorie control than a highly active working breed. A dog with kidney disease will have different protein and phosphorus requirements than a healthy dog. A dog with a history of bladder stones may need to avoid certain ingredients. The information here is educational and is not a substitute for veterinary diagnosis or treatment. You should always consult your veterinarian before making significant changes to your dog's diet, especially if your dog has a chronic health condition. **Contact your veterinarian immediately if your dog exhibits any of the following:** - **Vomiting or diarrhea (diarrhoea) lasting more than 24 hours.** - **Signs of abdominal pain (pacing, whining, a hunched posture).** - **Lethargy or weakness.** - **Loss of appetite lasting more than 24 hours.** - **Difficulty breathing, swelling of the face or hives (signs of an allergic reaction).** - **Seizures or tremors.** ## Prevention: Building a Healthy Feeding Routine Preventing the need for toppers is often easier than managing the consequences. Establishing a healthy feeding routine from the start can reduce picky eating behavior. - **Feed a high-quality complete diet:** Choose a food that meets WSAVA guidelines, which recommends selecting a product from a company with a full-time nutritionist and rigorous quality control [2]. - **Feed at regular times:** Offer food twice a day at the same times. Leave the bowl down for 15 to 20 minutes, then remove it until the next meal. This establishes a routine and prevents grazing. - **Do not give in to finicky behavior:** If your dog refuses a meal, do not immediately offer a topper or a different food. They may simply not be hungry. Offering alternatives reinforces picky behavior. - **Limit treats:** Keep treats to less than 10% of daily calories. Use a portion of your dog's regular kibble as a training reward instead of high-calorie treats. - **Monitor body condition:** Regularly assess your dog's body condition score. You should be able to feel their ribs easily without a thick fat layer, and they should have a visible waist. If you cannot feel the ribs, your dog is likely overweight, and you should reduce food and toppers. ## Prognosis and Long-Term Outlook For most healthy dogs, the careful use of toppers will not cause any long-term problems. Dogs can enjoy a variety of flavors and textures without compromising their health, as long as the toppers remain a small part of the overall diet. The key is consistency and monitoring. If you use the 10% rule, read labels carefully, and watch for any adverse reactions, you can safely enhance your dog's mealtime experience. However, for dogs with underlying health conditions, the stakes are higher. An unbalanced diet can exacerbate conditions like obesity, diabetes, kidney disease, and heart disease. In these cases, the use of toppers must be discussed with and approved by a veterinarian. The trend toward more functional, plant-derived ingredients in [pet food](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/nutrition/pet-food) is promising, but it requires careful application to avoid unintended consequences [9]. The ongoing research into the links between diet and health outcomes, such as the investigation into pulse ingredients and dilated cardiomyopathy, reminds us that our understanding of canine nutrition is still evolving [11]. What is considered safe today may be revised as new evidence emerges. ## Frequently Asked Questions **1. Can I use dog food toppers for picky eaters every day?** Yes, you can use dog food toppers for picky eaters every day, provided they make up no more than 10% of your dog's total daily caloric intake and are introduced gradually to avoid digestive upset. **2. What is the difference between a dog food topper and a complete diet?** A complete diet is formulated to be the sole source of nutrition, containing all essential nutrients in the correct proportions, while a dog food topper is a complementary product meant to be fed with a complete diet to enhance palatability or add moisture, not to replace it. **3. Are homemade dog food toppers safe?** Homemade dog food toppers can be safe if they are simple, single-ingredient foods like plain cooked chicken or pumpkin, but they become unsafe when they replace a significant portion of a complete diet or contain toxic ingredients like onions or garlic. **4. How much topper can I add to my dog's food without causing a nutritional imbalance?** You can add toppers up to 10% of your dog's daily caloric intake without causing a nutritional imbalance, but you must reduce the main diet by the same number of calories to avoid weight gain. **5. Can dog food toppers cause diarrhea or digestive problems?** Yes, dog food toppers can cause diarrhea (diarrhoea) or digestive problems, especially if introduced too quickly, if they are high in fat, or if your dog has a food sensitivity or allergy. **6. What should I do if my dog refuses to eat even with a topper?** If your dog refuses to eat even with a topper, you should stop offering the topper and contact your veterinarian, as a persistent lack of appetite can be a sign of an underlying medical condition. **7. Are raw meat toppers safe for my dog?** Raw meat toppers carry a risk of bacterial contamination, such as Salmonella and E. coli, which can be harmful to both your dog and your household, so they should be handled with extreme care or avoided in favor of cooked or freeze-dried alternatives. **8. Should I use toppers for a puppy?** You should use toppers for a puppy with extreme caution and only under veterinary guidance, because puppies have strict calcium and phosphorus requirements for bone development, and any dietary imbalance can have lasting effects. ## Related Articles - [Pet Food Labels Explained](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/nutrition/pet-food-labels-explained) - How to Switch Pet Food - [Pet Obesity Signs](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/nutrition/pet-obesity-signs) ## Sources [1] [Feeding patterns and dietary intake in a random sample of a Swedish population of insured-dogs.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20570000/) [2] [WSAVA Global Nutrition Toolkit](https://wsava.org/global-guidelines/global-nutrition-guidelines/) [3] [AAHA Nutrition and Weight Management Resources](https://www.aaha.org/resources/2021-aaha-nutrition-and-weight-management-guidelines-for-dogs-and-cats/) [4] [Ontology-based Daily Menu Recommendation System for Complementary Food According to Nutritional Needs using Naïve Bayes and TOPSIS](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/9401fb21485172f44f76c842a5e6b0f974d12a1b) [5] [082: AN INTERVENTION STRATEGY FOR UNDERWEIGHT FILIPINO YOUNG CHILDREN: COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING AND NUTRITION EDUCATION](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/4259586c01d4f82c2a27e7b99cfc2801e87bd24d) [6] [Effects of dietary electrolyte balance on subluxation of the femoral head in growing dogs.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8484574/) [7] [Insights into the influence of dog and guardian demographics, nutrition, and relationship on raw feeding practices](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/620eb5d9f0df848ce14612db7fc50b3c3eed686a) [8] [Characteristics, Nutritional Recommendations, and Medical Interventions of 58 Dogs With Protein-Losing Enteropathy Presenting to a Veterinary Nutrition Service.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40988353/) [9] [Plant-Derived Functional Ingredients in Pet Nutrition: Phytochemical Classification, Mechanisms, Efficacy, and Application in Dogs and Cats](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/6b994e9b5d5cfe27d570b903f6e9c459a6bac711) [10] [Successful Long-Term Management of Canine Superficial Necrolytic Dermatitis With Amino Acid Infusions and Nutritionally Balanced Home-Made Diet Modification.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32083106/) [11] [Special topic: The association between pulse ingredients and canine dilated cardiomyopathy: addressing the knowledge gaps before establishing causation](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/885228e355f8407b661660e05c1259994133e0c8) [12] [Feeding practices, purchasing behaviors, and their association with non-communicable diseases in dogs: Insights from Thai pet owners](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/1f667fe3984a1a1c3881746092cb3679148b2cc2) [13] [Complementary lateral hypothalamic populations resist hunger pressure to balance nutritional and social needs](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/17ab40a68d9354fd3b47a1696714af857c5f364b) [14] [Co-fermentation improves the functional properties and nutritional quality of infant complementary food products.](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/1f239a80369d628fc0490e0a37c488a6cbe2c5b7) [15] [Interactions between ungulates, forests, and supplementary feeding: the role of nutritional balancing in determining outcomes](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/e105099133c924b28a97d419e237c86db02534fe) [16] [Feeding FIDO : development, validation and application of a dynamic, in vitro model of the gastrointestinal tract of the dog](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/a3166eb760e8a9204c0d1a766390a5d2fb2b6d3d) [17] [Complementary Food and Obesity](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/3612f54dabf01702dd9ac95336c57a50ac811c43) [18] [Exclusive Breastfeeding & Complementary Feeding Practices and Their Nutritional Knowledge Among Mothers at Chowhali Upazila in Sirajganj District, Bangladesh](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/9b46fc9aa7b29da6cc723b0f0e0a5286da4b135e) [19] [NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF A NEW INFANT FORMULA (LPM) FOR THE NATIONAL COMPLEMENTARY FOOD PROGRAM (PNAC) IN CHILE: METABOLIC STUDIES](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/e4af4cf731a189ca900e08e9be0f215e2d03dedd) [20] [Practices of Complementary Feeding Amongst Breastfeeding Mothers Attending Immunization Clinics in Makurdi, Benue State](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/4ac3cc0c7a752d1daa814f1880bace0a5a69acbe) [21] [HEDONIC TESTING OF MILKFISH COOKIES WITH ADDED MORINGA LEAVES AS COMPLEMENTARY FOOD FOR PREGNANT WOMEN TO PREVENT STUNTING IN NUNUKAN](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/2bd5b079371b587936517085c4453cdfe8733bce) [22] [A Study to assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge and Practices regarding Complementary Feeding among mothers of infants at rural and urban area, Navi Mumbai](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/40e03638ff6b8b29d1cf3e6ab65d5df1c1bb02fd)
## Related Clinical & Scientific Guides * [What Does It Mean When A Cat Throws Up Undigested Food](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/nutrition/what-does-it-mean-when-a-cat-throws-up-undigested-food) * [Tibetan Terrier Feeding Guide: Calorie Targets and Sensitive Stomach Diet Plans](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/nutrition/tibetan-terrier-feeding-guide-calorie-targets-and-sensitive-stomach-diet-plans) * [Hydrolyzed Protein Diet Dogs](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/nutrition/hydrolyzed-protein-diet-dogs)