# Rimadyl Carprofen for Dogs: Safe Joint Pain NSAID Dosage Protocol


## Key Takeaways

- Carprofen (Rimadyl) is a preferential COX-2 inhibitor NSAID indicated for managing pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and post-operative recovery in dogs.
- Standard oral dosing for chronic osteoarthritis is 2.2 mg/kg every 12 hours, while perioperative pain management typically utilizes 4.4 mg/kg every 24 hours.
- Efficacy in osteoarthritis is supported by studies demonstrating significant improvements in weight-bearing within two weeks, and it serves as a reliable standard for postoperative analgesia.
- Contraindications include known hypersensitivity to NSAIDs, concurrent use of other NSAIDs or corticosteroids, and significant renal or hepatic disease, necessitating cautious use and monitoring.
- Common adverse effects are gastrointestinal (vomiting, diarrhea, decreased appetite, lethargy), but severe toxicity, including organ damage, can occur with overdose, requiring immediate veterinary intervention.
- Concurrent use with other NSAIDs or corticosteroids is strictly contraindicated due to increased risk of severe adverse effects; always consult a veterinarian before combining medications.

---

Carprofen, commonly known by the brand name Rimadyl, is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) widely used in veterinary medicine to manage pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis and postoperative recovery in dogs. For owners facing a diagnosis of degenerative joint disease, understanding how this medication works, its correct dosing, and its potential risks is essential for ensuring the safety and comfort of their canine companions.

This article provides a comprehensive, source-grounded overview of Rimadyl (carprofen) for dogs, focusing on the safe dosage protocol for joint pain management. We will explain the physiology of pain, the evidence supporting carprofen use, the importance of veterinary supervision, and the critical red flags that require immediate attention. This information is educational and is not a substitute for veterinary diagnosis or treatment.

## At a Glance: Carprofen for Canine Joint Pain

Before delving into the detailed protocol, here is a quick reference table for [dog](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/clinical-methods/dog) owners and veterinary professionals.

| Feature | Carprofen (Rimadyl) Information | Source Reference |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| **Drug Class** | Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID); preferentially inhibits COX-2. | General Veterinary Knowledge |
| **Common Veterinary Uses** | Management of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis; postoperative pain control. | [<a href="#ref-1">1</a>], [<a href="#ref-2">2</a>], [<a href="#ref-3">3</a>] |
| **Standard Oral Dose (Osteoarthritis)** | 2.2 mg/kg administered orally every 12 hours (i.e., twice daily). | [<a href="#ref-4">4</a>], [<a href="#ref-5">5</a>] |
| **Standard Oral Dose (Perioperative)** | 4.4 mg/kg administered orally every 24 hours (i.e., once daily). | [<a href="#ref-1">1</a>], [<a href="#ref-6">6</a>], [<a href="#ref-3">3</a>] |
| **Route of Administration** | Oral tablets, chewable tablets, or injectable solution (for veterinary use). | [<a href="#ref-7">7</a>], [<a href="#ref-8">8</a>] |
| **Onset of Action** | Significant improvement in weight-bearing can be seen within 2 weeks of consistent use. | [<a href="#ref-2">2</a>] |
| **Common Adverse Effects** | Gastrointestinal signs (vomiting, diarrhea, decreased appetite), lethargy. | [<a href="#ref-6">6</a>], [<a href="#ref-9">9</a>] |
| **Key Contraindications** | Known hypersensitivity to NSAIDs, concurrent use of other NSAIDs or corticosteroids, significant renal or hepatic disease (use with caution). | General Veterinary Knowledge |
| **Monitoring** | Baseline blood work (especially liver and kidney values) and regular veterinary check-ups are recommended. | General Veterinary Knowledge |

## Understanding Carprofen: Mechanism of Action and Clinical Use

Carprofen is a propionic acid derivative classified as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Its primary mechanism of action is the inhibition of the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which are responsible for the production of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are key mediators of inflammation, pain, and fever. Carprofen is considered a preferential COX-2 inhibitor, meaning it more selectively targets the COX-2 enzyme, which is induced at sites of inflammation, while having less effect on COX-1, which helps maintain the protective lining of the gastrointestinal tract and supports normal kidney blood flow. This selectivity is thought to contribute to a more favorable safety profile compared to non-selective NSAIDs.

In clinical practice, carprofen is a mainstay for managing chronic pain, particularly from osteoarthritis, and for providing perioperative analgesia. Its efficacy in these areas is well-documented in veterinary literature.

### Evidence for Efficacy in Osteoarthritis

A prospective, block-randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial evaluated the effectiveness of carprofen against other supplements and a placebo for treating dogs with hip osteoarthritis [<a href="#ref-2">2</a>]. The study measured peak vertical force (PVF), an objective measure of weight-bearing, and subjective orthopedic assessment scores. The results showed that dogs receiving carprofen at a standard dose demonstrated a significant increase in PVF as early as week 2 of treatment. By weeks 4 and 6, the improvement in weight-bearing for the carprofen group was not only significant when compared to baseline but was also significantly greater than the improvement seen in the placebo and glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate groups [<a href="#ref-2">2</a>]. This provides strong evidence that carprofen provides measurable, objective improvement in limb function for dogs with osteoarthritis.

### Evidence for Efficacy in Postoperative Pain

Carprofen is frequently used to manage acute pain following surgical procedures. Multiple studies have established its effectiveness in this setting.

- A multicenter, randomized, blinded field trial compared a single dose of enflicoxib to daily carprofen (4 mg/kg) for controlling pain and inflammation after soft tissue surgery in 215 dogs [<a href="#ref-7">7</a>]. The study found that carprofen was effective in controlling postoperative pain, as measured by the short form of the Glasgow Composite Pain Scale (SF-GCPS), and that the test drug was noninferior to carprofen [<a href="#ref-7">7</a>]. This confirms carprofen's role as a reliable standard for postoperative analgesia.
- Another study evaluated the perioperative analgesic effects of grapiprant compared with carprofen (4.4 mg/kg) in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy [<a href="#ref-3">3</a>]. The results demonstrated that carprofen provided effective pain control, with pain scores decreasing over time postoperatively. The study concluded that grapiprant was noninferior to carprofen, further validating carprofen's analgesic efficacy in a surgical setting [<a href="#ref-3">3</a>].
- A preliminary study comparing grapiprant and carprofen (4.4 mg/kg) for postoperative pain following ovariohysterectomy also found no significant difference in pain scores between the two groups, with both providing adequate analgesia [<a href="#ref-1">1</a>]. Interestingly, this study found that carprofen was more effective at reducing prostaglandin E2 concentrations at the site of inflammation, a key biomarker of pain and swelling [<a href="#ref-1">1</a>].

## The Safe Dosage Protocol for Carprofen

The safe and effective use of carprofen hinges on accurate dosing and adherence to a veterinarian's instructions. The dose is calculated based on the dog's body weight, and it is critical that owners never guess or estimate this dose.

### Standard Dosing for Chronic Joint Pain

For the management of chronic osteoarthritis, the standard licensed dose of carprofen is **2.2 mg/kg (1 mg/lb) of body weight, administered orally every 12 hours**. This means a dog would receive the medication twice a day. Some protocols may also use a higher dose of 4.4 mg/kg once daily, but the twice-daily regimen is common for maintaining consistent levels of pain relief [<a href="#ref-4">4</a>].

A study evaluating the stability of carprofen in canine plasma used a dose of 2.2 mg/kg every 12 hours for two days, reflecting this standard protocol [<a href="#ref-4">4</a>]. Another study on postoperative pain management in dogs undergoing tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) used a similar dose of 2.2 mg/kg subcutaneously every 12 hours [<a href="#ref-5">5</a>].

### Standard Dosing for Perioperative Pain

For controlling pain associated with surgery, a higher dose is often used. The standard perioperative dose is **4.4 mg/kg (2 mg/lb) of body weight, administered orally or subcutaneously every 24 hours**. This is typically given before or at the time of anesthesia induction and continued for a limited period postoperatively [<a href="#ref-1">1</a>], [<a href="#ref-7">7</a>], [<a href="#ref-6">6</a>], [<a href="#ref-3">3</a>].

For example, in a study on inflammatory mammary carcinoma, dogs received carprofen at 4.4 mg/kg every 24 hours [<a href="#ref-6">6</a>]. Similarly, studies on postoperative pain following ovariohysterectomy used the 4.4 mg/kg dose [<a href="#ref-1">1</a>], [<a href="#ref-3">3</a>].

### Critical Dosing Rules

- **Never Double Up:** If a dose is missed, do not administer two doses at the next scheduled time. This can increase the risk of adverse effects. Contact your veterinarian for specific instructions.
- **Use the Provided Syringe or Measuring Device:** Always use the measuring device provided by your veterinarian or pharmacist to ensure an accurate dose.
- **Administer with Food:** Giving carprofen with or after a meal can help reduce the risk of gastrointestinal upset.
- **Adherence to Schedule:** Consistent timing of doses helps maintain a steady level of the drug in the body, which is important for effective pain control.

## Clinical Evidence: Carprofen in Specific Scenarios

The safety and efficacy of carprofen are supported by research across various clinical scenarios, providing a robust evidence base for its use.

### Carprofen in Orthopedic Surgery

Management of pain after orthopedic procedures is crucial for recovery. A retrospective study on 205 small-breed dogs undergoing orthopedic surgeries compared five different analgesic protocols, one of which was carprofen alone [<a href="#ref-10">10</a>]. While the study found that a multimodal approach (combining local anesthetics, hydromorphone, and meloxicam) provided the most rapid and sustained pain relief, it also showed that carprofen alone was a viable option. However, the study highlighted that for small-breed dogs with low physiological reserves, a multimodal approach may offer superior pain control [<a href="#ref-10">10</a>]. This suggests that while carprofen is effective, it may be most beneficial when used as part of a broader pain management plan for complex or painful procedures.

Another study specifically looked at the effect of gonadectomy on pain assessment in dogs undergoing orthopedic stifle surgery. All dogs in the study received carprofen (4 mg/kg) subcutaneously as part of their premedication [<a href="#ref-8">8</a>]. The study confirmed that carprofen was a safe and effective component of the analgesic protocol for these patients, allowing for a standardized baseline of pain control across the study groups [<a href="#ref-8">8</a>].

### Carprofen in Gastrointestinal Surgery

A significant concern with NSAID use is the potential for gastrointestinal (GI) complications. A retrospective cohort study investigated the relationship between carprofen administration and the occurrence of GI dehiscence and ileus in 721 dogs following surgery for a foreign body obstruction [<a href="#ref-11">11</a>]. Of these, 69 dogs received carprofen postoperatively. The study found **no difference in the occurrence of ileus or intestinal dehiscence** in dogs that received carprofen compared to those that did not [<a href="#ref-11">11</a>]. This is a crucial finding, suggesting that when used judiciously, carprofen may not significantly increase the risk of severe GI complications in the immediate postoperative period following GI surgery, although the decision to use it must be made by the attending veterinarian on a case-by-case basis.

### Carprofen in Cancer-Related Pain and Inflammation

Inflammatory mammary carcinoma (IMC) is an aggressive cancer in dogs that often involves significant inflammation and pain. A study evaluated a treatment regimen combining toceranib phosphate and carprofen (4.4 mg/kg/24 h) in 15 dogs with IMC [<a href="#ref-6">6</a>]. The study reported that while the treatment did not shrink the tumors, 60% of the dogs maintained stable disease and showed an improved quality of life. The treatment was well-tolerated, with only mild (grade I/II) toxicities reported [<a href="#ref-6">6</a>]. This indicates that carprofen can play a valuable role in palliative care, helping to manage inflammation and maintain comfort in dogs with painful neoplastic conditions.

### Carprofen and Concurrent Therapies

It is common to wonder if other supplements or therapies can be used alongside carprofen to enhance pain relief.

- **Omega-3 Fatty Acids:** A systematic review investigated whether marine-derived omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FAs) provided additional benefit when used as an adjunct to NSAID therapy (including carprofen) for dogs with osteoarthritis [<a href="#ref-12">12</a>]. The review concluded that there is **no evidence** that n-3 FAs provide additional benefit when used with NSAIDs for treating canine osteoarthritis [<a href="#ref-12">12</a>]. While omega-3s have their own health benefits, they should not be considered a replacement or a booster for the analgesic effects of carprofen.
- **Cannabis Extract:** A 2026 randomized, double-blind clinical trial evaluated a full-spectrum Cannabis sativa oil extract in dogs with chronic osteoarthritis [<a href="#ref-13">13</a>]. The study used a cautious dose escalation protocol for the cannabis extract. By day 28, the cannabis group showed a significant reduction in pain scores. However, this study did not compare cannabis directly to carprofen. It is critical to understand that cannabis products are not regulated and can have unpredictable effects. They should never be used as a substitute for a proven veterinary NSAID without direct veterinary supervision, as interactions and adverse effects are possible [<a href="#ref-13">13</a>].
- **Other NSAIDs:** The concurrent use of carprofen with another NSAID or a corticosteroid is strictly contraindicated due to the significantly increased risk of severe gastrointestinal ulceration, kidney damage, and other serious adverse effects. Always inform your veterinarian of all medications and supplements your dog is receiving.

## Potential Adverse Effects and Toxicity

While carprofen is generally safe and well-tolerated when used correctly, it is not without risks. Owners must be vigilant for signs of adverse effects.

### Common Side Effects

The most commonly reported adverse effects are related to the gastrointestinal system. These can include:
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea (or diarrhoea)
- Decreased appetite
- Lethargy

In the study on inflammatory mammary carcinoma, dogs receiving carprofen experienced only grade I/II toxicities, which are considered mild and manageable [<a href="#ref-6">6</a>]. However, any sign of GI upset should be reported to a veterinarian promptly.

### Signs of Severe Toxicity

An overdose of carprofen can be life-threatening. A case report detailed the successful management of a dog that ingested a massive dose of 223 mg/kg of carprofen [<a href="#ref-9">9</a>]. This dog required aggressive decontamination, including activated charcoal and cholestyramine, as well as intravenous lipid emulsion and manual therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) to lower the drug concentration in the blood [<a href="#ref-9">9</a>]. Fortunately, the dog recovered without developing organ dysfunction.

Signs of severe carprofen toxicity can include:
- Severe or persistent vomiting, possibly with blood
- Black, tarry stools (melena)
- Severe lethargy or weakness
- Jaundice (yellowing of the gums, skin, or eyes), indicating liver damage
- Increased thirst and urination, or a lack of urination, indicating kidney damage
- Seizures or collapse

If an overdose is suspected, or if any of these severe signs are observed, **seek immediate emergency veterinary care**.

### The Impact on Platelet-Rich Gel and Healing

Some research has explored the effect of carprofen on tissue healing. Carprofen, like other NSAIDs, can influence the inflammatory phase of healing. A study on canine platelet-rich gel (PRG) examined the release of growth factors and cytokines after a single dose of carprofen or firocoxib [<a href="#ref-14">14</a>]. The study found that carprofen did not significantly affect the release of platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB), which is crucial for healing. However, it was associated with lower concentrations of some pro-inflammatory cytokines, like TNF-α, at 6 hours [<a href="#ref-14">14</a>]. This suggests that while carprofen may modulate the inflammatory response, it does not appear to have a major detrimental effect on the initial release of key growth factors necessary for tissue repair [<a href="#ref-14">14</a>]. Further multivariate analysis confirmed that a single dose of carprofen has a complex but generally mild effect on the biological organization of PRG [<a href="#ref-15">15</a>].

## Factors Influencing Drug Levels and Stability

For research and clinical purposes, understanding how carprofen behaves in the body is important.

A study investigated the stability of carprofen in canine plasma when stored at -80°C for up to 6 months [<a href="#ref-4">4</a>]. The researchers found that **storage duration had no effect on measured carprofen levels** over the 6-month period. This means that blood samples can be collected and stored for later analysis without significant degradation of the drug, which is valuable for therapeutic drug monitoring or pharmacokinetic studies [<a href="#ref-4">4</a>].

## Owner Responsibilities and Monitoring

The safe use of carprofen is a partnership between the veterinarian and the pet owner.

### Before Starting Treatment

Before your dog starts a course of carprofen, your veterinarian will likely recommend a physical examination and may suggest baseline blood work. This is especially important for senior dogs or those with pre-existing health conditions. Blood tests can help assess liver and kidney function, which can identify dogs that may be at higher risk for NSAID-related complications.

### During Treatment

- **Observe Your Dog:** Monitor your dog closely for any changes in behavior, appetite, or bathroom habits.
- **Report Concerns:** Contact your veterinarian immediately if you notice any signs of vomiting, diarrhea, decreased appetite, or lethargy.
- **Do Not Self-Adjust:** Never change the dose or frequency of carprofen without consulting your veterinarian.
- **Regular Check-ups:** For long-term use, your veterinarian may recommend periodic blood work to ensure your dog's liver and kidneys remain healthy.

## Limitations and When to Contact a Veterinarian

This article provides a general overview of carprofen for canine joint pain. It is crucial to understand its limitations. Breed-specific reactions to carprofen can vary, and while certain breeds may be more sensitive to NSAIDs, this information cannot predict an individual dog's response. The information presented here is not a substitute for a professional veterinary diagnosis.

You must contact your veterinarian if:
- Your dog has never been diagnosed with osteoarthritis or another painful condition.
- Your dog is showing signs of severe pain, such as crying, reluctance to move, or aggression.
- Your dog experiences any adverse effects while taking carprofen.
- Your dog's pain is not well-controlled with the current dose.
- You are considering using carprofen in conjunction with any other medication, including supplements.

Never administer carprofen to a dog without a prescription and a specific dosing instruction from a licensed veterinarian.

## Frequently Asked Questions

### 1. What is the correct Rimadyl (carprofen) dosage for a dog with arthritis?
The standard dose for managing chronic arthritis pain is 2.2 mg/kg (1 mg/lb) of body weight, given orally every 12 hours. Your veterinarian will confirm the exact dose for your dog based on their specific needs and health status.

### 2. How quickly does Rimadyl start working for joint pain?
Clinical studies show that significant improvement in weight-bearing and mobility can be observed within 2 weeks of consistent, daily administration of carprofen [<a href="#ref-2">2</a>]. Some dogs may show signs of improvement sooner.

### 3. Can I give my dog Rimadyl and other pain medications together?
You should never give your dog another NSAID or a corticosteroid while they are on carprofen, as this can lead to severe, life-threatening side effects. Other types of pain medications, like opioids, may be used under strict veterinary supervision, but you must always consult your vet before adding any medication.

### 4. What are the most common side effects of Rimadyl in dogs?
The most common side effects are gastrointestinal and include vomiting, diarrhea, decreased appetite, and lethargy [<a href="#ref-6">6</a>]. If you notice any of these signs, stop the medication and contact your veterinarian.

### 5. What should I do if I accidentally give my dog too much Rimadyl?
If you suspect an overdose of carprofen, this is a medical emergency. Contact your veterinarian or an emergency animal hospital immediately. Do not wait for signs of toxicity to appear. Prompt treatment is critical [<a href="#ref-9">9</a>].

### 6. Is it safe to use Rimadyl for a dog with liver or kidney problems?
Carprofen should be used with extreme caution in dogs with pre-existing liver or kidney disease. Your veterinarian will likely recommend baseline blood work and may adjust the dose or choose a different medication to ensure your dog's safety.

### 7. Can Rimadyl be used for long-term pain management in dogs?
Yes, carprofen is commonly used for long-term management of chronic osteoarthritis. However, it requires regular veterinary monitoring, including periodic blood tests, to ensure the medication is not causing any silent organ damage.

### 8. Are there any natural alternatives to Rimadyl for joint pain?
Some studies have looked at supplements like glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and marine-based fatty acids. However, a placebo-controlled trial found that carprofen was significantly more effective than a glucosamine/chondroitin supplement at improving weight-bearing in dogs with hip osteoarthritis [<a href="#ref-2">2</a>]. While these supplements may support joint health, they are not proven to be effective substitutes for the pain-relieving effects of an NSAID like carprofen.

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## Sources

<a id="ref-1"></a>[<a href="#ref-1">1</a>] [Preliminary evaluation of the effects of grapiprant compared with carprofen on acute pain and inflammation following ovariohysterectomy in dogs.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35930789/)

<a id="ref-2"></a>[<a href="#ref-2">2</a>] [Study of the effectiveness of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate, marine based fatty acid compounds (PCSO-524 and EAB-277), and carprofen for the treatment of dogs with hip osteoarthritis: A prospective, block-randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36816197/)

<a id="ref-3"></a>[<a href="#ref-3">3</a>] [Evaluation of the perioperative analgesic effects of grapiprant compared with carprofen in dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36374577/)

<a id="ref-4"></a>[<a href="#ref-4">4</a>] [Effect of storage duration on carprofen concentration measurements in dog plasma.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37471576/)

<a id="ref-5"></a>[<a href="#ref-5">5</a>] [Blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of bupivacaine liposomal suspension using static bodyweight distribution and subjective pain scoring in dogs after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy surgery.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37114870/)

<a id="ref-6"></a>[<a href="#ref-6">6</a>] [Impact of Toceranib Phosphate and Carprofen on Survival and Quality of Life in Dogs with Inflammatory Mammary Carcinomas.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39330809/)

<a id="ref-7"></a>[<a href="#ref-7">7</a>] [Efficacy of enflicoxib for postoperative pain and inflammation in soft tissue surgery in dogs: a multicenter and randomized clinical field trial.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41125125/)

<a id="ref-8"></a>[<a href="#ref-8">8</a>] [Effect of gonadectomy on pain assessment in dogs undergoing orthopaedic stifle surgery.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37295978/)

<a id="ref-9"></a>[<a href="#ref-9">9</a>] [Successful management of severe carprofen toxicity with manual therapeutic plasma exchange in a dog.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35527394/)

<a id="ref-10"></a>[<a href="#ref-10">10</a>] [Multimodal Analgesia Provides Superior Postoperative Pain Control Following Orthopedic Surgery in Small-Breed Dogs.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41897855/)

<a id="ref-11"></a>[<a href="#ref-11">11</a>] [A retrospective analysis of postoperative gastrointestinal dehiscence and ileus in dogs receiving carprofen or not receiving carprofen following gastrointestinal surgery.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40317747/)

<a id="ref-12"></a>[<a href="#ref-12">12</a>] [Comparison of the effect of marine-derived omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FAs) as an adjunct to a non-steroidal inflammatory drug (NSAID) therapy vs NSAID therapy alone, for dogs with osteoarthritis.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42007295/)

<a id="ref-13"></a>[<a href="#ref-13">13</a>] [Randomized and Blind Evaluation of the Efficacy of a Full-Spectrum Oral Cannabis sativa Oil Extract, Standardized Based on CBD-A, CBD and THC-A, THC in Canines with Chronic Osteoarthritis.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41897881/)

<a id="ref-14"></a>[<a href="#ref-14">14</a>] [Short-Term Effects of Two COX-2 Selective Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs on the Release of Growth Factors and Cytokines from Canine Platelet-Rich Gel Supernatants.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38920942/)

<a id="ref-15"></a>[<a href="#ref-15">15</a>] [Exploratory Multivariate Analysis of Mediator Organization in Canine Platelet-Rich Gel Under NSAID Exposure.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41892568/)

<a id="ref-16"></a>[<a href="#ref-16">16</a>] [Laboratory safety evaluation of bedinvetmab, a canine anti-nerve growth factor monoclonal antibody, in dogs.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34391918/)

<a id="ref-17"></a>[<a href="#ref-17">17</a>] [Perioperative pain management in dogs and cats: Attitudes and practices among Thai veterinarians.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39616117/)

<a id="ref-18"></a>[<a href="#ref-18">18</a>] [Case Report: Presumed non-septic erosive sacroiliitis in a juvenile Bernese Mountain Dog: a 1.5-year follow-up.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41127355/)

<a id="ref-19"></a>[<a href="#ref-19">19</a>] [Intraperitoneal and incisional ropivacaine did not improve postoperative analgesia after multimodal anaesthesia compared with saline in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37822246/)

<a id="ref-20"></a>[<a href="#ref-20">20</a>] [Corrigendum: Study of the effectiveness of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate, marine based fatty acid compounds (PCSO-524 and EAB-277), and carprofen for the treatment of dogs with hip osteoarthritis: a prospective, block-randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37601749/)

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