# Inflammatory Bowel Disease IBD in Dogs: Novel Protein and Immunosuppressants


## Key Takeaways

- Canine Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a chronic idiopathic gastrointestinal disorder driven by an aberrant immune response to food antigens and gut microbiota, leading to persistent vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss.
- Management strategies for canine IBD primarily involve strict dietary modification with novel protein or hydrolyzed diets to eliminate antigenic triggers and the use of immunosuppressant medications, most commonly glucocorticoids like prednisolone or budesonide, to dampen intestinal inflammation.
- Emerging therapies, including prebiotics (e.g., beta-glucans, MOS) and probiotics (e.g., *Enterococcus faecium*, *Lactobacillus plantarum*), aim to modulate the gut microbiota and support gut barrier function as adjunctive treatments.
- Diagnosis of IBD is typically achieved through a process of exclusion, involving history, physical examination, blood work, fecal analysis, diagnostic imaging, and definitive intestinal biopsies obtained via endoscopy.
- Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy is an investigational approach leveraging immunomodulatory and tissue-repair properties, though standardization of protocols remains a challenge for widespread clinical adoption.
- Monitoring treatment efficacy involves tracking clinical signs using indices like CIBDAI/CCECAI and serial assessment of serum albumin, cobalamin, and C-reactive protein (CRP).

---

If your [dog](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/clinical-methods/dog) has been diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), you are likely navigating a complex world of dietary changes and medications. The two cornerstone strategies veterinarians use to manage this condition are novel protein diets and immunosuppressant drugs. This article provides a definitive, source-grounded overview of these treatments, along with the latest research on prebiotics, probiotics, and other emerging therapies.

**Owner Triage Summary:** If your dog is experiencing chronic vomiting, diarrhea, or weight loss, you must consult your veterinarian. Do not attempt to treat these signs at home. IBD requires a formal diagnosis, which often involves ruling out other causes and may include blood work, imaging, and intestinal biopsies. Early and appropriate veterinary intervention offers the best chance for managing this condition and improving your dog's quality of life.

## At a Glance: Managing Canine IBD

| Treatment Category | Examples / Approach | Primary Goal | Key Considerations |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| **Novel Protein Diet** | Hydrolyzed or single-source protein diets (e.g., duck, venison, rabbit) | Eliminate dietary antigens that trigger an aberrant immune response. | Requires strict dietary adherence; no other proteins or treats. |
| **Immunosuppressants** | Glucocorticoids (e.g., prednisolone, budesonide), other immunomodulators | Suppress the abnormal intestinal inflammatory response. | Requires monitoring for side effects; dosage often tapered over time. |
| **Prebiotics** | Beta-glucans, mannanoligosaccharides (MOS) | Modulate gut microbiota, promote beneficial bacteria, and support gut barrier function. | An adjunctive therapy, not a replacement for primary treatment. |
| **Probiotics** | *Enterococcus faecium*, *Lactobacillus plantarum* | Restore healthy gut flora, reduce inflammation, and outcompete pathogenic bacteria. | Strain-specific effects; combination therapies may be more effective. |
| **Emerging Therapies** | Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), Ginseng polysaccharides | Reduce inflammation and promote tissue repair; modulate the gut microbiome. | Still under investigation; availability and standardized protocols are limited. |

## Understanding Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Dogs

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the most common chronic gastrointestinal disease in dogs [<a href="#ref-1">1</a>]. It is an idiopathic disorder characterized by persistent or recurrent gastrointestinal signs, such as vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss, resulting from chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract [<a href="#ref-2">2</a>]. The condition is driven by a complex and aberrant immunological response towards food antigens and the indigenous bacteria in the gut [<a href="#ref-1">1</a>]. This abnormal immune reaction leads to a state of dysbiosis, an imbalance in the intestinal microbial community, which further perpetuates inflammation [<a href="#ref-1">1</a>].

The etiology of IBD is multifactorial, implicating genetic predisposition, environmental factors, gut microbiota imbalance, and defects in the mucosal immune system [<a href="#ref-3">3</a>]. In essence, a dog's immune system mistakenly attacks the lining of its own gastrointestinal tract in response to harmless stimuli, leading to the clinical signs we observe. This chronic inflammation can affect any part of the digestive tract, from the stomach to the colon, and its severity can vary greatly between individuals.

## The Role of Novel Protein Diets in Canine IBD Management

Dietary management is a cornerstone of treating canine IBD. The rationale behind using a novel protein diet is to avoid proteins that the dog's immune system has previously encountered and potentially become sensitized to. By introducing a protein source that is entirely new to the dog, the antigenic stimulus that may be driving the inflammatory response is removed.

### How Novel Proteins Work

In a dog with IBD, the intestinal barrier is compromised, allowing larger molecules, including dietary proteins, to cross into the underlying immune tissue. The immune system then mounts an inflammatory response against these proteins. A novel protein diet provides a source of protein that the dog has never been exposed to, theoretically preventing this specific immune reaction. This is often achieved with diets containing a single, uncommon protein source like duck, venison, rabbit, or kangaroo. Another approach is the use of hydrolyzed protein diets, where the protein molecules are broken down into smaller fragments that are too small to trigger an immune response.

### Evidence and Implementation

The response to dietary therapy is often the first step in managing chronic enteropathies. While the provided sources do not contain a direct comparative trial of different novel protein diets, the fundamental principle of eliminating dietary triggers is well-established in the management of chronic enteropathy. The success of this approach is highly individual, and it may take several weeks to see a noticeable improvement. Strict adherence is critical; even small amounts of other proteins, such as those found in treats, flavored medications, or chewable supplements, can negate the benefits of the diet.

## Immunosuppressants: The Pharmacological Mainstay

When dietary management alone is insufficient to control clinical signs, immunosuppressive medications are the next line of defense. These drugs work by dampening the overactive immune response in the gut, thereby reducing inflammation and allowing the intestinal lining to heal.

### Glucocorticoids (Corticosteroids)

Glucocorticoids, such as prednisolone and prednisone, are the most commonly used immunosuppressants for canine IBD [<a href="#ref-4">4</a>, <a href="#ref-5">5</a>]. They are highly effective at rapidly reducing inflammation. A key question in veterinary medicine has been whether the newer glucocorticoid budesonide is more effective or has fewer side effects than prednisolone or prednisone.

A double-blinded randomized control trial sought to answer this question. The study found **no significant differences in remission rates** (a greater than 75% decrease in clinical activity index scores) between dogs treated with prednisone and those treated with budesonide. The frequency of adverse effects was also similar between the two groups [<a href="#ref-5">5</a>]. While budesonide has a higher first-pass metabolism in the liver, which theoretically could reduce systemic side effects, this study did not demonstrate a clear clinical advantage over prednisolone. The choice between these drugs often depends on the individual patient, the veterinarian's preference, and cost considerations.

### Other Immunosuppressants

For dogs that do not respond adequately to glucocorticoids or that require high doses to maintain remission, other immunosuppressant drugs may be added. These can include drugs like cyclosporine, azathioprine, or chlorambucil. These medications work through different mechanisms to suppress the immune system and can have a steroid-sparing effect, allowing for a reduction in the glucocorticoid dose and its associated side effects [<a href="#ref-4">4</a>]. The use of these drugs requires careful monitoring of blood cell counts and liver enzymes.

### Surgical Intervention in Refractory Cases

In rare cases, IBD can be refractory to medical management, meaning it does not respond to standard therapies. A case report described a 14-year-old dog with IBD that was initially controlled with prednisolone but later became resistant, with persistent diarrhea and low serum albumin [<a href="#ref-6">6</a>]. Diagnostic imaging revealed a segment of the intestine with severe thickening. A surgical resection of this affected segment was performed, primarily for diagnostic purposes. Postoperatively, the dog's response to medical therapy improved dramatically, and stable management was achieved at a lower dose of prednisolone [<a href="#ref-6">6</a>]. This highlights that in select cases, surgery may be a beneficial adjunct to medical management, particularly when there is a severely affected, localized segment of the intestine.

## Novel and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies

Beyond traditional dietary and immunosuppressive approaches, there is a growing body of research exploring novel therapeutic targets, including prebiotics, probiotics, and stem cell therapy.

### Prebiotics: Modulating the Gut Microbiota

Prebiotics are non-digestible compounds that serve as food for beneficial bacteria in the gut, promoting their growth and activity. Given the central role of dysbiosis in IBD, prebiotic supplementation is a logical therapeutic strategy.

- **Beta-glucans and Mannanoligosaccharides (MOS):** A randomized, double-blinded study evaluated the effects of beta-glucans and MOS on dogs with mild IBD [<a href="#ref-1">1</a>]. The study found that these prebiotics positively modulated the bacterial population, particularly increasing the abundance of beneficial phyla like *Firmicutes* and *Bacteroidetes*. Treatment with beta-glucans alone improved alpha diversity (a measure of the variety of species within the gut) and populations of beneficial bacteria [<a href="#ref-1">1</a>]. Another study using a "Colon-on-a-plate" technology found that supplementation with yeast cell wall products containing beta-glucans and MOS led to significant increases in beneficial fermentation products like acetate and propionate, and demonstrated protective effects on intestinal barrier integrity and anti-inflammatory properties [<a href="#ref-7">7</a>].

- **Ginseng Polysaccharides:** Research has also investigated the potential of ginseng polysaccharides in a dog model of IBD. Treatment with ginseng polysaccharides was shown to alleviate clinical symptoms, improve colonic histopathology, and significantly reduce C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of inflammation [<a href="#ref-8">8</a>]. Microbiota analysis revealed an increase in alpha diversity and a recovery of community composition, with a reduction in potentially harmful bacteria like *Campylobacter* [<a href="#ref-8">8</a>].

### Probiotics: Restoring Beneficial Bacteria

Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. They are thought to work by competing with pathogenic bacteria, producing antimicrobial substances, and modulating the immune system.

A 2025 study investigated the therapeutic mechanisms of *Enterococcus faecium* Kimate-X and *Lactobacillus plantarum* Kimate-F, both individually and in combination, in alleviating canine IBD [<a href="#ref-9">9</a>]. The study found that the probiotic combination significantly reduced weight loss, colonic damage, and inflammation in both mouse and canine models of colitis [<a href="#ref-9">9</a>]. This research supports the potential of specific probiotic strains as a safe and effective alternative or adjunctive therapy for canine IBD.

### Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells with self-renewal capacity and potent immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and tissue-repair properties [<a href="#ref-3">3</a>, <a href="#ref-4">4</a>]. They have emerged as a promising alternative therapy for IBD in both humans and animals. The efficacy of adipose tissue-derived MSC (ADSC) therapy for IBD in dogs has been reported in several studies [<a href="#ref-4">4</a>]. MSCs are thought to work by homing to sites of inflammation and modulating the local immune response, promoting tissue regeneration. However, a significant limitation is the heterogeneity of MSCs, which can lead to inconsistent treatment outcomes [<a href="#ref-4">4</a>]. Standardized protocols for MSC preparation and administration are still needed before this therapy can be widely adopted in veterinary practice [<a href="#ref-3">3</a>, <a href="#ref-4">4</a>].

### The Promise of Intestinal Organoids

A fascinating area of research involves the use of intestinal organoids, which are three-dimensional structures grown in the lab that mimic the intestine. Researchers have successfully derived organoids from dogs with IBD [<a href="#ref-10">10</a>, <a href="#ref-11">11</a>]. These organoids retain some of the phenotypic traits of the disease, showing alterations in proteins related to intestinal disease [<a href="#ref-11">11</a>]. This makes them a compelling model for investigating the causes of IBD and for advancing drug discovery [<a href="#ref-10">10</a>, <a href="#ref-11">11</a>]. Organoids can also be used to create "Gut-on-a-Chip" systems, which are microfluidic devices that simulate the physiological environment of the intestine, providing a powerful platform for testing new therapies [<a href="#ref-10">10</a>].

## Diagnosis and Monitoring of Canine IBD

Diagnosing IBD is a process of exclusion, as many other conditions can cause similar clinical signs. The diagnostic workup typically includes:

1.  **History and Physical Examination:** A thorough history and physical exam to assess the dog's overall health and rule out other obvious causes.
2.  **Blood Work:** Complete blood count (CBC), serum biochemistry profile, and urinalysis to evaluate organ function and check for signs of inflammation or protein loss. Serum concentrations of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E) are often decreased in dogs with inflammatory protein-losing enteropathy (PLE), a severe form of IBD [<a href="#ref-12">12</a>].
3.  **Fecal Examination:** To rule out [intestinal parasites](/knowledge/parasites/pet-parasites/intestinal-parasites-dogs-cats-identification-treatment) and bacterial infections.
4.  **Diagnostic Imaging:** Abdominal ultrasound or radiographs to assess the thickness of the intestinal wall and look for other abnormalities.
5.  **Endoscopy and Biopsy:** This is the gold standard for diagnosing IBD [<a href="#ref-2">2</a>]. An endoscope is used to visualize the intestinal lining and collect small tissue samples (biopsies) for histopathologic examination. Advanced techniques like magnification endoscopy with water immersion can provide a more detailed evaluation of the duodenal villi [<a href="#ref-2">2</a>].

Recent research has focused on identifying non-invasive biomarkers for IBD. One study found that the monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) and monocyte count had high accuracy in distinguishing dogs with IBD from healthy controls [<a href="#ref-13">13</a>]. Other hematological ratios like the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) were also identified as independent predictors of IBD [<a href="#ref-13">13</a>]. These cost-effective parameters may be useful in the initial assessment and monitoring of dogs with suspected or confirmed IBD.

Monitoring a dog's response to therapy is crucial. This is often done by tracking clinical signs and using scoring systems like the Canine Inflammatory Bowel Disease Activity Index (CIBDAI) or the Canine Chronic Enteropathy Clinical Activity Index (CCECAI) [<a href="#ref-14">14</a>, <a href="#ref-15">15</a>]. In addition, serial measurements of serum albumin, cobalamin (vitamin B12), and CRP can help assess the response to treatment [<a href="#ref-14">14</a>, <a href="#ref-16">16</a>].

## The Importance of a Multimodal Approach

Managing canine IBD is rarely a one-size-fits-all approach. The most successful strategy often involves a combination of therapies tailored to the individual dog. This multimodal approach may include:

- **Dietary Modification:** Novel protein or hydrolyzed diet.
- **Immunosuppressive Medication:** Glucocorticoids with or without other immunomodulators.
- **Prebiotic/Probiotic Supplementation:** To support a healthy gut microbiome.
- **Nutritional Support:** Supplementation with cobalamin, vitamin D, and other nutrients that may be deficient [<a href="#ref-12">12</a>, <a href="#ref-15">15</a>].
- **Antibiotics:** In some cases, antibiotics may be used to address bacterial overgrowth, though this is less common now due to concerns about antibiotic resistance [<a href="#ref-9">9</a>, <a href="#ref-17">17</a>].

The choice of therapies will depend on the severity of the disease, the dog's response to treatment, and any underlying health conditions. It is a dynamic process that requires close collaboration between the veterinarian and the pet owner.

## Prevention and Long-Term Prognosis

Because the exact cause of IBD is unknown, it is difficult to prevent. However, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet and regular veterinary check-ups, may help support overall gut health. For dogs with a genetic predisposition, early recognition of clinical signs and prompt veterinary intervention can help manage the disease before it becomes severe.

The long-term prognosis for dogs with IBD is variable. Many dogs can achieve a good quality of life with appropriate treatment. Some dogs may require lifelong medication, while others may be able to have their medication doses reduced or even discontinued over time. The prognosis is generally worse for dogs with severe disease, marked protein loss (PLE), or those that do not respond to standard therapies [<a href="#ref-6">6</a>, <a href="#ref-12">12</a>].

## Limitations and When to Contact a Veterinarian

This article provides a comprehensive overview of IBD in dogs, but it is not a substitute for professional veterinary advice. The information presented here is based on a specific set of research sources and may not cover all aspects of the disease. Breed-level information cannot predict an individual dog's response to treatment or the exact course of their disease. Every dog is unique, and their condition should be managed by a qualified veterinarian.

**You should contact your veterinarian immediately if your dog exhibits any of the following "red flags":**

- Persistent vomiting or diarrhea lasting more than 24-48 hours.
- Blood in the vomit or stool (black, tarry stool or fresh red blood).
- Severe lethargy or depression.
- Loss of appetite lasting more than a day.
- Abdominal pain (e.g., whining, panting, or a tucked-up abdomen).
- Unexplained weight loss.
- Difficulty breathing or pale gums.

These signs could indicate a more serious condition that requires immediate medical attention.

## Frequently Asked Questions

### What is the difference between a novel protein diet and a hydrolyzed protein diet for dogs with IBD?
A novel protein diet uses a single protein source that the dog has never eaten before, while a hydrolyzed protein diet breaks down the protein into smaller pieces that are less likely to trigger an immune response. Both aim to eliminate dietary antigens that can fuel intestinal inflammation.

### How quickly will I see an improvement in my dog's IBD after starting a novel protein diet?
It can take several weeks, often 2 to 4 weeks, to see a noticeable improvement in clinical signs after starting a novel protein diet. Strict adherence to the diet is essential, as even small amounts of other proteins can cause a relapse.

### Are immunosuppressant drugs safe for dogs with IBD?
Immunosuppressants can be very effective but do carry potential side effects, including increased thirst and urination, increased appetite, and a higher risk of infection. Your veterinarian will monitor your dog closely and adjust the dosage to minimize these risks.

### Can prebiotics and probiotics replace traditional IBD medications for my dog?
No, prebiotics and probiotics are considered adjunctive therapies, meaning they are used alongside, not instead of, standard treatments like diet and immunosuppressants. They can help support a healthy gut microbiome and may improve the overall response to treatment.

### What are the signs that my dog's IBD is not responding to treatment?
Signs of poor response include persistent or worsening vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, and a poor appetite. Your veterinarian may recommend additional diagnostics or a change in the treatment plan if there is no improvement.

### Is surgery ever an option for treating IBD in dogs?
Surgery is rarely the first-line treatment for IBD but can be considered in specific cases, such as when there is a severely thickened, localized segment of intestine that is not responding to medical therapy, as seen in a documented case report [<a href="#ref-6">6</a>].

### What is the role of the gut microbiome in canine IBD?
Dysbiosis, an imbalance in the gut microbial community, is a key feature of IBD. The abnormal immune response is directed partly at the gut bacteria. Therapies like prebiotics and probiotics aim to restore a healthy microbial balance to help control inflammation.

### What is the long-term outlook for a dog diagnosed with IBD?
The long-term outlook is variable. Many dogs can be successfully managed with a combination of diet and medication, achieving a good quality of life. Some dogs may require lifelong treatment, and the prognosis is more guarded for those with severe protein loss or that are refractory to treatment.

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## Sources

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<a id="ref-2"></a>[<a href="#ref-2">2</a>] [Assessment of duodenal villous morphology in canine IBD using magnification endoscopy with water immersion technique (WIT) and image skeletonization.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40627228/)

<a id="ref-3"></a>[<a href="#ref-3">3</a>] [A Comprehensive Exploration of Therapeutic Strategies in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Insights from Human and Animal Studies.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38672091/)

<a id="ref-4"></a>[<a href="#ref-4">4</a>] [Heterogeneity of mesenchymal stem cells as a limiting factor in their clinical application to inflammatory bowel disease in dogs and cats.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38417670/)

<a id="ref-5"></a>[<a href="#ref-5">5</a>] [In dogs with chronic enteropathy (idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease) is budesonide more effective than prednisolone or prednisone in resolving clinical signs?](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42004557/)

<a id="ref-6"></a>[<a href="#ref-6">6</a>] [Prognosis for surgical intestinal resection in inflammatory bowel disease refractory to medical treatment in a dog.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41584242/)

<a id="ref-7"></a>[<a href="#ref-7">7</a>] [In vitro fermentation of yeast cell walls (mannan-oligosaccharide) and purified β-glucans modulates the colonic microbiota of dogs with inflammatory bowel disease and demonstrates protective effects on barrier integrity and anti-inflammatory properties.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40359204/)

<a id="ref-8"></a>[<a href="#ref-8">8</a>] [Ginseng polysaccharides ameliorate DSS-induced inflammatory bowel disease by regulating gut microbiota in dogs.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41585527/)

<a id="ref-9"></a>[<a href="#ref-9">9</a>] [The alleviating effects and mechanisms of Enterococcus faecium Kimate-X and Lactobacillus plantarum Kimate-F combination on canine inflammatory bowel disease.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40395807/)

<a id="ref-10"></a>[<a href="#ref-10">10</a>] [Three-Dimensional Morphogenesis in Canine Gut-on-a-Chip Using Intestinal Organoids Derived from Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38407238/)

<a id="ref-11"></a>[<a href="#ref-11">11</a>] [Traces of Canine Inflammatory Bowel Disease Reflected by Intestinal Organoids.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38203746/)

<a id="ref-12"></a>[<a href="#ref-12">12</a>] [Altered Serum Concentrations of Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Dogs with Inflammatory Protein-Losing Enteropathy.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42353400/)

<a id="ref-13"></a>[<a href="#ref-13">13</a>] [Monocytes Count, NLR, MLR and PLR in Canine Inflammatory Bowel Disease.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38539935/)

<a id="ref-14"></a>[<a href="#ref-14">14</a>] [Gut Bacterial Community Determines the Therapeutic Effect of Ginsenoside on Canine Inflammatory Bowel Disease by Modulating the Colonic Mucosal Barrier.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38004628/)

<a id="ref-15"></a>[<a href="#ref-15">15</a>] [Expression of the cobalamin transporters cubam and MRP1 in the canine ileum-Upregulation in chronic inflammatory enteropathy.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38206981/)

<a id="ref-16"></a>[<a href="#ref-16">16</a>] [A Retrospective Evaluation of Serum Symmetric Dimethylarginine Concentration in Dogs With Protein-Losing Enteropathy.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40123416/)

<a id="ref-17"></a>[<a href="#ref-17">17</a>] [Clostridioides difficile in Animal Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A One Health Perspective on Emerging Zoonotic Threats.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40572121/)

<a id="ref-18"></a>[<a href="#ref-18">18</a>] [Serum D-Lactate Concentrations in Dogs with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38891751/)

<a id="ref-19"></a>[<a href="#ref-19">19</a>] [Evaluation of the fatty acid-based erythrocyte membrane lipidome in cats with food responsive enteropathy, inflammatory bowel disease and low-grade intestinal T-cell lymphoma.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39074116/)

<a id="ref-20"></a>[<a href="#ref-20">20</a>] [Animal models of inflammatory bowel disease: category and evaluation indexes.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38634007/)

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