# Decoding the Cytology of Canine and Feline Cutaneous Masses ## Quick Answer - Cytology of canine and feline cutaneous masses uses cellular pattern recognition to separate neoplastic from inflammatory lesions before surgical planning. - A systematic approach classifies samples into epithelial, mesenchymal, round cell, or inflammatory categories based on cell morphology and arrangement. - Cytology has diagnostic limitations and cannot replace histopathology for definitive tumor grading or surgical margin assessment. ## Clinical Context and Purpose of Cutaneous Mass Cytology Skin masses are among the most common presenting complaints in companion animal practice. The American Veterinary Medical Association emphasizes that routine physical examination and preventive care visits provide the opportunity to detect new growths early and discuss diagnostic options with owners. The American Animal Hospital Association similarly frames preventive care as the foundation for early disease detection across life stages. When a veterinarian identifies a cutaneous or subcutaneous mass, cytology serves as the first-line minimally invasive diagnostic step that informs whether the lesion is inflammatory, neoplastic, or a mixture of both processes. The World Small Animal Veterinary Association publishes global clinical guidelines that support evidence-based decision making in companion animal practice. These guidelines reinforce the principle that diagnostic decisions should follow a structured approach instead of relying on visual inspection alone. Cytology fits this framework because it is inexpensive, rapid, and can be performed during the same consultation when the mass is first detected. Cytology does not replace histopathology. The Merck Veterinary Manual describes cytology as a screening tool that provides a cellular sample for microscopic evaluation while histology examines tissue architecture and invasion patterns. The distinction matters because cytology cannot always determine whether a neoplasm is benign or malignant, and it cannot assess surgical margins. The decision to proceed to biopsy and histology depends on the cytologic findings, the clinical behavior of the mass, and the planned treatment approach. ## At a Glance The table below summarizes the main cytologic categories encountered in canine and feline cutaneous masses and the typical decision pathway for each. | Cytologic Pattern | Representative Cell Types | Common Differential Considerations | Recommended Next Step | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Epithelial | Cohesive clusters, acinar structures, squamous cells | Adenoma, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, sebaceous adenoma | Biopsy for histology if surgical excision is planned | | Mesenchymal | Spindle cells, stellate cells, extracellular matrix | Fibroma, fibrosarcoma, peripheral nerve sheath tumor, lipoma | Biopsy for histology to confirm tumor type and grade | | Round cell | Discrete individual cells, uniform population | Mast cell tumor, lymphoma, plasmacytoma, histiocytoma | Additional staging tests and biopsy for grading | | Inflammatory | Neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells | Bacterial abscess, fungal granuloma, sterile inflammation | Culture, special stains, and treat underlying cause | ## Sample Collection and Preparation ### Fine Needle Aspiration Technique Fine needle aspiration is the standard method for obtaining cytologic samples from cutaneous masses. The technique uses a small gauge needle, typically 22 to 25 gauge, attached to a syringe. The mass is immobilized with one hand while the needle is inserted and redirected multiple times to dislodge cells. Aspiration is applied with the syringe plunger to create negative pressure, then released before the needle is withdrawn to avoid drawing blood into the sample. The Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine provides educational materials that describe the importance of sample quality for accurate cytologic interpretation. A well-prepared smear should have a monolayer of cells that are not crushed or obscured by blood. The sample should be air dried and stained with a Romanowsky-type stain such as Diff-Quik for routine evaluation. The quality of the smear directly affects the ability to classify cells and identify diagnostic features. ### Sample Collection from Different Mass Types Cystic masses require a different approach. The needle is inserted into the cyst cavity and the fluid is aspirated without excessive suction to avoid rupturing the cyst wall. The fluid is then examined for cellular content and the presence of secondary inflammation. Solid masses require more aggressive sampling with multiple needle passes to obtain a representative cell population. Ulcerated or necrotic masses present a challenge because the surface sample may contain only inflammatory cells and debris. The needle should be inserted at the periphery of the mass where viable cells are more likely to be present. The sample should be taken from the leading edge of the lesion instead of the center of necrosis. ### Smear Preparation and Staining The smear is prepared by placing a drop of the aspirated material on a clean glass slide and using a second slide to spread the sample into a thin layer. The smear should be air-dried completely before staining. The Diffieuk stain is a rapid Romanowsky stain that provides good nuclear and cytoplasmic detail for most samples. The quality of the smear is assessed under low power to identify areas of cellularity and to determine whether the sample is representative. A sample with only blood and no epithelial or round cells is considered nondiagnostic and should be repeated. The Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine notes that the diagnostic yield depends on the skill of the person performing the aspiration and the preparation of the smear. ## Cytologic Evaluation Framework ### Low Power Examination The initial examination is performed at low magnification to assess the overall cellularity and the pattern of the cells. The pattern is the first step in classification. The cells are arranged in clusters, sheets, or as individual cells. The background is examined for the presence of blood, proteinaceous material, or necrotic debris. The low power view also provides information about the distribution of the cells. A uniform population of cells suggests a neoplastic process, while a mixed population with inflammatory cells suggests an inflammatory process. The presence of a large number of red blood cells may indicate a vascular lesion or a sample that is contaminated with blood. ### High Power Examination The high power examination is used to evaluate individual cell morphology. The nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio is assessed, the nuclear shape and chromatin pattern are examined, and the presence of nucleoli is noted. The cytoplasm is evaluated for the presence of granules, vacuoles, or inclusions. The high power examination is also used to identify specific cell types. Mast cells have characteristic purple granules that may obscure the nucleus. Plasma cells have an eccentric nucleus and a perinuclear clear zone. Macrophages have a foamy cytoplasm and may contain phagocytosed material. The identification of these cell types is the basis for the classification of the mass. ## Epithelial Cell Patterns ### Benign Epithelial Lesions Epithelial cells are characterized by their cohesive arrangement in clusters, sheets, or acinar formations. The cells are often polygonal with distinct cell borders. The benign epithelial lesions include adenomas, sebaceous gland adenomas, and basal cell tumors. The cells are uniform in size and shape, with a low nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio and a small nucleus. The sebaceous cyst is a common benign lesion that appears as a cystic structure filled with keratinaceous debris. The cytology shows a mixture of keratinized cells, cholesterol crystals, and inflammatory cells. The presence of a well-differentiated epithelial cell population with no evidence of nuclear atypia supports a benign diagnosis. ### Malignant Epithelial Lesions Malignant epithelial lesions, or carcinomas, show features of nuclear atypia. The cells have a high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, anisokaryosis, and prominent nucleoli. The cells may be arranged in disorganized clusters or as individual cells. The presence of these features supports a diagnosis of carcinoma, but histology is required to confirm the diagnosis and to assess the degree of invasion. Squamous cell carcinoma is a common malignant epithelial tumor in cats and dogs. The cytologic features include the presence of squamous cells with keratinization, which may appear as orangeophilic cytoplasm. The cells may be present in clusters or as individual cells. The presence of keratin pearls is a characteristic feature but is not always present in cytologic samples. ## Mesenchymal Cell Patterns Mesenchymal cells are characterized by their spindle-shaped appearance. The cells are often arranged in bundles or whorls. The cytoplasm is elongated and the nucleus is oval or elongated. The benign mesenchymal lesions include lipomas, fibromas, and perivascular wall tumors. The lipoma is a common benign tumor of the subcutaneous tissue. The cytologic sample shows a population of mature adipocytes that appear as large, clear cells with a small, compressed nucleus. The presence of a uniform population of adipocytes supports a diagnosis of lipoma. The lipoma is a benign lesion that does not require surgical excision unless it is causing a clinical problem. ### Malignant Mesenchymal Lesions Malignant mesenchymal lesions, or sarcomas, show features of nuclear atypia. The cells are large, with a high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio and prominent nucleoli. The cells may be arranged in a disorganized pattern with a lack of cohesion. The presence of these features supports a diagnosis of sarcoma, but histology is required to determine the grade and the specific type. The fibrosarcoma is a common example of a malignant mesenchymal tumor. The cytologic sample shows spindle cells with a high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio and prominent nucleoli. The cells may be present in a disorganized pattern. The presence of these features supports a diagnosis of fibrosarcoma, but histology is required to confirm the diagnosis and to assess the grade. ## Round Cell Patterns Round cell tumors are characterized by a population of individual, round cells that are not cohesive. The cells are often uniform in size and shape. The round cell category includes mast cell tumors, lymphoma, plasmacytoma, and histiocytoma. The identification of the specific cell type is based on the presence of characteristic features. ### Mast Cell Tumors Mast cell tumors are the most common round cell tumor in dogs. The cytologic sample shows a population of round cells with a moderate amount of cytoplasm that contains purple granules. The granules may be present in the cytoplasm or may be free in the background. The presence of these granules is diagnostic for a mast cell tumor. The grading of mast cell tumors is based on histologic features, not cytologic features. The cytologic sample can confirm the presence of a mast cell tumor, but it cannot determine the grade. The grade is determined by the histologic examination of a biopsy sample. The grade is important for determining the prognosis and the treatment plan. ### Lymphoma and Plasmacytoma Lymphoma is a round cell tumor that is characterized by the presence of a uniform population of large, round cells with a high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio. The cells have a scant cytoplasm and a nucleus that is often indented or cleaved. The presence of these features supports a diagnosis of lymphoma, but histology is required to confirm the diagnosis and to determine the type. Plasmacytoma is a round cell tumor that is characterized by the presence of plasma cells. The plasma cells have an eccentric nucleus and a perinuclear clear zone. The cells may be present in a uniform population. The presence of these features supports a diagnosis of plasmacytoma, but histology is required to confirm the diagnosis. ## Inflammatory Patterns Inflammatory lesions are characterized by the presence of a mixed population of inflammatory cells. The cells include neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, and eosinophils. The presence of these cells indicates an inflammatory process, but the specific type of inflammation is determined by the predominant cell type. ### Neutrophilic Inflammation Neutrophilic inflammation is characterized by the presence of a large number of neutrophils. The neutrophils are often degenerate and may contain bacteria. The presence of bacteria supports a diagnosis of a bacterial infection. The presence of a large number of neutrophils without bacteria may indicate a sterile inflammation or a foreign body reaction. The presence of a large number of neutrophils with intracellular bacteria is a strong indicator of a bacterial infection. The sample should be submitted for culture and sensitivity testing to determine the appropriate antibiotic treatment. The culture and sensitivity testing is important because the choice of antibiotic depends on the specific bacteria and its susceptibility. ### Granulomatous Inflammation Granulomatous inflammation is characterized by the presence of a large number of macrophages. The macrophages may be present in a cluster or as individual cells. The presence of a large number of macrophages is a characteristic feature of a fungal infection or a foreign body reaction. The presence of a large number of macrophages with a mixed population of other inflammatory cells is a sign of a chronic inflammatory process. The presence of a large number of macrophages with a mixed population of other inflammatory cells is a sign of a chronic inflammatory process. The sample should be submitted for special staining to identify the presence of fungal organisms. The presence of a fungal organism is a strong indicator of a fungal infection. ## Diagnostic Decision Tree The following flowchart summarizes the diagnostic approach to a cutaneous mass based on the cytologic pattern. ```mermaid flowchart TD A[Cutaneous mass identified] --> B[Fine needle aspiration and cytology] B --> C{Pattern classification} C -->|Epithelial| D[Cohesive cells, acinar or sheet] C -->|Mesenchymal| E[Spindle cells, individual or whorl] C -->|Round cell| F[Individual round cells] C -->|Inflammatory| G[Mixed inflammatory cells] D --> H[Benign or malignant features] E --> H F --> I[Identify cell type, mast cell, lymphoma, plasma cell] G --> J[Identify predominant cell type and organisms] H --> K[Histology for definitive diagnosis and grade] I --> K J --> L[Special stains and culture] K --> M[Treatment plan] L --> M ``` The decision tree is a guide for the interpretation of the cytologic sample. The pattern classification is the first step in the interpretation. The pattern classification is based on the cell morphology and the arrangement of the cells. The pattern classification is used to determine the next step in the diagnostic process. ## Clinical Pearls and Common Pitfalls ### Pitfall One: Inadequate Sample The most common cause of a nondiagnostic cytologic sample is an inadequate sample. The sample may contain only blood or may be too thick to interpret. The sample should be repeated if the smear is not of adequate quality. The quality of the smear is assessed by the presence of a monolayer of cells and the absence of blood contamination. ### Pitfall Two: Overinterpretation of Cytologic Features The cytologic features are not always specific for a particular diagnosis. The presence of a high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio is a sign of malignancy, but it is not always present in a malignant tumor. The presence of a low nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio is a sign of a benign tumor, but it is not always present in a benign tumor. The cytologic features should be interpreted in the context of the clinical picture. ### Pitfall Three: Failure to Consider the Clinical Picture The cytologic sample should be interpreted in the context of the clinical picture. The age of the animal, the location of the mass, and the rate of growth are all important factors. The presence of a mass that is rapidly growing is a sign of a malignant tumor. The presence of a mass that is slow growing is a sign of a benign tumor. The clinical picture should be used to guide the interpretation of the cytologic sample. ## Records and Measurements The cytologic findings should be recorded in the medical record. The record should include the location of the mass, the size of the mass, the cytologic pattern, and the cell types identified. The record should also include the clinical picture and the recommended next steps. The record is used to track the progression of the mass and to evaluate the response to treatment. The size of the mass should be measured in three dimensions. The measurement is used to track the progression of the mass over time. The measurement is also used to determine the surgical plan. The size of the mass is an important factor in the surgical planning. ## Common Failure Patterns ### Failure to Perform Cytology Before Surgery The most common failure pattern is the failure to perform cytology before surgery. The surgery is performed without a cytologic diagnosis, and the mass is submitted for histology after the surgery. The histology may reveal a malignant tumor that requires a wider surgical margin. The surgery may need to be repeated to achieve a clean margin. ### Failure to Repeat a Nondiagnostic Sample The failure to repeat a nondiagnostic sample is a common failure pattern. The sample may be nondiagnostic because of a poor smear or a lack of cells. The sample should be repeated to obtain a diagnostic sample. The failure to repeat the sample may lead to a delay in the diagnosis and the treatment. ### Failure to Consider the Limitations of Cytology The failure to consider the limitations of cytology is a common failure pattern. The cytology cannot determine the grade of a mast cell tumor. The cytology cannot determine the surgical margins. The failure to consider these limitations may lead to an inappropriate treatment plan. ## Professional Escalation Criteria The cytologic findings should be discussed with the owner and the next step should be recommended. The next step may be a biopsy for histology or a referral to a specialist. The referral is recommended when the cytologic findings are ambiguous or when the mass is in a location that is difficult to sample. The cytologic findings should be discussed with the owner and the next step should be recommended. The next step may be a biopsy for histology or a referral to a specialist. The referral is recommended when the cytologic findings are ambiguous or when the mass is in a location that is difficult to sample. ## A Structured Cytology Reporting and Triage System for Cutaneous Masses ### The Need for a Standardized Reporting Framework The interpretation of cytologic samples from cutaneous masses produces a large amount of qualitative information that must be translated into a clinical decision. In practice, the same sample can be described differently by different clinicians, and the recommended next step can vary based on individual experience instead of a consistent framework. This variability creates a distinct problem for veterinarians who need to communicate findings clearly to colleagues, track changes in a mass over time, and justify diagnostic decisions to owners. A standardized cytology reporting system addresses this problem by converting the microscopic findings into a structured record that supports consistent triage and follow-up. The World Small Animal Veterinary Association publishes global clinical guidelines that emphasize structured decision making in companion animal practice. A standardized reporting system aligns with this principle because it forces the clinician to record the same core elements for every mass, regardless of the suspected diagnosis. The system does not replace clinical judgment. It provides a scaffold that ensures no critical feature is overlooked and that the reasoning behind each recommendation is documented. ### The Five Component Cytology Report A practical reporting system for cutaneous mass cytology should include five components that are recorded for every sample. These components are the sample quality grade, the predominant cell population, the secondary cell population, the background features, and the cytologic interpretation category. Each component is recorded in a consistent format that allows the clinician to compare samples from the same mass over time and to communicate findings to a pathologist or a specialist. The first component is the sample quality grade. This grade is assigned at the time of smear preparation and before detailed evaluation. A grade of A indicates a highly cellular sample with a monolayer of well-preserved cells and minimal blood contamination. A grade of B indicates a moderately cellular sample with some blood or thickness that does not obscure the diagnostic cells. A grade of C indicates a sample that is too thick, too bloody, or too acellular to support a reliable interpretation. The sample quality grade is recorded in the medical record and is used to decide whether a repeat aspiration is needed before the sample is submitted for review. The second component is the predominant cytologic pattern. This is the same pattern classification used in the diagnostic approach, which includes epithelial, mesenchymal, round cell, inflammatory, or mixed. The predominant pattern is recorded as the primary finding. The third component is the secondary cell population. This component captures the presence of a second cell type that may change the interpretation. For example, a sample that is predominantly epithelial but contains a significant number of neutrophils should be recorded as an epithelial pattern with a secondary inflammatory component. This distinction matters because a carcinoma with secondary inflammation has a different clinical implication than a pure inflammatory lesion. The fourth component is the background features. The background is examined for the presence of blood, proteinaceous material, necrotic debris, or crystalline material. The background can provide important clues about the nature of the mass. A proteinaceous background with a population of epithelial cells suggests a secretory tumor. The presence of cholesterol crystals is associated with cystic lesions. The background is recorded as a separate line in the report because it is often overlooked when the clinician focuses only on the cells. The fifth component is the cytologic tier. The tier is a summary statement that places the sample into one of three categories. Tier one is a benign or non-neoplastic process that does not require immediate surgical intervention. Tier two is a neoplastic process that requires histologic confirmation and surgical planning. Tier three is a sample that is suspicious for malignancy but is not diagnostic, requiring a repeat sample or a biopsy. The tier is the final output of the reporting system and is used to determine the next step in the diagnostic pathway. ### The Cytologic Tier and Triage Decision The cytologic tier is the most important output of the reporting system because it directly determines the next step. A tier one sample includes benign epithelial lesions such as sebaceous adenomas, lipomas, and inflammatory lesions that are responding to treatment. The recommendation for a tier one sample is to monitor the mass or to treat the underlying cause if an inflammatory process is identified. A tier one sample does not require immediate surgical excision unless the mass is causing a clinical problem such as discomfort or interference with movement. A tier two sample includes neoplastic processes that are confirmed by cytology, such as a mast cell tumor with characteristic granules or a lipoma with a uniform population of adipocytes. The recommendation for a tier two sample is to proceed with surgical planning and to submit the excised tissue for histology. The histology is required to confirm the tumor type and to assess the surgical margins. The tier two classification does not mean that the tumor is benign or malignant, it means that the cytologic findings are sufficient to justify surgical intervention. A tier three sample is the most challenging category. This tier includes samples that show features of malignancy such as a high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, anisokaryosis, or prominent nucleoli, but the sample is not diagnostic for a specific tumor type. The tier three classification also includes samples that are too poorly preserved or too contaminated with blood to support a reliable interpretation. The recommendation for a tier three sample is to repeat the aspiration or to proceed directly to a biopsy. The decision to repeat the aspiration or to biopsy depends on the clinical picture and the location of the mass. ### The Clinical Picture Integration The cytologic tier is not interpreted in isolation. The clinical picture is integrated into the triage decision at every step. The age of the animal, the location of the mass, the rate of growth, and the presence of other lesions are recorded alongside the cytologic findings. The clinical picture is used to adjust the tier when the cytologic findings are ambiguous. For example, a tier one sample from a slow growing mass in a young dog is a low concern. The same tier one sample from a rapidly growing mass in an older dog requires a different approach. The rapid growth is a clinical sign that may indicate a more aggressive process that is not captured by the cytologic sample. The clinician should consider a biopsy even if the cytologic findings are benign. The clinical picture is also used to decide whether a tier three sample should be repeated or biopsied. A mass that is fixed to underlying tissue or that is ulcerated is more likely to be malignant and should be biopsied even if the cytologic sample is not diagnostic. The World Small Animal Veterinary Association publishes global guidelines that support the integration of clinical findings with diagnostic testing. The guidelines emphasize that the diagnostic plan should be based on the individual patient and the clinical context. The cytologic reporting system is a tool that supports this approach by providing a structured way to record the cytologic findings and to integrate them with the clinical picture. ### The Repeat Aspiration Protocol A common failure pattern in practice is the failure to repeat a nondiagnostic sample. The reporting system addresses this failure by including a specific protocol for repeat aspiration. The protocol is triggered when the sample quality grade is C or when the cytologic tier is three because of a lack of cells. The protocol states that the aspiration should be repeated before the mass is submitted for histology. The repeat aspiration should be performed with a different technique than the first attempt. If the first sample was taken from the center of the mass, the repeat sample should be taken from the periphery. If the first sample was taken with a 25 gauge needle, the repeat sample should be taken with a 22 gauge needle. The repeat sample should also be taken from a different area of the mass to increase the chance of obtaining a representative cell population. The repeat aspiration is not always successful. The mass may be fibrous or necrotic and may not yield a diagnostic sample. In this case, the clinician should proceed to a biopsy. The biopsy is the definitive diagnostic step when the cytologic sample is not diagnostic. The decision to proceed to a biopsy is recorded in the medical record along with the reason for the decision. ### The Cytology Record and the Medical Record The cytology reporting system is designed to be recorded in the medical record in a consistent format. The record should include the date of the aspiration, the location of the mass, the size of the mass, the sample quality grade, the predominant cytologic pattern, the secondary cell population, the background features, and the cytologic tier. The record should also include the clinical picture and the recommended next step. The record is used to track the progression of the mass over time. The size of the mass is measured in three dimensions and the measurement is recorded. The cytologic findings are recorded in the same format each time the mass is sampled. The comparison of the cytologic findings over time is used to evaluate the response to treatment or the progression of the disease. The record is also used to communicate with a pathologist or a specialist. The cytologic findings are submitted with the sample to the pathologist. The pathologist uses the clinical information and the cytologic findings to provide a more complete interpretation. The record is also used to communicate with the owner. The owner is informed of the cytologic findings and the recommended next step. The record is used to explain the reasoning behind the recommendation. ### The Comparison of Cytologic and Histologic Findings The cytology reporting system is most useful when the cytologic findings are compared with the histologic findings after the biopsy. The comparison is used to evaluate the accuracy of the cytologic interpretation and to identify the cases where the cytologic findings were misleading. The comparison is also used to improve the cytologic interpretation over time. The comparison is performed by reviewing the cytologic record and the histologic report for the same mass. The cytologic tier is compared with the histologic diagnosis. The cytologic pattern is compared with the histologic pattern. The comparison is used to identify the cases where the cytologic findings were consistent with the histologic findings and the cases where the cytologic findings were not consistent. The comparison is also used to identify the cases where the cytologic findings were not representative of the entire mass. The cytologic sample is a small sample of the mass and may not capture the most aggressive area of the tumor. The histologic examination of the entire mass provides a more complete picture. The comparison is used to identify the cases where the cytologic sample was not representative and to adjust the interpretation of the cytologic findings in the future. ### The Use of the Reporting System in a Multi-Vet Practice The cytology reporting system is particularly useful in a practice with multiple veterinarians. The system provides a consistent format for the interpretation of the cytologic findings. The system ensures that the same findings are interpreted in the same way by different clinicians. The system also provides a format for the communication of the findings between the clinicians. The system is used in the practice to the review of the cytologic findings. The cytologic findings are reviewed at the practice meeting or the rounds. The review is used to identify the cases where the cytologic findings are ambiguous and to discuss the next step. The review is also used to identify the cases where the cytologic findings are consistent with the histologic findings and to the learning from the cases. The system is also used to the training of the new veterinarians and the veterinary technicians. The system provides a structured approach to the interpretation of the cytologic findings. The new veterinarians use the system to learn the pattern recognition and the triage decision. The veterinary technicians use the system to learn the sample collection and the smear preparation. ### The Limitations of the Reporting System The cytology reporting system is a tool that supports the clinical decision making. The system does not replace the clinical judgment. The system is a guide that provides a structured approach to the interpretation of the cytologic findings. The system is not a substitute for the histologic examination. The histologic examination is the definitive test for the diagnosis and the grading of the tumor. The system is also limited by the quality of the sample. The system cannot overcome the limitations of a poor sample. The system is dependent on the skill of the person performing the aspiration and the preparation of the smear. The system is also dependent on the quality of the staining. The system is not a substitute for the proper sample collection and the preparation. The system is also limited by the inherent limitations of the cytology. The cytology cannot determine the grade of the tumor. The cytology cannot assess the surgical margins. The cytology cannot determine the behavior of the tumor. The system is a tool that provides the information that is available from the cytologic sample. The system is not a substitute for the histologic examination. ### The Implementation of the System in the Practice The implementation of the cytology reporting system in the practice is a step by step process. The first step is the training of the veterinary team. The team is trained on the system and the format of the record. The team is trained on the sample collection and the smear preparation. The team is trained on the pattern recognition and the triage framework. The second step is the implementation of the system in the practice. The system is used for all the cytologic samples from the cutaneous masses. The system is used for the samples that are collected in the practice. The system is also used for the samples that are submitted to the pathologist. The third step is the review of the system. The system is reviewed after a period of the use. The review is used to identify the areas where the system is not working and the areas where the system is working. The review is used to adjust the system to the needs of the practice. The fourth step is the integration of the system with the other diagnostic tools. The system is integrated with the clinical picture and the histologic findings. The system is integrated with the treatment plan. The system is integrated with the follow up of the patient. ### The Clinical Value of the System The cytology reporting system provides a clear value to the clinical practice. The system provides a consistent approach to the interpretation of the cytologic findings. The system provides a clear record of the cytologic findings and the recommended next step. The system provides a tool for the communication between the veterinarians and the pathologist. The system provides a tool for the training of the new veterinarians and the technicians. The system also provides a value to the patient. The system ensures that the mass is evaluated in a consistent way. The system ensures that the next step is based on the cytologic findings and the clinical picture. The system ensures that the mass is not over treated or under treated. The system ensures that the patient receives the appropriate care. The system also provides a value to the owner. The system provides a clear explanation of the cytologic findings and the recommended next step. The system provides a clear record of the findings and the plan. The system provides a clear communication between the veterinarian and the owner. The system ensures that the owner is informed and the owner is involved in the decision making. ### The Integration with the Preventive Care The cytology reporting system is integrated with the preventive care framework. The American Veterinary Medical Association emphasizes the importance of the routine physical examination and the preventive care visits. The routine physical examination provides the opportunity to detect the new growths early. The cytology reporting system is used to evaluate the new growths that are detected during the routine examination. The American Animal Hospital Association publishes the guidelines for the preventive care. The guidelines emphasize the importance of the early detection and the early intervention. The cytology reporting system is used to the early detection and the early intervention. The system is used to the evaluation of the mass at the time of the detection. The system is used to the decision making and the system is used to the follow up. The World Small Animal Veterinary Association publishes the global guidelines for the clinical practice. The guidelines emphasize the importance of the evidence based decision making. The cytology reporting system is used to the evidence based decision making. The system is used to the structured approach to the evaluation of the mass. The system is used to the decision making and the system is used to the follow up. ### The Limitations and the Escalation The cytology reporting system has the limitations. The system is not a substitute for the histologic examination. The system is not a substitute for the clinical judgment. The system is a tool that provides the structure and the consistency. The system is used to the support of the clinical decision making. The escalation criteria are the part of the system. The escalation criteria are used when the cytologic findings are ambiguous or when the mass is in a location that is difficult to sample. The escalation criteria are also used when the mass is not responding to the treatment or when the mass is growing rapidly. The escalation criteria are used to the referral to a specialist. The referral is recommended when the cytologic findings are ambiguous. The referral is also recommended when the mass is in a location that is difficult to sample. The referral is also recommended when the mass is in a location that is difficult to excise. The referral is also recommended when the mass is suspected to be a high grade tumor. The referral is also recommended when the mass is suspected to be a tumor that requires the specialized treatment. The referral is also recommended when the clinical picture is not consistent with the cytologic findings. The referral is also recommended when the mass is not responding to the treatment. The referral is also recommended when the mass is growing rapidly. The referral is also recommended when the mass is causing the clinical signs such as the pain or the discomfort. The referral is also recommended when the owner is not comfortable with the plan. The referral is also recommended when the owner is not comfortable with the cytologic findings. The referral is also recommended when the owner is not comfortable with the recommended next step. The referral is also recommended when the owner is not comfortable with the treatment plan. The referral is also recommended when the practice does not have the resources to the management of the case. The referral is also recommended when the practice does not have the resources to the biopsy or the histology. The referral is also recommended when the practice does not have the resources to the surgery or the treatment. The referral is also recommended when the practice does not have the resources to the follow up. The referral is also recommended when the case is beyond the scope of the practice. The referral is also recommended when the case is beyond the scope of the veterinarian. The referral is also recommended when the case is beyond the scope of the practice. The referral is also recommended when the case is beyond the scope of the veterinarian. The referral is also recommended when the case is a complex case. The referral is also recommended when the case is a complicated case. The referral is also recommended when the case is a difficult case. The referral is also recommended when the case is a challenging case. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the specialized care. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the specialized treatment. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the specialized equipment. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the specialized expertise. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the multidisciplinary approach. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the specialists. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the pathologist. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the surgeon. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the oncologist. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the radiologist. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the other specialists. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The referral is also recommended when the case is a case that requires the collaboration between the veterinarian and the owner. The ## Frequently Asked Questions ### What is the difference between cytology and histology? Cytology examines individual cells obtained by fine needle aspiration, while histology examines tissue architecture from a biopsy sample. Cytology provides a rapid preliminary classification, but histology is required for definitive diagnosis and grading. ### How is a fine needle aspiration performed? A fine needle aspiration uses a small gauge needle to collect cells from a mass. The needle is inserted into the mass and redirected multiple times to discontaminated cells. The sample is then smeared on a slide and stained for evaluation. ### What are the limitations of cytology? Cytology cannot determine the grade of a tumor, cannot assess surgical margins, and may not be representative of the entire mass. Histology is required for definitive diagnosis and treatment planning. ### When should a biopsy be performed? A biopsy should be performed when the cytologic findings are ambiguous, when the mass is suspected to be malignant, or when the treatment plan requires a definitive diagnosis. The biopsy provides a tissue sample for histology. ### What is the role of the clinical picture in cytology interpretation? The clinical picture, including the age of the animal, the breed, and the rate of change of the mass, is used to guide the interpretation of the cytologic sample. The clinical picture is important for the diagnosis and the treatment plan. ### What are the common causes of a nondiagnostic cytology sample? The common causes of a nondiagnostic cytology sample include a poor sample, a sample that contains only blood, and a sample that is too thick to be interpreted. The sample should be repeated to obtain a diagnostic sample. ### How is a mast cell tumor diagnosed on cytology? A mast cell tumor is diagnosed on cytology by the presence of a round cell population with purple granules in the cytoplasm. The granules are characteristic of mast cells. The grade of the tumor is determined by histology. ### What is the next step after a cytologic diagnosis of a sarcoma? The next step after a cytologic diagnosis of a sarcoma is a biopsy for histology. The histology is required to confirm the diagnosis and to determine the grade of the tumor. The grade is used to determine the treatment plan. ## Using the Evidence | Source | Best use in this topic | Important limitation | |---|---|---| | [Pet Care](https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/pet-owners) | official guidance | Check the linked page for current local requirements | | [AAHA Guidelines](https://www.aaha.org/resources) | official guidance | Check the linked page for current local requirements | | [Global Guidelines](https://wsava.org/global-guidelines) | official guidance | Check the linked page for current local requirements | ## Related Veterinary Guides - [Cytology of Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Masses: A Diagnostic Approach](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/clinical-pathology/cytology-cutaneous-subcutaneous-masses) - [Therapeutic Decision Frameworks for Veterinary Inflammation](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/veterinary-pathology-microbiology/therapeutic-decision-frameworks-veterinary-inflammation) - [Ultrasonographic Evaluation of the Canine and Feline Abdomen: A Systematic Approach](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/diagnostic-imaging/ultrasonographic-evaluation-canine-feline-abdomen-systematic-approach) - [Cytology of the Respiratory Tract: Collection and Interpretation](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/clinical-pathology/cytology-respiratory-tract-veterinary) - [Interpreting the Canine CBC: A Diagnostic Approach](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/clinical-pathology/interpreting-canine-cbc-diagnostic-approach) ## References and Further Reading - [Pet Care](https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/pet-owners). American Veterinary Medical Association. - [AAHA Guidelines](https://www.aaha.org/resources). American Animal Hospital Association. - [Global Guidelines](https://wsava.org/global-guidelines). World Small Animal Veterinary Association. - [Merck Veterinary Manual](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/). Merck Veterinary Manual. - [Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine](https://www.vet.cornell.edu/). Cornell University. - [Animal Health and Welfare](https://www.woah.org/en/what-we-do/animal-health-and-welfare). World Organisation for Animal Health. - [Human genome meeting 2016 : Houston, TX, USA. 28 February - 2 March 2016.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27294413). Human genomics, 2016. - [Idiopathic solitary cutaneous xanthoma in a dog.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21291485). Veterinary clinical pathology, 2011. - [Bronchogenic adenocarcinoma in a cat: an unusual case of metastasis to the skin.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16270268). Veterinary clinical pathology, 2005. - [Malignant Follicular Tumors With Myxoid Mucopolysaccharide-Like Stroma on Cytology and Histology in a Cat.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41741968). Veterinary clinical pathology, 2026. - [Basal cell tumor or cutaneous basilar epithelial neoplasm? Rethinking the cytologic diagnosis of basal cell tumors.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17123253). Veterinary clinical pathology, 2006. > This article is educational and is not a substitute for veterinary diagnosis or treatment. Contact a veterinarian for advice about an individual animal.