# Rule of 9 Burns: Body Surface Area Estimation
The 9 burn rule is a rapid bedside method for estimating what percentage of an animal's total body surface area (TBSA) has been burned. In human medicine the rule of 9s divides the body into regions worth 9 percent each, plus 1 percent for the groin. That human layout does not transfer directly to dogs and cats, because quadrupeds carry very different proportions of skin on the head, trunk, and limbs. Veterinary researchers have now measured those proportions with three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) and produced species-specific charts that work like a rule of 9s for dogs and cats [1][2].
You use this method in the first minutes of a burn emergency, before the animal is fully clipped, cleaned, or anesthetized. The estimate you produce drives two early decisions: how aggressively to start fluid resuscitation and how urgently to transfer the patient to a facility that can manage a major burn. The hands-on estimation itself takes two to five minutes with a burn chart, a marker, and a gloved hand. The elapsed time from first contact to a working TBSA number is usually under ten minutes.
This article is educational and is not a substitute for veterinary diagnosis or treatment.
## Why the Human Rule of 9s Does Not Transfer to Dogs and Cats
The human rule of 9s assigns 9 percent to the head and neck, 9 percent to each arm, 18 percent to the front of the trunk, 18 percent to the back of the trunk, 18 percent to each leg, and 1 percent to the groin. That distribution reflects an upright biped with long limbs and a small head relative to trunk length.
A dog or cat standing on four legs has a completely different geometry. The head is proportionally larger, the limbs are shorter relative to the trunk, and the tail and perineal region occupy surface area that has no human equivalent. When Henriksson and colleagues mapped nine adult mesocephalic dogs with full-body CT and 3D surface reconstruction, they found the largest differences from the human chart in the head, the pelvic limbs, and the pelvic and tail region [1]. Only the front legs and the thorax happened to match human proportions, and that match appears to be coincidental rather than a reliable rule [1].
Cats diverge even further. A separate CT study of seven adult domestic short-haired cat cadavers found that cats distribute surface area differently from both dogs and people [2]. The cat thorax alone accounts for 20 percent of TBSA, and the head accounts for 13 percent, while the neck accounts for only 5 percent [2]. Using a dog chart on a cat, or a human chart on either species, will systematically misestimate the burn and misdirect resuscitation.
The clinical consequence of a bad estimate is real. A burn covering 50 percent TBSA in a dog is a lethal injury without fluid resuscitation, and all untreated dogs in a controlled study died within 24 to 72 hours [3][4]. An estimate that is too low can lead to under-resuscitation and shock. An estimate that is too high can lead to fluid overload, pulmonary edema, and worsening tissue perfusion. Accuracy matters at both ends.
## What the Method Achieves
The 9 burn rule for dogs and cats produces a single number, the estimated percentage of TBSA affected by burn. That number serves four purposes in the first hour of care:
1. It stratifies the injury. Burns above roughly 20 percent TBSA are considered major and trigger systemic resuscitation and intensive monitoring [5].
2. It sets the starting fluid rate when a crystalloid resuscitation formula is used.
3. It guides transfer decisions. A dog with a 40 percent TBSA burn needs a facility with critical care, analgesia, and wound management capability.
4. It creates a baseline for serial reassessment. Burns evolve over the first 24 to 48 hours as progressive tissue loss occurs, and the initial percentage is a reference point, not a final diagnosis.
The method does not measure burn depth. Depth is a separate and arguably more important assessment, and it is covered later in this article.
## Materials for Estimation
| Item | Purpose | Notes |
|--|--|--|
| Species-specific burn chart | Assigns percentage to each body region | Use the dog chart for dogs and the cat chart for cats |
| Body map worksheet or printed outline | Mark burned regions | A simple lateral and ventral outline of the patient works |
| Water-soluble marker or skin-safe pen | Outline burn margins on the worksheet | Do not mark the patient's skin with permanent ink |
| Sterile saline-soaked gauze or clean cling film | Temporary wound cover during assessment | Prevents further contamination and pain |
| Infrared thermometer or gloved hand | Confirm extent of thermal injury | Never press on burned tissue |
| Calculator or phone | Sum regional percentages and compute fluid rates | Simple addition and multiplication |
| Weight in kilograms | Required for fluid formula | Weigh or use a recent accurate weight |
| Analgesia plan | Pain control before manipulation | Burn assessment is painful and should not proceed without analgesia |
Working concentrations do not apply to this method because it is a measurement technique, not a preparation. The only numeric inputs are the regional percentages from the chart and the patient's body weight in kilograms.
## Body Region Percentage Tables
The classic Rule of Nines divides the body into 9% regions, the human model that must be adapted for dogs and cats. Image: Jmarchn, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
The tables below are derived from the CT-based body mapping studies for mesocephalic dogs and adult domestic short-haired cats [1][2]. The dog data come from nine adult medium-sized mesocephalic dogs, and the authors caution that breed diversity means the chart cannot be generalized to all dogs [1]. Brachycephalic dogs, sighthounds, and giant breeds will deviate from these values. The cat data come from seven adult domestic short-haired cadavers of normal body condition [2].
### Dog Body Surface Area by Region
| Body Region | Percent of Total BSA |
|--|--|
| Head | 14% |
| Neck | 9% |
| Thorax | 18% |
| Abdomen | 14% |
| Pelvic limbs (each) | 11% |
| Thoracic limbs (each) | 9% |
| Pelvis including tail | 5% |
| **Total** | **100%** |
### Cat Body Surface Area by Region
| Body Region | Percent of Total BSA |
|--|--|
| Head | 13% |
| Neck | 5% |
| Thorax | 20% |
| Abdomen | 15% |
| Pelvic limbs (each) | 12% |
| Thoracic limbs (each) | 7% |
| Pelvis and tail | 9% |
| **Total** | **100%** |
Two practical points about these tables. First, the thoracic limbs in both species are the only regions that match the human rule of 9s value of 9 percent, and in cats they are actually lower at 7 percent each [1][2]. Second, the head percentage is substantially higher in both species than the human 9 percent, which means facial and cranial burns contribute more to the total than most owners and many clinicians expect.
## Step-by-Step Procedure
### Step 1: Stabilize and Provide Analgesia First
Do not begin mapping a burn on a conscious, painful animal. Burn injuries are among the most painful conditions in [veterinary medicine](/blog/careers/veterinary-medicine-careers-from-clinical-practice-to-public-health), and manipulation of the wound without analgesia is both inhumane and likely to fail. Provide appropriate analgesia before assessment. If the patient is in shock, initiate cardiovascular stabilization in parallel with the estimation.
Reason for this step: Pain and shock distort the examination, and a struggling patient makes accurate mapping impossible.
### Step 2: Obtain an Accurate Body Weight
Weigh the patient if possible. If the patient is too unstable to weigh, use the most recent recorded weight from the medical record. Fluid formulas are calculated per kilogram, so an inaccurate weight propagates error through the entire resuscitation plan.
Reason for this step: Every downstream calculation depends on weight in kilograms.
### Step 3: Identify the Burned Regions
Examine the patient from nose to tail on both sides. Note each region that has burn injury: head, neck, thorax, abdomen, each thoracic limb, each pelvic limb, and the pelvis and tail region. Do not attempt to estimate partial percentages of a region at this stage. The method is designed to be fast and categorical.
Reason for this step: The chart assigns a fixed percentage per region, so the first task is simply to decide which regions are involved.
### Step 4: Cover the Wounds Temporarily
Apply sterile saline-soaked gauze or clean cling film over the burned areas while you complete the assessment. This reduces evaporative loss, contamination, and pain during handling.
Reason for this step: Burned skin has lost its barrier function, and exposure during assessment worsens hypothermia and fluid loss.
### Step 5: Assign Percentages from the Species Chart
Using the correct chart for the species, write down the percentage for each burned region. If a region is only partially burned, use clinical judgment to assign a fraction of that region's percentage, and document your reasoning.
Reason for this step: The chart converts a visual assessment into a numeric total.
### Step 6: Sum the Regional Percentages
Add the regional values to obtain the estimated TBSA burned. Round to the nearest whole percent.
Reason for this step: The total percentage is the number that drives resuscitation and triage.
### Step 7: Reassess Depth Separately
After the area estimate is complete, assess burn depth in each region. Depth is discussed in detail below. Record depth alongside the percentage.
Reason for this step: Area and depth together determine prognosis, and depth can change over the first 48 hours.
### Step 8: Calculate Fluid Requirements If Indicated
If the estimated TBSA exceeds the threshold for major burn, calculate the initial resuscitation volume using a crystalloid formula. The Parkland formula, which has been applied in multiple canine burn studies, uses 4 mL per kilogram per percent TBSA over 24 hours, with half given in the first 8 hours and half over the following 16 hours [3][6][4][7]. The clock starts at the time of injury, not the time of presentation.
Reason for this step: Early fluid resuscitation prevents burn shock, and the formula provides a starting rate that is then titrated to patient response.
### Step 9: Document and Communicate
Record the regional breakdown, the total percentage, the depth assessment, the calculated fluid plan, and the time of injury. Communicate all of this to the receiving facility if transferring.
Reason for this step: The burn percentage will be recalculated at the referral hospital, and your documented breakdown allows comparison and correction.
## Worked Example: Dog With Dorsal Trunk and One Forelimb Burn
Consider a 20 kg adult mesocephalic dog that sustained a scald injury. On examination, the burned areas are the entire dorsal trunk from the withers to the tail base, plus the left thoracic limb circumferentially.
Step 1: Identify regions. The dorsal trunk spans two regions in the dog chart. The thorax and the abdomen are separate entries, and the dorsal surface represents approximately half of each. The left thoracic limb is fully involved.
Step 2: Assign percentages.
- Thorax, dorsal half: 18 percent divided by 2 equals 9 percent
- Abdomen, dorsal half: 14 percent divided by 2 equals 7 percent
- Left thoracic limb, full: 9 percent
- Total estimated TBSA: 9 plus 7 plus 9 equals 25 percent
Step 3: Assess depth. If the scald is superficial partial thickness, the prognosis is guarded but reasonable with supportive care. If it is full thickness over the same area, the prognosis is more serious and the fluid plan should be considered a minimum.
Step 4: Calculate fluids. Using the Parkland formula at 4 mL per kilogram per percent TBSA: 4 times 20 times 25 equals 2,000 mL over 24 hours. Half, or 1,000 mL, is given in the first 8 hours from the time of injury. The remaining 1,000 mL is given over the next 16 hours [3][4].
Step 5: Titrate. The calculated volume is a starting point. Adjust the rate based on mean arterial pressure, urine output, and perfusion parameters. In canine studies, urine output and central venous pressure rose higher than desired in the early resuscitation period when the Parkland formula was followed rigidly, and hemodynamics became unstable later [8]. This is the over-resuscitation pitfall.
## Burn Depth Matters More Than Area
Area determines how much fluid to give. Depth determines whether the patient survives. A 15 percent TBSA full-thickness burn carries a worse prognosis than a 25 percent TBSA superficial partial-thickness burn, because full-thickness injury destroys the dermis and its blood supply, produces a nonviable eschar, and creates a systemic inflammatory burden that drives organ dysfunction.
### Superficial (First-Degree) Burns
Superficial burns involve only the epidermis. The skin is red, painful, and intact. There is no blistering and no loss of the barrier. These burns heal without scarring and rarely require systemic resuscitation. They still require analgesia and monitoring for progression.
### Partial-Thickness (Second-Degree) Burns
Partial-thickness burns extend into the dermis and produce blistering, exudation, and marked pain. They are the most common burn depth in companion animals and can progress to full-thickness injury over the first 24 to 48 hours. A partial-thickness burn covering a large area still triggers systemic resuscitation because the inflammatory response and fluid losses are substantial. In the canine literature, partial-thickness scald injuries of only 2 to 3 percent body surface area produced measurable regional vasodilation and persistent increases in femoral artery blood flow, showing that even small partial-thickness burns have systemic vascular effects [9].
### Full-Thickness (Third-Degree) Burns
Full-thickness burns destroy the epidermis and dermis and may extend into subcutaneous tissue, muscle, or bone. The skin is leathery, white, brown, or charred, and it is often insensate because nerve endings are destroyed. These burns do not heal by re-epithelialization from the wound base and require debridement and reconstruction. In canine research, a 50 percent TBSA full-thickness flame injury without fluid resuscitation was uniformly fatal within 24 to 72 hours [3][4]. With intravenous resuscitation, survival in the same model was complete at 24 hours [4].
The practical implication is that depth assessment should be repeated at 24 and 48 hours. A burn that looks partial thickness on day one may declare itself as full thickness by day two.
## Fluid Resuscitation Formulas and the Over-Resuscitation Pitfall
The Parkland formula is the most widely applied crystalloid formula in veterinary burn resuscitation. It calculates 4 mL per kilogram per percent TBSA over 24 hours, with half in the first 8 hours and half in the next 16 hours [3][6][4][7]. This formula has been used successfully in canine burn models, and dogs resuscitated intravenously with lactated Ringer's solution according to the Parkland formula had 100 percent survival at 24 hours compared with 0 percent survival in untreated dogs [4].
### The Over-Resuscitation Problem
Rigid adherence to the Parkland formula can produce fluid overload. In a canine study comparing Parkland formula resuscitation with an improved protocol that used less crystalloid plus a colloid component, the Parkland group showed higher central venous pressure and higher urine output in the early resuscitation period, and hemodynamics became unstable later in the experiment [8]. Central venous pressure reached 14.7 cm H2O and urine output reached 2.38 mL per kilogram per hour at 7 hours after injury in the Parkland group [8]. Those values indicate over-resuscitation.
The clinical lesson is that the formula provides a starting rate, not a target. Titrate to endpoints: mean arterial pressure, urine output, lactate clearance, and mentation. If urine output is high and the patient is developing edema, reduce the rate. If perfusion is poor despite the calculated rate, reassess for ongoing losses, inadequate analgesia, or a higher actual burn percentage.
### Enteral Resuscitation as an Alternative
Oral or enteral resuscitation with glucose-electrolyte solutions has been studied extensively in canine burn models as an alternative when intravenous access is delayed or unavailable. In one study, dogs with 50 percent TBSA full-thickness burns given oral glucose-electrolyte solution according to the Parkland formula had 50 percent mortality at 72 hours, compared with 100 percent mortality in untreated dogs and 0 percent mortality in intravenously resuscitated dogs [3]. Enteral resuscitation is therefore inferior to intravenous resuscitation but superior to no resuscitation.
The limitation of enteral resuscitation is absorption. Intestinal absorption of water and sodium drops markedly after burn, reaching its lowest point at 3.5 hours post burn at 21 percent and 37 percent of pre-injury levels respectively [10]. Only 47.1 percent and 63.8 percent of the intended fluid volume was absorbed in the first 8 hours in one study [6]. Gastric emptying is also impaired, dropping to 39.2 percent at 4 hours after burn in a 50 percent TBSA model [7]. These findings explain why enteral resuscitation cannot match intravenous resuscitation and should be reserved for situations where intravenous access is not possible.
## Expected Results and How to Read Them
A correctly performed estimation produces a TBSA percentage that falls into one of three clinical categories.
| Estimated TBSA | Clinical Category | Typical Action |
|--|--|--|
| Under 15 to 20 percent | Minor to moderate burn | Wound care, analgesia, monitoring for progression |
| 20 percent or greater | Major burn | Systemic resuscitation, intensive monitoring, transfer consideration |
| 50 percent or greater | Critical burn | Aggressive resuscitation, intensive care, guarded to poor prognosis without advanced support |
The 20 percent threshold is clinically meaningful because systemic endothelin levels rise in patients with burns covering more than 20 percent body surface area, indicating a systemic inflammatory and vasoactive response [5]. Above this threshold, the burn is no longer a skin problem. It is a systemic disease.
The 50 percent threshold is drawn from canine models in which untreated 50 percent TBSA full-thickness burns were uniformly fatal [3][4]. A dog that survives a 50 percent TBSA burn requires prolonged intensive care. One clinical report described a dog with 50 percent TBSA partial and full-thickness burns that survived after 78 days of hospitalization with aggressive multimodal analgesia, maggot debridement, and staged reconstructive procedures [11]. Survival at this magnitude of injury is possible but demands substantial resources.
## Troubleshooting Table
| Symptom or Problem | Likely Cause | Fix |
|--|--|--|
| Estimate seems too high | Counted both sides of a region that is only burned on one surface | Halve the regional percentage for single-surface involvement |
| Estimate seems too low | Missed a region during examination | Re-examine from nose to tail on both sides with adequate analgesia |
| Patient deteriorating despite calculated fluids | Underestimated TBSA or ongoing losses | Reassess burn extent and increase rate, check for other injuries |
| Patient developing edema, high urine output | Over-resuscitation | Reduce fluid rate and reassess endpoints |
| Burn appears deeper on day 2 | Progressive tissue loss | Reassess depth and adjust wound care plan |
| Unable to assess depth due to eschar | Full-thickness injury likely | Do not attempt to peel eschar, consult a veterinarian |
| Patient in severe pain during assessment | Inadequate analgesia | Stop, provide analgesia, resume when comfortable |
| Enteral fluids not being absorbed | Post-burn gastric stasis and reduced intestinal absorption | Switch to intravenous route if possible |
## Variations and Special Considerations
### Brachycephalic and Non-Mesocephalic Breeds
The dog chart was derived from mesocephalic dogs, and the authors explicitly state that the results cannot be generalized to all dogs given breed diversity in size and body conformation [1]. A brachycephalic dog has a proportionally larger head, and a sighthound has a proportionally smaller head and longer limbs. Use the chart as a starting reference and adjust based on the individual patient's conformation.
### Very Small and Very Large Patients
The percentage distribution of body surface area is relatively stable across body sizes within a species, but the absolute surface area is not. A 2 kg cat and a 6 kg cat have the same regional percentages but very different total surface areas. The percentage method works for both because fluid formulas use percentage, not absolute area.
### Chemical and Electrical Burns
The percentage method applies to chemical and electrical burns as well, but the depth assessment is different. Chemical burns can continue to cause tissue damage after the initial exposure until the agent is neutralized or diluted. Electrical burns may have small surface wounds with extensive deep tissue damage, and the surface percentage will underestimate the true injury burden.
### Burns in the Perineal and Tail Region
The dog chart assigns 5 percent to the pelvis including the tail, and the cat chart assigns 9 percent to the pelvis and tail [1][2]. These regions are easy to overlook during examination, particularly if the tail is tucked or the patient is recumbent. Examine the perineum and tail base deliberately.
## Storage and Stability of the Estimate
The TBSA estimate is a clinical assessment, not a stored sample, but the documentation has a shelf life. The initial estimate should be recorded in the medical record with the time of assessment and the time of injury. Reassess at 24 hours, because burn depth and apparent extent can change as the wound evolves. If the patient is transferred, send the regional breakdown, not just the total, so the receiving clinician can verify the calculation.
Burn wound dressings applied during the assessment period should be changed according to the managing veterinarian's instructions. A retrospective case series of nine cats and dogs with thermal, chemical, and iatrogenic burns found that all wounds treated with vitamin-supplemented medical-grade honey achieved complete healing without complications, with visible inflammation reduction at a mean of 5.2 days and debridement at a mean of 6.7 days [12]. That study describes wound management after the initial assessment and does not change the TBSA estimation method, but it illustrates that burn wound care continues well beyond the first hour.
## Limitations and When to Contact a Veterinarian
The 9 burn rule for dogs and cats is an estimation tool, not a diagnostic test. It cannot determine burn depth, it cannot predict survival, and it cannot replace serial clinical assessment. The dog chart is based on nine mesocephalic dogs, and the cat chart is based on seven domestic short-haired cat cadavers, so both have limited generalizability [1][2]. Individual cases require veterinary evaluation.
Contact a veterinarian immediately if any of the following apply:
- The burn covers more than 15 to 20 percent of the body surface area
- The burn appears full thickness (leathery, white, brown, or charred skin)
- The burn involves the face, eyes, mouth, perineum, or paws
- The animal is lethargic, unresponsive, vomiting, or has pale or white gums
- The animal is in severe pain despite at-home analgesia
- The burn was caused by a chemical, electrical source, or fire
- The animal has other injuries in addition to the burn
- The animal is not drinking or is unable to eat
- The burn is worsening or changing appearance over hours
Do not apply ice, butter, oil, or human burn creams to a veterinary burn. Do not attempt to peel away charred skin. Cover the wound with a clean, damp cloth or cling film and transport the animal to a veterinary facility.
## Frequently Asked Questions
### What is the 9 burn rule for dogs and cats?
The 9 burn rule is a rapid method for estimating the percentage of total body surface area that has been burned. In dogs and cats, the human rule of 9s is replaced by species-specific charts derived from CT measurements, because quadrupeds distribute surface area differently from people [1][2].
### Can I use the human rule of 9s on my dog?
No. The human rule of 9s misestimates burn area in dogs, particularly for the head, pelvic limbs, and tail region [1]. Use a dog-specific chart instead.
### How accurate is the veterinary burn chart?
The charts are accurate for the populations studied, which were mesocephalic dogs and domestic short-haired cats [1][2]. Accuracy decreases in breeds with unusual conformation, and the estimate should always be combined with clinical assessment.
### Does burn depth matter more than burn area?
Yes. Depth determines whether the skin can heal and how severe the systemic response will be. A full-thickness burn over a smaller area can be more dangerous than a superficial burn over a larger area.
### What percentage of body surface area requires fluid resuscitation?
Burns covering more than 20 percent of body surface area trigger a systemic inflammatory response and generally require fluid resuscitation [5]. Your veterinarian will determine the exact threshold and rate for your animal.
### What is the Parkland formula for dogs?
The Parkland formula gives 4 mL of crystalloid per kilogram of body weight per percent of TBSA burned over 24 hours, with half in the first 8 hours and half in the next 16 hours [3][4]. It is a starting point that must be titrated to the patient.
### Can I give my dog fluids by mouth after a burn?
Oral glucose-electrolyte solutions can be used when intravenous access is not available, but they are less effective than intravenous fluids because intestinal absorption drops sharply after a burn [3][10]. Seek veterinary care for intravenous resuscitation if possible.
### When should I take my pet to the emergency vet for a burn?
Take your pet to an emergency veterinarian immediately if the burn covers more than 15 to 20 percent of the body, involves the face or paws, appears full thickness, or if your pet is lethargic, vomiting, or in severe pain.
## Related Articles
- [Solvent Accessible Surface Area and Computational Accessibility Calculations](/knowledge/bioinformatics/solvent-accessible-surface-area-and-computational-accessibility-calculations)
- [Statistical Parameter: Definition, Types, and Estimation](/blog/guides/statistical-parameter-definition-types-and-estimation)
- [Genome Size Estimation Kmer](/blog/guides/genome-size-estimation-kmer)
- [Fish Farm Inventory and Biomass Estimation](/knowledge/animal-farming/aquaculture/fish-farm-inventory-and-biomass-estimation)
- [Surface Plasmon Resonance in Nanoparticles: A Primer](/knowledge/molecular-biology/surface-plasmon-resonance-in-nanoparticles)
- [Protein Surface Electrostatics and Solvation Models](/knowledge/bioinformatics/protein-surface-electrostatics-and-solvation-models)
## Sources
1. [Body mapping chart for estimation of percentage of body surface area in mesocephalic dogs.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34951108/)
2. [Estimation of percent body surface area in cats with use of computed tomography.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36156372/)
3. [[Effects of early oral fluid resuscitation on organ functions and survival during shock stage in dogs with a 50% total body surface area full-thickness burn].](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19159601/)
4. [[The effects of sodium pyruvate Ringer solution on hemodynamic and organ functions during shock stage in dogs with a 50% total body surface area full-thickness burn].](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24709496/)
5. [Endothelin levels in patients with burns covering more than 20% body surface area.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7721904/)
6. [[Effect of carbachol on intestinal mucosa blood flow and absorption rate of glucose-electrolyte solution during enteral resuscitation for 50% total body surface area full-thickness burn injury in dog].](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18328131/)
7. [[Effect of carbachol on gastric emptying and gastric mucosa partial pressure of carbon dioxide in oral resuscitation of burn shock with a glucose-electrolyte solution in dogs].](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18328133/)
8. [[Comparison of resuscitation with Parkland formula and with improved protocol on hemodynamics in projectile-burn combined wound in dogs with seawater immersion].](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15636708/)
9. [Serotonin receptors regulate canine regional vasodilator responses to burn.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7774224/)
10. [[Study on intestinal absorption rate of glucose electrolyte solution during enteral resuscitation of 35% total body surface area burn injury in dog].](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18328130/)
11. [Management of severe burn injuries with novel treatment techniques including maggot debridement and applications of acellular fish skin grafts and autologous skin cell suspension in a dog.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34843435/)
12. [Vitamin-supplemented medical-grade honey for burn wound management in cats and dogs: a retrospective case series.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42375280/)
