# Urine Specific Gravity: What It Means and Normal Ranges
Urine specific gravity (USG) is the ratio of the density of a urine sample to the density of distilled water measured at the same temperature. Water is assigned a value of 1.000, so a USG of 1.030 means the sample is 3% denser than water. On a laboratory report you may also see this test written as sp gr, spec grav, or sp gravity. All of these mean the same measurement.
A single number cannot tell the whole story. The clinical meaning of urine specific gravity depends on one thing above all else: whether the animal is hydrated or dehydrated. Concentrated urine in a dehydrated dog is a normal kidney doing its job. Dilute urine in a dehydrated dog is a warning that the kidney is not responding.
## At a Glance: Owner-Facing Triage
| What you see | What it usually means | What to do |
|--|--|--|
| Very concentrated urine, pet bright and drinking normally | Normal kidney response, common in the morning or after exercise | Mention it at the next routine visit |
| Very concentrated urine, pet vomiting, weak, or not drinking | Dehydration. The kidney is working hard to hold water | Call your veterinarian the same day |
| Dilute or middle-of-the-range urine, pet just drank a lot of water | Usually normal dilution after a big water load | Watch for increased drinking or urination over the next few days |
| Dilute urine, pet still drinking and urinating far more than usual | Possible diabetes insipidus, kidney disease, or other cause of polyuria | Book a veterinary visit with a fresh urine sample |
| Dilute urine in a pet that is dehydrated or has high BUN and creatinine | Serious concern for kidney disease or another cause of poor concentrating ability | Treat as urgent. Do not wait |
This article is educational and is not a substitute for veterinary diagnosis or treatment.
## What Is Urine Specific Gravity?
Specific gravity compares how much dissolved material is present in a liquid against pure water. Urine contains urea, electrolytes, creatinine, and many other solutes. The more solute packed into a given volume of water, the higher the density and the higher the specific gravity.
Urine specific gravity is measured in the clinic with a refractometer, a small handheld or digital instrument that bends a beam of light through a drop of urine. The angle at which the light bends depends on how much dissolved material is in the drop, and the device converts that angle into a specific gravity reading [1][2]. This matters because reagent dipsticks also carry a "specific gravity" pad, and that pad is unreliable in animals. In dairy cattle, refractometer USG outperformed the dipstick method clearly when both were compared against urine osmolality, the reference standard. Refractometry reached an area under the receiver operating curve of 0.90 for detecting dehydration, while the dipstick method performed far worse [3]. The refractometer is the method a veterinarian should be using, and the dipstick specific gravity pad should not be trusted for clinical decisions.
Urine specific gravity is closely related to urine osmolality, which is a count of dissolved particles. The two measurements track together, but specific gravity is affected by the size and weight of the particles, not just their number. Large molecules such as glucose and protein add more to the reading than their small contribution to osmolality would suggest. This is one reason USG is a screening tool rather than a perfect measure of renal concentrating work.
## How the Kidney Concentrates Urine
The kidney filters plasma into the glomerulus and then adjusts the fluid that follows. In the loop of Henle, the kidney builds a salt gradient in the medulla. As filtrate passes through the collecting duct, antidiuretic hormone (ADH, also called vasopressin) opens water channels. Water leaves the duct and returns to the body, leaving solute behind in a smaller volume. The result is concentrated urine.
Glomerular filtrate, the fluid that first enters the tubule, has roughly the same specific gravity as plasma, about 1.008 to 1.012. From there the kidney can go in either direction. It can concentrate urine far above that value or dilute it far below it. The ability to do both is the point of the test.
ADH is released when the body senses dehydration through osmoreceptors in the brain and volume sensors in the heart and vessels. When ADH is high, urine is concentrated. When ADH is suppressed (for example after a large drink of water), urine is dilute. Diseases that interfere with ADH production, ADH action, or the medullary gradient all show up as abnormal urine concentration.
## Normal Ranges in Dogs, Cats, and Horses
| Species | Typical normal USG range | Notes |
|--|--|--|
| Dog | 1.015 to 1.045 | Maximum around 1.050 or slightly above |
| Cat | 1.035 to 1.060 | Cats concentrate urine more strongly than dogs |
| Horse | 1.020 to 1.050 | Varies widely with diet, water access, and exercise |
These ranges describe a well-hydrated animal over a normal day. A healthy animal will not sit in the middle of the range at all times. The value swings with water intake, diet moisture, time since last drink, exercise, and ambient temperature.
Cats evolved as desert hunters and have an exceptional ability to concentrate urine. A cat with a USG of 1.060 is not sick. A cat with a USG of 1.020 that has not been drinking heavily deserves attention. This species difference is why feline and canine USG values should never be interpreted with the same cutoff.
The normal values above are textbook reference ranges used in clinical practice. They are starting points, not rules. Specific gravity is most useful when read alongside the physical examination, hydration assessment, and serum chemistry. The packet of information matters more than the single number.
## Reading USG Together With Hydration Status and Azotemia
The two facts that transform a USG value from a number into a diagnosis are hydration status and azotemia. Azotemia means elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine, the two waste products routinely used to screen kidney function.
A dehydrated animal should produce concentrated urine. A dehydrated animal with azotemia should produce concentrated urine. If it does not, the kidney is failing at one of its most basic jobs.
### High USG (Concentrated Urine)
High gravity in urine, generally above the top of the species range, is the expected response to water loss. Vomiting, diarrhea, fever, reduced water intake, and heavy exercise all push USG upward. A dog with parvovirus infection and dehydration had significantly higher USG than healthy controls in one study, consistent with the body trying to conserve water [4]. Veterinarians use this same principle in cattle, where refractometer USG is one of the best bedside estimates of hydration status in calves and adult cows [5].
Once a concentrated sample is documented, the clinical question becomes whether the animal has free access to water. Concentrated urine in a pet with water available and a normal thirst drive usually means nothing more than a transient water deficit. Concentrated urine in a pet that cannot reach water is a welfare and medical emergency in itself.
### Low USG (Dilute Urine)
Specific gravity urine low relative to the species range tells the veterinarian that the kidney is not conserving water. This finding has two very different meanings depending on hydration.
In a well-hydrated pet that just drank a bowl of water, a low USG is normal physiology. The body has excess water and is dumping it. Dilute urine in a pet that has been drinking and urinating excessively, however, raises a differential list: diabetes insipidus (central or nephrogenic), psychogenic polydipsia, hyperadrenocorticism, hypercalcemia, pyelonephritis, hepatic disease, and chronic kidney disease can all produce dilute urine [6].
### Hyposthenuria
Hyposthenuria means the urine is more dilute than glomerular filtrate, generally below 1.008. The kidney is actively removing solute and returning it to the body while excreting free water. This requires a working diluting segment and suppressed ADH. A cat with central diabetes insipidus from pituitary disease had a USG of 1.003 at presentation, illustrating how extreme hyposthenuria can be when ADH signaling fails [7]. Hyposthenuria essentially rules out a simple prerenal cause for azotemia, because a prerenal kidney would be concentrating urine, not diluting it.
### Isosthenuria
Isosthenuria means the urine specific gravity is fixed at approximately the same value as glomerular filtrate, usually quoted as 1.008 to 1.012. The kidney is neither concentrating nor diluting. It is passing fluid through at the same density it arrived in. The tubular machinery that normally adjusts water content is not responding to the body's signals.
Isosthenuria by itself is not a disease. A healthy pet can have isosthenuric urine transiently. Isosthenuria in a dehydrated animal, or in an animal with azotemia, is the concerning pattern. It suggests intrinsic renal disease, meaning the kidney tissue itself is damaged to the point that it cannot concentrate or dilute. Acute intrinsic renal failure in cats is often identified in part by a USG below 1.025 in a cat that is dehydrated and azotemic [8]. The same logic applies in dogs.
One study of dogs and cats found that isosthenuric USG values were linked to increasing age and to the severity of periodontal disease in a population of animals being evaluated for kidney biomarkers [9]. That study was not designed to prove causation, but it reinforces the point that isosthenuria is a signal worth following up.
## Interpretation Table: USG, Hydration, and Clinical Meaning
| USG (dog) | USG (cat) | USG (horse) | Hydration state | Interpretation |
|--|--|--|--|--|
| Below 1.008 | Below 1.008 | Below 1.008 | Often well hydrated, sometimes dehydrated | Hyposthenuria. Active dilution. Investigate for diabetes insipidus, psychogenic polydipsia, hypercalcemia, hepatic disease, pyelonephritis |
| 1.008 to 1.012 | 1.008 to 1.012 | 1.008 to 1.012 | Any | Isosthenuria. Fixed density at the level of glomerular filtrate. If dehydrated or azotemic, suspect renal disease |
| 1.013 to 1.029 | 1.013 to 1.034 | 1.013 to 1.019 | Often well hydrated | Minimally concentrated. May be appropriate in a hydrated pet, inadequate in a dehydrated one |
| 1.030 to 1.045 | 1.035 to 1.050 | 1.020 to 1.045 | Normal to mildly dehydrated | Adequately concentrated. Expected response to a water deficit |
| Above 1.045 | Above 1.050 | Above 1.045 | Dehydrated or water restricted | Strongly concentrated. Check for access to water, and note that glucosuria or heavy proteinuria can push the reading up |
Two rules of thumb help with the table. First, USG below 1.030 in a dehydrated dog and below 1.035 in a dehydrated cat is inadequate. Second, USG at 1.008 to 1.012 in a dehydrated animal is a red flag for renal disease.
## Why the Refractometer Matters
A refractometer measures urine specific gravity directly, making it the key tool for interpreting USG results. Image: University of Dundee Museum Services, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
Refractometers are not interchangeable. A comparison of five models, including four optical handheld devices and one digital model, found that they gave clearly different results on the same urine samples from dogs and cats [2]. Two refractometers designed specifically for cat urine reported the lowest values, with a mean negative bias of 0.007 to 0.008 units compared with a total-solids reference method. The same study noted a proportional negative bias compared with dry weight and a constant negative bias compared with pycnometry, a more precise but impractical laboratory method.
A separate comparison of a Schmidt and Haensch refractometer and a digital Atago PAL-USG Cat refractometer found excellent correlation (r = 0.99) on 47 urine samples, but a proportional negative error for the Atago. Ten samples that read above 1.030 on the Schmidt and Haensch read only 1.023 to 1.028 on the Atago [1]. A drop from above 1.030 to 1.028 crosses a clinically important threshold in a dehydrated dog.
The practical message for pet owners and for veterinarians is simple. The value on the report is only as good as the instrument that produced it, and the trend over time on the same instrument is more informative than a single reading from an unknown device. Ask which refractometer was used if the number seems inconsistent with the rest of the picture.
## What Else the Veterinarian Checks
USG is one test in a urinalysis. It pairs with urine protein, glucose, sediment, and culture results. It also pairs with the serum chemistry panel.
Urine protein is easier to interpret when specific gravity is known. The urine protein to creatinine ratio (UPCR) adjusts for dilution, and it is the standard method for quantifying proteinuria. One study evaluated a simpler dipstick protein to USG ratio (DUR) in 308 dogs and 70 cats and found a moderate positive correlation with UPCR that was not influenced by active sediment, glucosuria, or pH [10]. The DUR is a screening tool, not a replacement for the UPCR.
Bacteriuria on sediment examination is another place USG matters. In a study of 481 dogs and 291 cats, microscopic bacteriuria had moderate sensitivity (76% in dogs, 64% in cats) and high specificity (97% in dogs, 96% in cats) for predicting urine culture growth. Agreement between microscopy and culture was lower in moderately concentrated urine than in isosthenuric or hyposthenuric samples [11]. In other words, a negative sediment exam in a very concentrated sample is more reassuring than one in a dilute sample.
Ultrasound findings also intersect with USG. A study of 194 dogs and cats found that when USG was below 1.015, urine was always described as anechoic on ultrasound [12]. Echoic urine had low positive predictive value for active sediment, so its appearance alone should not trigger urinary investigation.
## What Makes Urine Specific Gravity Go Up or Down
### Causes of High USG
- Water deprivation or restricted access
- Vomiting and diarrhea
- Fever and increased respiratory water loss
- Heavy exercise, especially in hot weather
- A diet with low moisture content
- Prerenal azotemia, where the kidney is trying to conserve water because of reduced blood flow
- Glucosuria in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, which adds solute to the urine
- Marked proteinuria
### Causes of Low USG
- Recent heavy water intake
- Diabetes insipidus (central or nephrogenic)
- Psychogenic polydipsia
- Chronic kidney disease
- Acute kidney injury
- Hyperadrenocorticism
- Hypercalcemia
- Pyelonephritis, which can damage the medullary concentrating gradient
- Hepatic disease
- Diuretics, including furosemide
- Intravenous or oral fluid therapy
Several of these causes can be present at once. A dehydrated dog with vomiting and diarrhea may still have a moderately concentrated USG, but the specific gravity will not reach the level a healthy kidney would produce. That is why the interpretation is always relative to the expected response.
## The Effect of Glucosuria and Proteinuria on USG
Glucose and protein are large molecules that add density to urine. A sample with a large amount of either can read higher on a refractometer than the same sample with the same water and electrolyte content but no glucose or protein. This is a real source of error, though the magnitude is often smaller than owners expect.
In a study of pooled urine from 102 dogs and 59 cats, adding glucose to a final concentration of 2,400 mg/dL increased USG, and the increase was statistically significant at several glucose concentrations. The more concentrated the urine was before glucose was added, the smaller the change. The authors concluded that the changes attributable to glucose were not clinically important [13]. The practical takeaway is that a USG of 1.045 in a poorly regulated diabetic dog is not proof of excellent concentrating ability, because part of that density comes from glucose. It is equally true that glucosuria does not typically turn a truly dilute sample into a concentrated-looking one.
Protein behaves similarly. In the refractometer comparison study, a digital instrument read albumin dilutions closer to the expected values than the optical instrument did, showing that protein does influence refractometer readings in a device-dependent way [1][2]. A urine sample with heavy proteinuria should be interpreted with that in mind, and the UPCR is the right test for the protein itself [10].
## Storage and Handling Can Change the Number
Specific gravity is not frozen in time once urine leaves the body. A study of 15 dogs followed free-catch urine samples over five hours in three storage conditions: a closed syringe, a diaper pad, and non-absorbable cat litter. USG increased over time in all three. The syringe changed the least, the diaper the most. The increase was statistically significant between the one-hour and five-hour time points for the diaper and litter samples, but the authors judged it unlikely to be clinically significant over the study period [14].
The practical implication is straightforward. A urine sample sitting in a diaper for hours before it reaches the clinic may read higher than it should. When a specific gravity result seems out of step with the clinical picture, ask about how and when the sample was collected.
## Managing the Patient
Treatment is directed at the cause of the abnormal specific gravity, not at the number itself.
For dehydration with appropriate renal concentration, fluid therapy corrects the water deficit and the USG falls as the animal rehydrates. Oral electrolyte solutions and intravenous crystalloids are selected based on the species, the severity of dehydration, and the acid-base status. In calves and adult cattle, measurement of eye recession, skin tenting duration, and refractometer USG together gives the best estimate of hydration status before fluids are started [5].
For polyuria and polydipsia with low USG, the diagnostic path usually includes a water deprivation test (performed only under direct veterinary supervision), a vasopressin trial, imaging of the pituitary and kidneys, and screening for hypercalcemia and hyperadrenocorticism. Each disease requires specific treatment.
For isosthenuria with azotemia, management focuses on the underlying renal injury, fluid balance, blood pressure control, and supportive care. In cats with acute intrinsic renal failure, survival has been reported in about half of cases, with recovery of renal function in some and persistent azotemia in others [8].
For horses, furosemide is a common performance medication and it lowers USG substantially. Racing Thoroughbreds treated with furosemide before racing had significantly lower specific gravity values than untreated horses, and a larger proportion had values below 1.010 or 1.012 [15]. The relationship between time since administration and the probability of exceeding a USG threshold has been modeled [16], and specific gravity is less precise than osmolality at the low end of the range (1.010 or below) [17]. A low USG in a racehorse is therefore expected in that context and should not be interpreted the same way as a low USG in a pet.
## Unsafe Home Remedies
Do not withhold water from a pet to raise its USG, and do not restrict fluid intake to "test" the kidney at home. Withholding water can cause severe dehydration and worsen kidney injury. Water deprivation testing is a controlled procedure that belongs in a hospital, with frequent monitoring, because an animal with diabetes insipidus or kidney disease can decompensate quickly.
Do not use over-the-counter human urine test strips to assess a pet's kidney function. The specific gravity pad on these strips is not calibrated for animal urine, and the protein pad is influenced by USG in ways that make it unreliable on its own [10][3]. Do not add salt, cranberry supplements, or diuretics to a pet's food or water to change urine concentration without a veterinarian's guidance. Salt loading in particular can harm an animal with heart or kidney disease.
## Prevention
Most abnormal USG values cannot be prevented directly, because they reflect underlying disease. What you can do is catch them early and reduce the risk factors that accelerate kidney damage.
Keep fresh water available at all times. This matters most for cats, whose water intake is highly variable. A large scoping review of 32 publications on feline water intake reported total daily water consumption ranging from 23 to 51 mL/kg body weight across groups of healthy cats, with wide variation within and between cats. USG was the most commonly reported biomarker of hydration status in that literature and was frequently measured alongside urine pH, urine volume, and serum chemistry to assess kidney function [6].
Feed a diet appropriate for the species and life stage. Schedule routine wellness visits, especially for senior cats and dogs, so that USG and serum chemistry can be tracked over time. Report increased drinking or urination promptly, because polyuria and polydipsia often precede azotemia in chronic kidney disease.
## Prognosis
Prognosis depends on the cause. A concentrated USG in a dehydrated animal with healthy kidneys usually carries an excellent prognosis once fluids are given. A low USG from psychogenic polydipsia is manageable with behavioral and environmental changes. A low USG from diabetes insipidus is manageable with medication in many cases. A low USG from chronic kidney disease carries a variable prognosis that depends on the stage and on how well complications such as proteinuria, hypertension, and hyperphosphatemia are controlled. An isosthenuric USG in a dehydrated, azotemic animal is a serious finding and warrants a full diagnostic workup.
## Emergency Red Flags
Seek veterinary care immediately if your pet shows any of these signs alongside an abnormal USG:
- Not drinking for more than 12 to 24 hours
- Vomiting or diarrhea that has lasted more than a day
- Marked lethargy, weakness, or collapse
- Very large volumes of urine with heavy drinking that started suddenly
- No urine production at all
- Rapid breathing, a swollen abdomen, or a strong odor of ammonia on the breath
- Known or suspected toxin exposure, including human medications such as carprofen overdose, which has been reported to cause dehydration despite a high USG of 1.050 at presentation in one dog [18]
## Clinical Relevance, Limitations and Common Mistakes
Urine specific gravity is one of the most useful and most misread tests in [veterinary medicine](/blog/careers/veterinary-medicine-careers-from-clinical-practice-to-public-health). It is fast, cheap, and available in nearly every clinic. It is also easy to misinterpret when it is read in isolation.
The most common mistakes are these. Interpreting USG without knowing the hydration status. Trusting a dipstick specific gravity pad instead of a refractometer [3]. Comparing a dog's value to a cat's range. Forgetting that different refractometers give different numbers on the same sample [1][2]. Assuming glucosuria guarantees a falsely high USG when the actual effect is small [13]. Forgetting that a sample stored on a diaper or in litter can creep upward over hours [14]. Reading a low USG in a well-hydrated pet as kidney disease when it may simply reflect recent water intake.
A related mistake is overinterpreting a single mildly low value. USG is a snapshot. Trends over days or weeks, especially with serum creatinine, BUN, symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), and urine protein, carry far more information than one number. Individual cases always require a veterinarian who can examine the animal and see the full laboratory picture.
## Frequently Asked Questions
### What is urine specific gravity in simple terms?
Urine specific gravity is a measure of how much dissolved material is in urine compared with pure water. Water is 1.000, so a value of 1.040 means the urine is 4% denser than water.
### What is a normal urine specific gravity for a dog?
For dogs, a typical normal range is 1.015 to 1.045, with a maximum near 1.050. A dehydrated dog should produce urine at or near the top of that range.
### What is a normal urine specific gravity for a cat?
For cats, a typical normal range is 1.035 to 1.060. Cats concentrate urine more strongly than dogs, so a feline value that would be normal in a dog can be too dilute for a cat.
### What is isosthenuria and why does it matter?
Isosthenuria means urine specific gravity is fixed at about 1.008 to 1.012, the same density as glomerular filtrate. It matters most when it appears in a dehydrated or azotemic animal, because it suggests the kidney cannot concentrate or dilute urine.
### Can glucosuria or proteinuria falsely raise urine specific gravity?
Yes, glucose and protein add density to urine and can raise the refractometer reading. In dogs and cats, the effect of glucosuria on USG was found to be statistically real but not clinically important, so a single elevated value in a diabetic pet should not be taken as proof of good concentrating ability.
### Why does furosemide lower urine specific gravity in horses?
Furosemide is a loop diuretic that increases water excretion. Treated racehorses have significantly lower USG values than untreated horses, with more samples falling below 1.010 or 1.012.
### Should I use a human urine dipstick to check my pet's specific gravity?
No. The specific gravity pad on a human dipstick is not reliable for animal urine. A veterinary refractometer is the standard method for measuring USG.
### Does a low urine specific gravity always mean kidney disease?
No. A well-hydrated pet that just drank a large amount of water can have dilute urine as a normal response. Low USG becomes concerning when it appears in a dehydrated or azotemic animal, or when it comes with excessive drinking and urination.
## Related Articles
- [Urine Specific Gravity vs. Osmolality](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/diagnostics/urine-specific-gravity-vs-osmolality-which-test-should-you-use-for-renal-concentration-ability-in-ve)
- [Urinalysis for Dogs: Interpreting pH, Protein, Glucose and Specific Gravity](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/at-home-diagnostics/urinalysis-for-dogs-interpreting-ph-protein-glucose-and-specific-gravity)
- [Cat Blood in Urine but Acting Normal: Causes and Next Steps](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/digestive-and-urinary-care/cat-blood-urine-acting-normal)
- [Dog Blood in Stool but Acting Normal: What Does It Mean?](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/digestive-and-urinary-care/dog-blood-in-stool-acting-normal)
- [How Mass Spec Identifies Proteins: A Practical Guide](/knowledge/molecular-biology/mass-spec-identify-proteins)
- [Dog Urine Deterrent](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/clinical-methods/dog-urine-deterrent)
- [Normal Pulse in Dogs: Heart Rate Ranges by Size](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/veterinary-anatomy-physiology/normal-pulse-in-dogs-heart-rate-ranges-by-size)
- [Mean Square Displacement: Formula and Examples](/blog/research-skills/mean-square-displacement-formula-and-examples)
- [Dog Liver Values High: What Elevated Enzymes Mean](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/clinical-pathology/dog-liver-values-high-what-elevated-enzymes-mean)
## Sources
1. [Comparison of a Schmidt and Haensch refractometer and an Atago PAL-USG Cat refractometer for determination of urine specific gravity in dogs and cats.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24405392/)
2. [Comparison of specific gravity analysis of feline and canine urine, using five refractometers, to pycnometric analysis and total solids by drying.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25625320/)
3. [Clinical utility of urine specific gravity, electrical conductivity, and color as on-farm methods for evaluating urine concentration in dairy cattle.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31025445/)
4. [Assessment of acute kidney injury in canine parvovirus infection: Comparison of kidney injury biomarkers with routine renal functional parameters.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30503549/)
5. [Intravenous and Oral Fluid Therapy in Neonatal Calves With Diarrhea or Sepsis and in Adult Cattle.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33585594/)
6. [Diet format, protein, amino acids, salt, and osmolytes, as well as water viscosity, affect water consumption in domestic cats: a scoping review of 32 publications (published from 1975 to 2025) on water intake, hydration status, and related health outcomes.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41389339/)
7. [Pituitary Apoplexy in a Cat With Presumed Acute Diabetes Insipidus.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40625305/)
8. [Acute intrinsic renal failure in cats: 32 cases (1997-2004).](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18312180/)
9. [The impact of periodontal disease and dental cleaning procedures on serum and urine kidney biomarkers in dogs and cats.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34324590/)
10. [Evaluation of a urine dipstick protein to urine specific gravity ratio for the detection of proteinuria in dogs and cats.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38305084/)
11. [Effect of urine-specific gravity on performance of bacteriuria in predicting urine culture results.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34897695/)
12. [Association between ultrasonographic appearance of urine and urinalysis in dogs and cats.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30868599/)
13. [Effect on urine specific gravity of the addition of glucose to urine samples of dogs and cats.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31556718/)
14. [The effect of substrate composition and storage time on urine specific gravity in dogs.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19796312/)
15. [Values of urine specific gravity for thoroughbred horses treated with furosemide prior to racing compared with untreated horses.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12033679/)
16. [Estimation of the probability for exceeding thresholds of urine specific gravity and plasma concentration of furosemide at various intervals after intravenous administration of furosemide in horses.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11560258/)
17. [Effect of furosemide on urine specific gravity and osmolality in thoroughbred racehorses.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15136991/)
18. [Treatment of carprofen overdose with therapeutic plasma exchange in a dog.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29898245/)
