# Arabian Horse: History, Temperament, Care, and Genetic Diseases The Arabian horse is one of the oldest recognized [horse breeds](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/equine-care/selecting-the-right-horse-breed-for-your-riding-goals) and the foundation of many modern light horse breeds. It is a compact, fine-boned riding horse with a distinctive dished face, large expressive eyes, and a tail carried high when the horse is moving. Arabian horses are known for intelligence, sensitivity, and stamina, and they are used for endurance riding, show competition, pleasure riding, and family companionship. The breed also carries a well-documented set of inherited diseases, several of which can now be identified with DNA tests before a horse is bred [1][2][3]. This guide covers the history and purpose of the breed, its physical and behavioral characteristics, day-to-day care, and the genetic conditions that every owner and breeder should understand. It is written for US owners and follows the clinical framing used by equine practitioners. This article is educational and is not a substitute for veterinary diagnosis or treatment. ## At a Glance | Trait | Typical detail | |--|--| | Origin | Arabian Peninsula, ancient desert-bred lineage | | Primary uses | Endurance, show, pleasure riding, companion | | Height | Small to medium riding horse (breed standard varies by registry) | | Weight | Light-boned build, weight varies with height and condition | | Coat colors | Bay, chestnut, grey, black, and other colors | | Temperament | Intelligent, sensitive, people-oriented, high energy | | Energy level | High, bred for endurance | | Grooming | Routine grooming, fine coat and mane, tail often left long | | Trainability | High, responds best to calm, consistent handling | | Good with children | Possible with an experienced handler and a suitable individual horse | | Lifespan | Long-lived breed, commonly into the late 20s and beyond with good care | Figures for height and weight vary by registry and bloodline, so confirm the standard with the relevant breed association before purchase. ## History and Purpose of the Arabian Horse The Arabian horse developed in the Arabian Peninsula, where desert conditions shaped a horse that could travel long distances on limited forage and water. Selective breeding over many centuries produced a horse with endurance, a compact frame, and a strong bond with humans. The breed is the foundation stock for many other light horse breeds, and Arabian ancestry appears in riding breeds worldwide. That influence is measurable. A study of non-Arabian horse breeds found the cerebellar abiotrophy mutation, a defect found almost exclusively in Arabians, in Bashkir Curly Horses, Trakehners, and Welsh ponies. Pedigree and haplotype analysis showed the mutation entered those breeds through Arabian ancestry. The Trakehner and Welsh pony carriers were at least half-Arabian, and the Bashkir Curly horses appeared to have inherited the allele from a single Arabian stallion used to develop the breed in the 1960s [4]. The Shagya Arabian is a related example. The breed was created to meet the need of Hungarian light horsemen for a horse with the intelligence, essential characteristics, and endurance of the Arabian, but with a larger size, better weight-carrying capacity, and jumping ability [5]. This shows how consistently Arabian blood has been used to add stamina and tractability to other populations. Modern Arabian horses are bred for endurance riding, show rings, sport, and pleasure. Genetic studies of Arabian populations continue to map diversity. A microsatellite study of Tunisian Arabians found high genetic diversity in Western Arabians and variable heterozygosity in Eastern Arabians, with low differentiation between Eastern and Western lineages and moderate differentiation from Thoroughbreds [6]. This kind of data supports breeding decisions that preserve genetic traits and control inbreeding. ## Appearance and Physical Characteristics Arabian horse characteristics include a distinctive head profile, a fine coat, and a high tail carriage. The dished face, a concave profile between the forehead and muzzle, is the most recognizable feature. The eyes are large and set wide, and the muzzle is small. The neck is arched and the back is short. The high tail carriage is a hallmark of the breed. When an Arabian moves, the tail is often lifted and flagged, which reflects the breed's natural balance and energy. The overall build is light and athletic rather than heavy, with dense bone for the horse's size. ### Skeletal Differences The Arabian skeleton differs from other light breeds in several ways. The breed has a shorter back and fewer lumbar vertebrae in many individuals, which contributes to a compact, strong coupling. The rib cage is deep and well-sprung, supporting lung capacity for endurance work. The croup is relatively level, which helps explain the high tail carriage. These structural features are part of why the breed moves with a natural lift and balance. They also influence saddle fit and training progression. A saddle that fits a longer-backed horse may bridge or rock on a shorter-backed Arabian, so fit should be checked by a qualified saddle fitter. Birth measurements in Arabian foals have been studied in detail. A genetic analysis of Turkish Arabian foals born between 1987 and 2007 examined birth weight, wither height, chest circumference, and cannon-bone circumference. Farm, year of birth, sex, and dam age were significant sources of variation for all traits [7]. This confirms that growth at birth reflects both genetics and management, and it supports tracking foal growth against breed-appropriate references. ## Arabian Horse Temperament Arabian horse temperament is best described as intelligent, sensitive, and highly responsive. The breed was developed in close contact with humans, and many Arabians form strong bonds with their handlers. They learn quickly and often anticipate what is asked of them. That sensitivity cuts both ways. A calm, consistent handler gets a willing partner. A harsh or inconsistent handler can produce a horse that becomes anxious or defensive. Arabians generally do not respond well to force. They respond well to clear routines, patient repetition, and reward-based training. The breed is energetic and alert. Many Arabians are forward-moving and curious, and they notice changes in their environment quickly. This makes them excellent endurance and trail horses, but it means young or underschooled Arabians benefit from structured groundwork before ridden work. Behavior is also shaped by management. Turnout, forage, and social contact with other horses reduce stress and support trainability. A horse kept stalled with limited turnout is more likely to develop stall vices and tension, regardless of breed. ## Exercise and Training Needs Arabian horses were bred for distance work, and they need regular exercise to stay sound and mentally settled. Endurance riding is a natural fit, and the breed is well represented in that sport. Arabians also compete in show classes, sport horse disciplines, and pleasure riding. Training should be progressive. A young Arabian benefits from groundwork, lunging, and short, positive ridden sessions before longer distances. Conditioning for endurance follows a gradual build in distance and speed over weeks to months, with rest days built in. The breed's sensitivity means training should be predictable. A consistent warm-up, clear aids, and a calm cool-down help the horse stay relaxed. Owners should watch for signs of pain or fatigue, including reluctance to move forward, head tossing, and changes in gait. Any horse in work needs a dental examination and saddle-fit check at least annually. Hoof care on a regular schedule is essential, and shoeing or trimming should match the horse's workload and hoof conformation. ## Grooming Arabian horses have a fine coat and a long, often flowing mane and tail. Routine grooming keeps the skin healthy and the coat clean. A soft brush and a curry comb are usually sufficient for daily care, with bathing as needed. The tail is often left long in the breed, so it needs regular detangling and cleaning. Owners should check the tail base and the skin under the mane for irritation, rubs, and parasites. The fine coat means Arabians can chill quickly in cold, wet weather, so blanketing decisions should match the horse's condition, coat, and living situation. Hooves should be picked out daily and trimmed or shod on a schedule set by the farrier. The fine-boned build of the breed means hoof balance matters for soundness, and any change in gait should prompt a veterinary examination. ## Feeding Considerations Arabian horses are easy keepers in many cases, which means they can gain weight on relatively modest rations. The breed evolved on sparse desert forage, and modern feeding should reflect that. A forage-first diet with measured concentrate is the standard approach. Feeding programs should be built around body condition scoring rather than fixed amounts. Owners should assess the horse's neck, ribs, and rump regularly and adjust feed accordingly. Rapid weight gain and obesity raise the risk of metabolic problems, so portion control matters. Any change in diet should be gradual, and concentrates should be introduced slowly to reduce the risk of digestive upset. Fresh water should always be available. For horses in heavy work, electrolyte and energy needs increase, and a veterinarian or equine nutritionist can help build a ration that matches the workload. The Kentucky Equine Research nutrition resources and the AAEP owner education materials are useful references for building a forage-based diet and for understanding how workload changes nutrient needs. ## Inherited and Common Health Problems The Arabian breed carries several inherited diseases. Some are fatal, and all of them cause significant economic loss for breeders and owners [1]. DNA testing allows breeders to identify carriers and avoid mating two carriers, which is the single most effective way to reduce affected foals. ### Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) Severe combined immunodeficiency is an inherited disease of Arabian foals. It is characterized by an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance, meaning a foal must inherit the defective gene from both parents to be affected. Carriers appear normal. Affected foals have a defective immune system and cannot fight infection. Clinical features in affected Arab foals under 46 days of age include intermittent fever, adenoviral pneumonia, and weight loss sometimes associated with diarrhea [8]. The disorder has been observed in the USA, Canada, Great Britain, and Australia [8]. Because affected foals cannot mount an immune response, they typically do not survive. The SCID deletion (TCTCA within PRKDC) has been detected in Arabian populations worldwide. In a study of 177 Arabian, Barb, and Arab-Barb horses from the Middle East and North Africa, the SCID deletion was found in ten horses, nine Arabian and one Arab-Barb [1]. In Poland, 808 elite Arabian horses were screened and three heterozygous carriers were identified, the first report of SCID carriers in that country [2]. In South Africa, the carrier prevalence of SCID decreased significantly from 6.4 percent in the 2004/5 foaling season after genetic testing was introduced [3]. A DNA test for SCID is available and allows breeders to identify carriers before mating [8]. The SCID foal has also served as a research model for studying infection, including a study in which Sarcocystis neurona was isolated from the blood of a 5-month-old Arabian foal with SCID after experimental infection [9]. That work is a reminder that affected foals are vulnerable to organisms that healthy horses control. ### Cerebellar Abiotrophy (CA) Cerebellar abiotrophy is a neurodegenerative disease that affects the Purkinje neurons of the cerebellum. It causes ataxia, head tremor, and loss of balance in Arabian foals. Signs are typically first recognized at birth or any time up to 6 months of age [10]. CA is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait and is associated with a single nucleotide polymorphism on equine chromosome 2, located in the fourth exon of TOE1 and in proximity to MUTYH [10]. The disease is confirmed in Arabian horses and is found almost exclusively in the breed. It has been reported in horses with Arabian ancestry, including a German Riding Pony with purebred Arabian bloodlines in the third generation [11]. Cases have also been reported in other breeds, including a [Quarter Horse](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/equine-care/quarter-horse-health-common-conditions-and-preventive-care) foal and an Icelandic filly, but a genetic cause has been confirmed only in the Arabian breed [12][13]. The clinical picture is consistent. Affected foals show incoordination, head tremor, wobbling, loss of balance, and falling over. A six-month-old Arabian filly in Argentina showed these signs, and testing ruled out infectious encephalitis and spinal trauma before histopathology confirmed CA. The indirect DNA test was positive in the filly, and testing confirmed the carrier state in both parents, which demonstrated the recessive inheritance pattern [14]. Diagnosis can be supported by magnetic resonance imaging. In a study of four CA-affected Arabians and one German Riding Pony with Arabian bloodlines, MRI morphometry showed that affected horses had a relatively smaller cerebellum compared to total brain mass than unaffected controls. Genetic testing confirmed the TOE1 genotype in all affected horses [11]. The underlying mechanism has been studied at the molecular level. Research shows the CA-associated SNP introduces a new binding site for a transcription factor called MYT1L, and affected horses show differential expression of a specific isoform of MUTYH with different localization in the Purkinje and granular neurons of the cerebellum [15]. A separate gene expression study found 151 significant differentially expressed genes in affected horses, with major pathways involving calcium homeostasis and genes expressed in Purkinje neurons, including CALB1 and CA8 [10]. Histopathology shows the reason for the clinical signs. In three Arabian horses aged 6 to 8 months with movement disorders, tremors, and ataxia, microscopic examination showed a scant number of Purkinje cells, most with features of apoptosis such as condensation of the nucleus and cytoplasm and fragmentation into apoptotic bodies. The TUNEL technique revealed that 65 percent of Purkinje cells were positive for apoptosis [16]. This confirms that CA is a progressive loss of cerebellar neurons rather than a static defect. Carrier frequency varies by population. In South Africa, the carrier prevalence of CA in the 2009/10 foaling season was 5.1 percent, with no statistically significant change from the 2004/5 season [3]. In Poland, the minor allele frequency was 0.04029 [2]. In the Middle East and North Africa cohort, five Arabian horses were heterozygous for the CA-associated SNP [1]. A DNA test supports diagnosis and breeding decisions [11]. ### Lavender Foal Syndrome (LFS) Lavender foal syndrome is a fatal inherited condition with an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. It is more common in Arabian foals of Egyptian origin than in foals from other bloodlines. Heterozygous horses are carriers and appear normal, while affected foals die shortly after birth from serious complications [17]. The condition is characterized by multiple neurological abnormalities and a dilute coat color [18]. Clinical reports describe affected foals with neurological signs and abnormal coat color consistent with LFS [17]. A case series documented the clinical, clinicopathologic, and postmortem findings in three Arabians with the condition [19]. The genetic cause was identified through a whole-genome SNP association study. That work mapped the locus responsible for LFS using 36 horses segregating for the trait and identified a single base deletion in exon 30 of the MYO5A gene that changes the reading frame and introduces a premature stop codon. All affected horses tested were homozygous for this mutation. The frequency of carriers in unrelated Egyptian Arabians was 10.3 percent [18]. A PCR-based test for the MYO5A mutation allows breeders to detect carriers before breeding. A study of 200 samples from an Arabian farm in Egypt identified the LFS genotypes using PCR-RFLP, fragment analysis, and sequence analysis, with an overall mutated allele frequency of 0.08 and a genotype frequency of 16 percent [17]. In Poland, 808 elite Arabian horses were screened and the population was clear of LFS [2]. In the Middle East and North Africa cohort of 177 horses, the population was free of the mutant allele [1]. ### Occipitoatlantoaxial Malformation (OAAM) Occipitoatlantoaxial malformation is a structural disorder of the upper cervical spine and skull base. It affects the joint between the skull and the first two cervical vertebrae. The condition is recognized in Arabian horses and can cause neurological signs related to compression of the spinal cord at the level of the neck. Affected horses may show neck stiffness, reluctance to move, incoordination, and in severe cases difficulty standing. Diagnosis is based on clinical examination and imaging of the upper cervical region. Although the disorder is structural, a DNA test is available for occipitoatlantoaxial malformation in Arabians and can support breeding decisions. A veterinarian should evaluate any Arabian foal or young horse with neck pain, abnormal head position, or progressive incoordination. The condition should be distinguished from cerebellar abiotrophy, which also causes incoordination but originates in the cerebellum. A thorough neurological examination and imaging help separate the two. ### Guttural Pouch Tympany Guttural pouch tympany is a condition in which air becomes trapped in the guttural pouch, causing a visible swelling in the throatlatch region. It is seen most often in young horses, and Arabian and Arabian-cross foals are overrepresented in clinical reports. The swelling is usually soft and nonpainful, and it can affect one or both sides. Affected foals may have noisy breathing or respiratory difficulty if the swelling is large. Diagnosis is based on physical examination and endoscopy of the guttural pouch. Treatment options range from conservative management to surgical intervention, depending on the severity and whether the condition resolves on its own. Any foal with a throatlatch swelling or abnormal respiratory noise should be examined by a veterinarian promptly. ### Juvenile Epilepsy Juvenile epilepsy is a seizure disorder recognized in Arabian foals. Affected foals may show episodic neurological signs, including collapse, abnormal movement, or altered awareness. The condition is distinct from the structural and degenerative diseases described above. Any foal with suspected seizures needs a veterinary neurological examination. The veterinarian will consider other causes of episodic collapse, including metabolic disease, infection, and trauma, before reaching a diagnosis. Owners should record the timing, duration, and character of each episode, since that history helps guide testing. ### Other Health Considerations Arabians can develop the same general health problems as other horses, including lameness, dental disease, respiratory disease, and metabolic conditions. The breed's easy-keeper tendency means owners should monitor body condition and watch for weight gain. Regular veterinary examinations, vaccination, deworming based on fecal egg counts, and dental care are the foundation of preventive health. The AAEP recommends a routine wellness schedule that includes dental examinations, vaccinations tailored to risk, and parasite control guided by fecal testing. The Merck Veterinary Manual horse owner resources are a useful reference for recognizing common equine conditions and knowing when to call a veterinarian. ## Genetic Testing and Breeding Decisions DNA testing is the core tool for managing the inherited diseases of the Arabian breed. Tests are available for SCID, CA, and LFS, and each identifies carriers that appear healthy. Breeders can use test results to avoid mating two carriers of the same recessive condition, which prevents affected foals. The value of testing is documented in population data. In South Africa, the carrier prevalence of SCID fell significantly after genetic testing was introduced, while LFS and CA prevalence did not change over the same period [3]. That difference shows that testing changes outcomes only when breeders act on the results consistently. Testing is also important because carrier frequencies differ by population and bloodline. In the Middle East and North Africa, 15 of 177 studied horses were carriers of two genetic disorders, and the study authors emphasized the importance of testing these breeds to avoid spreading deleterious variants [1]. In Poland, the first SCID carriers were identified in a population of 808 elite Arabians, which shows that even well-managed populations can carry the allele [2]. Breeders should test all breeding stock for SCID, CA, and LFS. A carrier horse can still be bred to a clear horse, and the resulting foal will not be affected, though it may be a carrier. This approach preserves desirable bloodlines while reducing disease. A veterinarian or breed association can help interpret results and plan matings. ## Arabian Horse Lifespan The Arabian [horse lifespan](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/equine-care/equine-lifespan-factors-influencing-longevity-in-horses) is long compared with many breeds. Arabians are often described as long-lived, and many remain active into their late 20s and beyond with good care. Lifespan depends on genetics, nutrition, dental health, hoof care, parasite control, and the level of work the horse has done. Owners of senior Arabians should watch for weight loss, dental problems, and reduced exercise tolerance. Regular veterinary examinations become more important with age, and diet adjustments may be needed as teeth wear and digestion changes. The breed's easy-keeper tendency can persist into old age, so body condition should still be monitored closely. ## Finding a Responsible Breeder or Rescue A responsible Arabian breeder provides health records, vaccination history, and DNA test results for the foal's parents. Ask specifically for SCID, CA, and LFS test results on both the sire and dam. A breeder who cannot provide these results is not managing the breed's known risks. Buyers should visit the farm, observe the mare and foal, and ask about turnout, feeding, and handling. A foal raised in a herd with space to move develops better than one kept confined. Ask about the foal's handling history and whether it has been taught to lead, tie, and stand for the farrier. Rescue organizations place Arabian horses of all ages, including seniors and horses with special needs. A rescue horse should have a veterinary examination before purchase, and the adopter should ask about known health conditions and behavior history. The AAEP owner resources can help buyers understand what a prepurchase examination includes. ## Who Should Not Get an Arabian Horse An Arabian horse is not the right choice for every owner. The breed is sensitive, energetic, and intelligent, and it needs consistent handling. A first-time owner without a trainer or experienced mentor may struggle with a young or green Arabian. The breed is also a poor fit for someone who wants a horse that can be left largely unhandled. Arabians do best with regular contact, structured exercise, and a predictable routine. Owners who cannot provide daily turnout, forage, and consistent training should consider a different breed or a different level of commitment. Finally, anyone buying an Arabian should be prepared for the cost of DNA testing, routine veterinary care, farrier work, and dental care. These are ongoing expenses, not one-time costs. ## Limitations and When to Contact a Veterinarian Individual horses vary, and a breed guide cannot replace an examination of your horse. Contact a veterinarian promptly if an Arabian foal shows incoordination, head tremor, loss of balance, or difficulty standing, since these signs can indicate cerebellar abiotrophy or another neurological disease [14][10]. Contact a veterinarian if a foal has a throatlatch swelling or noisy breathing, which may indicate guttural pouch tympany. Call a veterinarian if a foal has recurrent fever, pneumonia, weight loss, or diarrhea, especially in the first weeks of life, because these signs can indicate severe combined immunodeficiency [8]. Affected foals cannot fight infection and need urgent evaluation. Call a veterinarian if a newborn foal has an abnormal coat color together with neurological signs, since this combination is consistent with lavender foal syndrome [17][18]. Call a veterinarian if a horse of any age shows neck stiffness, abnormal head position, or progressive incoordination, which may indicate occipitoatlantoaxial malformation. Call a veterinarian for any suspected seizure, collapse, or episode of altered awareness. Also call for lameness, weight loss, dental problems, or a change in appetite or behavior that lasts more than a day or two. For breeding decisions, ask a veterinarian to interpret DNA test results before planning a mating. ## Frequently Asked Questions ### What is an Arabian horse known for? The Arabian horse is known for its dished face, high tail carriage, endurance, intelligence, and sensitivity. It is one of the oldest recognized breeds and the foundation of many modern light horse breeds. Arabians are used for endurance riding, show competition, and pleasure riding. ### What is the temperament of an Arabian horse? Arabian horse temperament is intelligent, sensitive, and people-oriented. The breed learns quickly and forms strong bonds with handlers. Arabians respond best to calm, consistent, reward-based training and generally do not do well with harsh handling. ### How long do Arabian horses live? Arabian horses are long-lived and commonly remain active into their late 20s and beyond with good care. Lifespan depends on nutrition, dental health, hoof care, parasite control, and the level of work the horse has done. Senior Arabians need regular veterinary examinations and diet adjustments. ### What genetic diseases affect Arabian horses? The main DNA-testable genetic diseases in Arabian horses are severe combined immunodeficiency, cerebellar abiotrophy, and lavender foal syndrome. Occipitoatlantoaxial malformation, guttural pouch tympany, and juvenile epilepsy also occur in the breed. SCID, CA, and LFS are inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, so carriers appear normal. ### Is there a DNA test for cerebellar abiotrophy in Arabian horses? Yes. Cerebellar abiotrophy in Arabian horses is associated with a single nucleotide polymorphism on equine chromosome 2 in the fourth exon of TOE1, and genetic testing can confirm the genotype. Testing supports diagnosis and helps breeders avoid mating two carriers [10][11]. ### What are the signs of cerebellar abiotrophy in a foal? Signs of cerebellar abiotrophy include incoordination, head tremor, wobbling, loss of balance, and falling over. Signs are typically first recognized at birth or up to 6 months of age. Affected foals should be examined by a veterinarian promptly [14][10]. ### Can a horse be a carrier of SCID and still be healthy? Yes. Severe combined immunodeficiency is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, so heterozygous carriers appear normal. Only foals that inherit the defective gene from both parents are affected. A DNA test identifies carriers so breeders can avoid mating two carriers [8]. ### What should I ask a breeder before buying an Arabian horse? Ask for DNA test results for SCID, CA, and LFS on both the sire and dam. Ask about vaccination history, deworming, turnout, feeding, and handling. Visit the farm, observe the mare and foal, and arrange a veterinary prepurchase examination before purchase. ## Related Articles - [How Long Do Horses Live? Lifespan and Senior Care](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/equine-care/horse-lifespan) - [Palomino Horse: Genetics, Color, and Health Considerations](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/equine-care/palomino-horse-genetics-color-and-health-considerations) - [Equine Lifespan: Factors Influencing Longevity in Horses](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/equine-care/equine-lifespan-factors-influencing-longevity-in-horses) - [Equine Geriatric Conditions: Common Diseases in Senior Horses](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/equine-care/equine-geriatric-conditions-senior-horses) - [Miniature Horse Care Guide](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/equine-care/miniature-horse-care) - [Horse Blanketing: When and How](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/equine-care/horse-blanketing-guide) - [Morgan Horse: History, Temperament, Uses, and Health](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/equine-care/morgan-horse-breed-guide) - [Friesian Horse: Temperament, Care, and Genetic Health Problems](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/equine-care/friesian-horse-breed-guide) - [Roan Horse: Red, Blue, and Bay Roan Color and Genetics](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/equine-care/roan-horse-color-genetics-and-care) ## Sources 1. 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