# Canine Dental Chart: Modified Triadan Numbering for Dogs The modified Triadan system is the standard tooth-numbering method in veterinary dentistry, and it assigns every dog tooth a three-digit code in which the first digit identifies the quadrant and the last two digits identify the tooth position from the midline [1]. A complete adult dog has 42 permanent teeth, and every one of them can be recorded on a canine dental chart using this system, from 101 in the upper right to 411 in the lower right. This article is educational and is not a substitute for veterinary diagnosis or treatment. ## Key Takeaways - The modified Triadan system is the standard tooth-numbering method in veterinary dentistry, assigning every dog tooth a three-digit code where the first digit is the quadrant and the last two digits are the position from the midline. - A complete adult dog has 42 permanent teeth, while the puppy deciduous dental formula is 2 x (i 3/3, c 1/1, p 3/3) = 28 teeth, with no deciduous molars. - In the modified Triadan system the canine is always 04 and the first molar is always 09, so incisors sit at 01 to 03, premolars at 05 to 08, and molars at 09 to 11. - The dog has only two upper molars per side, so no tooth exists at positions 111 or 211, and position 11 occurs only in the lower jaw at 311 and 411. - The carnassial teeth are 108, 208, 309 and 409, and they are frequently the site of fracture and periodontal attachment loss, making them a focus of dental radiography. ## Why a Standardized Dog Tooth Numbering System Matters Periodontal disease is one of the most common conditions affecting companion dogs, and it is routinely underdiagnosed, with detection often occurring only after irreversible damage has occurred [2][3]. A shared numbering language is what allows a veterinarian, a technician, and a referral specialist to describe the same tooth in the same way across every record, every radiograph, and every treatment plan. Before the modified Triadan system was introduced, several methods for referencing teeth were in use, and this inconsistency created confusion about an acceptable system that could be interchanged between species [1]. The modified Triadan system solved that problem. It is simple, accurate, and user-friendly, and it works the same way whether you are charting a dog, a cat, or another domestic species [1]. The word "modified" matters. Human dentistry uses a two-digit system (the FDI system), in which the first digit is the quadrant and the second is the tooth, so it cannot number more than nine teeth per quadrant. Triadan, a human dentist working with animals in Bern, extended it to three digits to fit the longer dental arcades of animals, and the modified version anchors the canine at 04 and the first molar at 09 so that numbering stays consistent in species that lack some teeth [1]. ## The Canine Dental Formula The canine dental formula is the shorthand that tells you how many of each tooth type sit in each half of each jaw. For the adult dog, the permanent dental formula is: **2 x (I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/3) = 42 teeth** Read the formula in halves. The "2 x" accounts for the left and right sides of the mouth. The numerator of each fraction is the upper (maxillary) count, and the denominator is the lower (mandibular) count. - **I 3/3**: three upper incisors and three lower incisors on each side - **C 1/1**: one upper canine and one lower canine on each side - **P 4/4**: four upper premolars and four lower premolars on each side - **M 2/3**: two upper molars and three lower molars on each side Multiply it out and you get 42 permanent teeth. The dog's dental formula is asymmetric in the molar region, which is a key difference from the cat. The dog has two upper molars per side and three lower molars per side, while the cat has a shorter molar row. For the feline counterpart, including the reduced feline formula and its own Triadan layout, see the companion guide to the cat dental chart. ### The Puppy (Deciduous) Dental Formula Puppies have fewer teeth than adults because they have no molars at all. The deciduous dental formula is: **2 x (i 3/3, c 1/1, p 3/3) = 28 teeth** Lowercase letters signal deciduous (baby) teeth. The puppy has three incisors, one canine, and three premolars per side in each jaw, for 28 teeth total. There are no deciduous molars. The permanent molars erupt later in life as new teeth rather than replacing anything. This is why a puppy's mouth looks less crowded than an adult's, and it is also why retained deciduous teeth can become a clinical problem. When a baby tooth does not fall out on schedule, the permanent tooth may erupt beside it, creating crowding, trapping plaque, and contributing to early periodontal disease. Persistent deciduous teeth were among the most frequent findings in a study of young Yorkshire Terriers referred for dental consultation [4]. ## The Modified Triadan System Explained The modified Triadan system gives every tooth a three-digit number. The first digit is the quadrant. The last two digits are the tooth position counted from the midline [1]. ### Quadrant Numbering (First Digit) The mouth is divided into four quadrants as seen from the front of the patient, meaning the patient's right side appears on the left of the chart: - **1**: upper right (maxillary right) - **2**: upper left (maxillary left) - **3**: lower left (mandibular left) - **4**: lower right (mandibular right) The numbering runs clockwise when you view the patient from the front. Upper right is 1, upper left is 2, lower left is 3, and lower right is 4. ### Deciduous Quadrant Numbering (First Digit) Deciduous teeth use the same layout but with quadrants 5 through 8: - **5**: upper right deciduous - **6**: upper left deciduous - **7**: lower left deciduous - **8**: lower right deciduous So the deciduous upper right canine is 504, and the permanent upper right canine is 104. The quadrant digit is the only thing that changes between the two dentitions. ### Tooth Position Numbering (Last Two Digits) The final two digits count from the midline outward: - **01 to 03**: incisors (first, second, third) - **04**: canine - **05 to 08**: premolars (first through fourth) - **09 to 11**: molars (first through third) This is where the elegance of the system shows. The same position number means the same tooth type in every quadrant, so once you learn the pattern you can read any tooth code at a glance. ### The Rule of 4 and 9 Two anchor numbers make the system easy to remember: - **The canine is always 04.** - **The first molar is always 09.** If you remember those two rules, you can build the rest of the arcade around them. Incisors sit before the canine (01, 02, 03). Premolars sit between the canine and the first molar (05, 06, 07, 08). Molars sit at and after 09 (09, 10, 11). ### Gaps in the Numbering Not every position from 01 to 11 exists in every quadrant. The dog has all four premolars (05 to 08) in every quadrant, but only two molars in each upper quadrant. This creates a gap that catches people out. For example, there is no tooth 111 or 211. The upper jaw has only two molars per side, so the numbering stops at 10 (110 and 210). The position 11 exists only in the lower jaw, where the third molar sits (311 and 411). This gap is not an error in the chart. It reflects the true anatomy of the dog, and a correctly printed canine dental chart shows no tooth at positions 111 and 211. ### Carnassial Teeth The carnassial teeth are the large, shearing teeth at the back of the mouth that function as the main cutting apparatus of the carnivore jaw. In the dog they are: - **108** (upper right fourth premolar) - **208** (upper left fourth premolar) - **309** (lower left first molar) - **409** (lower right first molar) The upper carnassial is the fourth premolar (position 08). The lower carnassial is the first molar (position 09). These teeth are frequently the site of fracture and periodontal attachment loss, and they are almost always the focus of dental radiography because of their size and function. ## Full Table of All 42 Permanent Dog Teeth The table below lists every permanent tooth in the adult dog with its modified Triadan number, quadrant, and type. Read it alongside a blank dog dental chart when you are learning the layout. | Triadan | Quadrant | Tooth | Type | |--|--|--|--| | 101 | Upper right | First incisor | Incisor | | 102 | Upper right | Second incisor | Incisor | | 103 | Upper right | Third incisor | Incisor | | 104 | Upper right | Canine | Canine | | 105 | Upper right | First premolar | Premolar | | 106 | Upper right | Second premolar | Premolar | | 107 | Upper right | Third premolar | Premolar | | 108 | Upper right | Fourth premolar (carnassial) | Premolar | | 109 | Upper right | First molar | Molar | | 110 | Upper right | Second molar | Molar | | 201 | Upper left | First incisor | Incisor | | 202 | Upper left | Second incisor | Incisor | | 203 | Upper left | Third incisor | Incisor | | 204 | Upper left | Canine | Canine | | 205 | Upper left | First premolar | Premolar | | 206 | Upper left | Second premolar | Premolar | | 207 | Upper left | Third premolar | Premolar | | 208 | Upper left | Fourth premolar (carnassial) | Premolar | | 209 | Upper left | First molar | Molar | | 210 | Upper left | Second molar | Molar | | 301 | Lower left | First incisor | Incisor | | 302 | Lower left | Second incisor | Incisor | | 303 | Lower left | Third incisor | Incisor | | 304 | Lower left | Canine | Canine | | 305 | Lower left | First premolar | Premolar | | 306 | Lower left | Second premolar | Premolar | | 307 | Lower left | Third premolar | Premolar | | 308 | Lower left | Fourth premolar | Premolar | | 309 | Lower left | First molar (carnassial) | Molar | | 310 | Lower left | Second molar | Molar | | 311 | Lower left | Third molar | Molar | | 401 | Lower right | First incisor | Incisor | | 402 | Lower right | Second incisor | Incisor | | 403 | Lower right | Third incisor | Incisor | | 404 | Lower right | Canine | Canine | | 405 | Lower right | First premolar | Premolar | | 406 | Lower right | Second premolar | Premolar | | 407 | Lower right | Third premolar | Premolar | | 408 | Lower right | Fourth premolar | Premolar | | 409 | Lower right | First molar (carnassial) | Molar | | 410 | Lower right | Second molar | Molar | | 411 | Lower right | Third molar | Molar | The permanent dentition in this table totals 42 teeth. The deciduous dentition uses the same positions but with quadrants 5 to 8 and no molar positions, giving 28 teeth. ## AVDC Charting Abbreviations The American Veterinary Dental College publishes a standard nomenclature for charting [5]. The abbreviations below combine AVDC terms (such as the PD stages, GR, F, M, T/FX, RTR, X, T/NV, T/PE, AT and AB) with general periodontal terms such as CAL and BOP that you will see on a working canine dental chart. Consistent use of these terms keeps records legible to anyone who reads them later. ### Periodontal Findings - **PD**: periodontal disease, followed by a stage number 0 to 4 - **Probing depth**: recorded in millimeters at several points around the tooth - **GR**: gingival recession, the distance the gum margin has migrated toward the root - **CAL**: clinical attachment loss, the sum of probing depth and recession - **BOP**: bleeding on probing - **F**: furcation involvement, graded F1 to F3 - **M**: mobility, graded 0 to 3 - **PI**: plaque index - **CI**: calculus index (tartar) ### Tooth-Level Findings - **T/FX**: tooth fracture, followed by the fracture type (for example UCF, uncomplicated crown fracture, or CCF, complicated crown fracture) - **RTR**: retained root, meaning the crown is gone but the root remains - **X**: closed extraction (XS when the tooth is sectioned, XSS for open or surgical extraction) - **T/PE**: pulp exposure - **T/NV**: nonvital tooth, often seen as a discolored tooth - **AT** and **AB**: attrition (tooth-to-tooth wear) and abrasion (wear from contact with non-dental objects) ### Charting Symbols and Conventions Some practices use a color code on the chart. In one such scheme, blue marks periodontal findings, red marks pathology such as fractures and pulp exposure, and black marks missing teeth or extractions. Whatever color scheme a practice uses, the abbreviations should stay consistent so the chart is transferable between clinicians. Dental charting is a core clinical skill, and it is one that veterinary students and technicians are expected to develop through deliberate practice. Training studies show that skill acquisition and confidence are higher when students learn dental skills using models rather than video instruction alone, which supports the value of hands-on charting practice [6]. A chapter on dental essentials likewise treats charting, radiography, and pain management as the foundational skills of pet dental care [7]. ## Periodontal Disease Staging (PD0 to PD4) The AVDC five-point scale is the reference standard for staging periodontal disease in dogs, and it runs from PD0 to PD4 [2]. Staging is based on the degree of attachment loss and inflammation, not on how much tartar is visible. ### PD0: Clinically Normal No gingival inflammation, no attachment loss, and no probing depth beyond normal sulcus depth. The gingival margin is tight against the tooth. ### PD1: Gingivitis Only Inflammation of the gingiva with bleeding on probing, but no attachment loss. This stage is reversible with plaque control. The supporting structures of the tooth are intact. ### PD2: Early Periodontitis Attachment loss of less than 25 percent. There may be mild pocket formation or mild gingival recession. This is the stage where the disease has moved from reversible gingivitis into irreversible periodontitis. ### PD3: Moderate Periodontitis Attachment loss of 25 to 50 percent. Pocketing and recession are more pronounced, and furcation involvement may be present in multi-rooted teeth. ### PD4: Advanced Periodontitis Attachment loss greater than 50 percent, with deep pockets, significant recession, furcation exposure, and often mobility. Teeth at this stage are frequently non-viable and are candidates for extraction. ### Why Staging Accuracy Matters Visual assessment of periodontal disease in awake dogs is imperfect. In a study of 108 dogs, visual staging performed on awake dogs agreed with the reference standard of an anesthetized examination with radiographs only about 42 percent of the time, with moderate agreement (weighted kappa 0.42) [2]. Agreement between two visual raters was better, at about 61 percent, with substantial inter-rater reliability (weighted kappa 0.63) [2]. The practical lesson is that a visual check on a conscious dog is a screening tool, not a diagnosis. Definitive staging requires general anesthesia, periodontal probing, and full-mouth radiographs. This is why the dental chart is completed under anesthesia rather than in the exam room. Periodontal disease is also strongly age-associated. In a cross-sectional study of 100 dogs in an urban clinical setting, periodontal disease was present in 68 percent of dogs and advanced disease in 37 percent, and age was the only host factor independently associated with both the presence and the severity of disease [8]. That finding reinforces why older dogs need thorough charting at every dental procedure. ## Mobility and Furcation Indices Mobility and furcation grading are recorded tooth by tooth, and both feed directly into the treatment decision. ### Mobility Index (M0 to M3) Mobility measures how much a tooth moves in its socket when gently pressed with a blunt instrument. - **M0**: physiologic mobility, up to 0.2 mm - **M1**: mobility in any direction other than axial of more than 0.2 mm and up to 0.5 mm - **M2**: mobility in any direction other than axial of more than 0.5 mm and up to 1.0 mm - **M3**: mobility in any direction other than axial of more than 1.0 mm, or any axial movement Increasing mobility signals progressive loss of periodontal attachment and is a poor prognostic indicator. Tooth mobility and gum recession are among the clinical presentations that practitioners rank as indicating the highest periodontitis risk [3]. ### Furcation Index (F0 to F3) Furcation involvement describes the degree to which periodontal disease has exposed the space between the roots of a multi-rooted tooth. In the dog, the multi-rooted teeth include the second to fourth premolars in each quadrant (the upper fourth premolars 108 and 208 have three roots), the upper molars (109, 110, 209, 210), and the lower first and second molars (309, 310, 409, 410). - **F0**: furcation not exposed, probe does not enter - **F1**: the probe enters the furcation less than halfway - **F2**: the probe enters more than halfway but does not pass through - **F3**: the probe passes completely through the furcation Furcation lesions are difficult to clean and are a common reason a multi-rooted tooth is extracted rather than treated. They are also one of the reasons full-mouth radiographs are essential, because furcation bone loss is often invisible on visual examination alone. ## How to Fill In a Canine Dental Chart Charting is a stepwise process. The order below keeps you from missing findings and keeps the record defensible. ### Step 1: Record the Signalment and Date Record the patient's name, breed, age, sex, weight, and the date of the procedure. Note the reason for the procedure and any relevant history, including previous extractions, known malocclusion, or persistent deciduous teeth. ### Step 2: Perform a Conscious Oral Examination First Before anesthesia, do a visual survey of the mouth. Note obvious calculus, fractured teeth, discolored teeth, oral masses, and any asymmetry. This step is a screening exam only, because visual staging on awake dogs is unreliable [2]. ### Step 3: Chart Under Anesthesia With the patient anesthetized and intubated, perform a systematic examination of all 42 tooth positions. Work quadrant by quadrant, and within each quadrant work from the midline backward. For each tooth, record plaque, calculus, gingival index, probing depth at multiple sites, recession, furcation, mobility, and any tooth-level pathology. ### Step 4: Take Full-Mouth Radiographs Radiographs are required to complete the chart. They reveal root fractures, retained roots, bone loss, resorptive lesions, and pathology hidden beneath the gingiva. A chart without radiographs is an incomplete record. ### Step 5: Mark Findings Using Standard Abbreviations Use the AVDC abbreviations consistently so any reader can interpret the chart. Mark missing teeth clearly, and distinguish between a tooth that was already missing and one extracted during the procedure. ### Step 6: Assign a Periodontal Stage to Each Tooth Stage each tooth from PD0 to PD4 based on attachment loss. A single patient can have different stages in different teeth, and the chart should reflect that. A dog may have PD1 on the incisors and PD4 on a carnassial tooth at the same time. ### Step 7: Record the Treatment Plan and What Was Done Note which teeth are scheduled for extraction, which will be monitored, and which received scaling and polishing. Record the treatment actually performed, and update the chart at the end of the procedure. ### Step 8: Write a Discharge Summary Summarize the findings and the home care plan for the owner. Daily tooth brushing is the most effective preventive measure, and owner adherence to brushing recommendations is a persistent challenge in practice [9][10]. Communication style matters. In a three-year study of 75 dog owners, motivational interviewing produced a significant increase in tooth brushing frequency compared with a control group, and dogs in that group had a significantly lower plaque index [10]. Charting gives you the concrete findings you need to have that conversation. ## Practical Implications for Clinical Practice The modified Triadan system is more than a numbering convention. It is the backbone of the medical record in veterinary dentistry [1]. Several practical points follow from it. First, learn the rule of 4 and 9 early. Once you know the canine is always 04 and the first molar is always 09, you can locate any tooth on the chart without counting from the midline. Second, expect the gap. There is no 111 or 211 in the dog. A blank position on a correctly printed chart is anatomy, not an error. Third, treat the chart as a legal document. Record findings as they are observed, not as they are remembered. Chart at the time of examination, not at the end of the day. Fourth, remember that periodontal disease is underdiagnosed in general practice [3]. A charting routine that includes probing and radiographs on every dental procedure will catch disease earlier, when treatment is simpler and less invasive. Fifth, keep the deciduous and permanent charts separate. A puppy chart uses quadrants 5 to 8 and stops before the molars. A permanent chart uses quadrants 1 to 4 and includes the molars. Mixing them creates confusion, particularly when retained deciduous teeth are present alongside the permanent dentition. ## Common Myths and Questions About Dog Tooth Numbering ### Myth: The dog has the same number of teeth as a cat Dogs have 42 permanent teeth. Cats have 30. The difference lies mainly in the molar and premolar counts. The dog has two upper molars and three lower molars per side, while the cat has a shorter cheek tooth row. Feline numbering uses the same modified Triadan framework, which is why the two charts look similar at a glance but differ in the positions that exist. ### Myth: Tooth 111 exists because the numbering runs to 11 The position 11 exists only in the lower jaw, where the third molar sits. The upper jaw has only two molars per side, so the highest upper number is 10. There is no 111 and no 211. ### Myth: A missing tooth position means the tooth was extracted A gap in the numbering can mean the tooth never existed in that species, or it can mean the tooth is missing in that patient. On a patient chart, a missing tooth should be marked as missing, with a note about whether it was previously extracted, congenitally absent, or lost to disease. Dental agenesis does occur in dogs, and it is most often reported in the mandibular third molars in some breeds [4]. ### Myth: Staging can be done in the exam room Visual staging on an awake dog agrees with the anesthetized reference standard only about 42 percent of the time [2]. Staging belongs under anesthesia with probing and radiographs. ### Myth: Calculus score equals disease severity Calculus is visible plaque that has mineralized. It is a risk marker, not a measure of attachment loss. A tooth can have heavy calculus with minimal attachment loss, or light calculus with deep pockets. Staging is based on attachment loss, not on how much tartar you can see. ## What Is Still Uncertain Several areas remain open. The exact contribution of diet, cranial morphology, and subgingival bacterial composition to periodontal disease severity is still being characterized, and host factors beyond age have shown inconsistent associations across studies [8]. The role of adjunctive therapies, including low-level laser therapy and topical antimicrobials, continues to be investigated, with early evidence suggesting benefit in reducing gingival inflammation in some settings [11]. The overuse of systemic antibiotics in veterinary dentistry is a recognized stewardship concern, and prescribing guidelines remain limited [12]. The optimal communication strategy for improving owner adherence to daily brushing is also an active area of study, with motivational interviewing showing promise but daily brushing rates remaining low even in intervention groups [10]. ## Limitations and When to Contact a Veterinarian This article describes the modified Triadan numbering system, the canine dental formula, and standard charting conventions. It does not replace an individual dental examination. Every patient's chart is unique, and findings must be interpreted by a veterinarian in the context of that patient's history, radiographs, and clinical status. Contact a veterinarian promptly if you observe any of the following in your dog: - Persistent bad breath that does not improve with home care - Drooling, dropping food, or chewing on one side - Visible tartar, red or bleeding gums, or gum recession - Loose teeth or teeth that appear to be moving - Facial swelling, especially below the eye or along the jaw - Difficulty eating, weight loss, or reluctance to chew hard food - A broken tooth, a discolored tooth, or a tooth with a visible defect - Any oral mass, ulcer, or non-healing wound These findings warrant a professional oral examination, and in most cases a dental procedure under anesthesia with full-mouth radiographs. ## Frequently Asked Questions ### How many teeth does an adult dog have? An adult dog has 42 permanent teeth, following the formula 2 x (I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/3). ### How many teeth does a puppy have? A puppy has 28 deciduous teeth, following the formula 2 x (i 3/3, c 1/1, p 3/3). Puppies have no molars. ### What is the modified Triadan system? It is the standard veterinary tooth-numbering system in which the first digit identifies the quadrant (1 to 4 for permanent teeth, 5 to 8 for deciduous teeth) and the last two digits identify the tooth position from the midline [1]. ### What is the rule of 4 and 9 in dog tooth numbering? The canine is always tooth 04, and the first molar is always tooth 09. These two anchors let you locate any tooth on the chart quickly. ### Why is there no tooth 111 or 211? The upper jaw has only two molars per side, so the highest upper molar number is 10. Position 11 exists only in the lower jaw as the third molar. ### Which teeth are the carnassial teeth in a dog? The carnassial teeth are 108, 208, 309, and 409. The upper carnassials are the fourth premolars, and the lower carnassials are the first molars. ### What do PD0 to PD4 mean on a dental chart? They are the AVDC periodontal disease stages, running from PD0 (clinically normal) through PD1 (gingivitis), PD2 (early periodontitis), PD3 (moderate periodontitis), and PD4 (advanced periodontitis) [2]. ### Can periodontal disease be staged without anesthesia? No. Visual staging on an awake dog agrees with the anesthetized reference standard only about 42 percent of the time, so definitive staging requires anesthesia, probing, and radiographs [2]. ## Related Articles - [Why Is My Dog grinding teeth? Bruxism Dental Pain and GI Nausea](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/symptom-guides/why-is-my-dog-grinding-teeth-bruxism-dental-pain-and-gi-nausea) - [How to Brush Your Dog's Teeth: A Step-by-Step Guide](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/preventive-and-routine-care/how-to-brush-your-dogs-teeth-a-step-by-step-guide) - [How to Safely Brush Your Dog's Teeth at Home: A Vet-Approved Guide](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/vet-visit-decisions/how-to-safely-brush-dogs-teeth-at-home) - [What Is a Dental Cleaning for Dogs and Cats? What to Expect](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/preventive-and-routine-care/pet-dental-cleaning-what-to-expect) - [Feline Oral Disease: Stomatitis, Periodontal Disease, and Tooth Resorption](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/clinical-methods/feline-oral-disease-stomatitis-periodontal-disease-tooth-resorption) ## Sources 1. [The modified Triadan system: nomenclature for veterinary dentistry.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1815632/) 2. 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