Q: What is the starting dose of NPH insulin for a dog?

The typical starting dose for NPH insulin in a dog is 0.25 to 0.50 U/kg, administered subcutaneously every 12 hours. However, the exact starting dose is determined by your veterinarian and is based on your dog's individual needs and overall health.

Q: How often should I give my dog NPH insulin?

NPH insulin is an intermediate-acting insulin with a duration of action of approximately 12 hours. Therefore, it is most commonly recommended to be given twice daily, every 12 hours, ideally right after a meal.

Q: Can I give my dog NPH insulin and feed him only once a day?

While some dogs can be managed with once-daily dosing of other insulin types, NPH insulin's duration of action makes it best suited for a twice-daily protocol. Giving it only once a day would leave your dog without adequate insulin coverage for a significant portion of the day, leading to poor glycemic control.

Q: What should I do if my dog misses a dose of NPH insulin?

If you miss a dose, do not give a double dose to make up for it. Contact your veterinarian for specific instructions. Generally, if you catch the missed dose within a few hours, your vet may advise you to give it and adjust the next meal. Otherwise, you may be instructed to skip the missed dose and resume the normal schedule at the next injection time.

Q: What are the signs of an insulin overdose in a dog?

Signs of an insulin overdose are signs of hypoglycemia and can include lethargy, weakness, disorientation, ataxia (stumbling), tremors, seizures, and collapse. This is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment.

Q: How is the NPH insulin dose adjusted in dogs?

The NPH insulin dose is adjusted by a veterinarian based on clinical signs, serial blood glucose curves, and serum fructosamine levels. The goal is to find the lowest effective dose that controls clinical signs without causing hypoglycemia.

Q: Is NPH insulin the same as human insulin?

NPH insulin is a recombinant human insulin preparation that is commonly used in veterinary medicine. While it is manufactured to be identical to human insulin, it is effective and safe for use in dogs.

Q: Can I use insulin glargine (Lantus) instead of NPH for my dog?

Insulin glargine is a long-acting insulin. While it can be used in dogs, its time-action profile is different from NPH. Studies show it has a longer duration of action, which may not be ideal for controlling postprandial glucose spikes after meals. NPH is typically the first choice for dogs, but your veterinarian may recommend a different type based on your dog's specific needs.

# NPH Insulin Dogs Dose: Canine Diabetes Twice Daily Protocol ## Key Takeaways - The standard protocol for NPH insulin in diabetic dogs involves subcutaneous administration every 12 hours, typically with meals, due to its approximate 12-hour duration of action. - Initial NPH insulin dosing for dogs generally ranges from 0.25 to 0.50 U/kg per injection, with a median maintenance dose observed around 0.49 U/kg in one study, necessitating careful veterinary adjustment. - Effective management relies on serial blood glucose curves to assess nadir and duration, serum fructosamine for long-term glycemic trends, and close monitoring of clinical signs like polyuria and polydipsia. - Hypoglycemia, characterized by weakness, disorientation, seizures, or coma, is the most significant immediate risk and requires prompt administration of a sugar source (e.g., corn syrup) and immediate veterinary consultation. - Diet composition, particularly the glycemic index of starches, and consistent, moderate exercise are critical adjuncts to insulin therapy for optimal glycemic control. - Dose adjustments are exclusively determined by a veterinarian based on clinical response and diagnostic monitoring, with increases typically 10-25% if signs persist and decreases or maintenance if hypoglycemia is a concern. --- **Direct answer:** For most diabetic dogs, the starting dose of NPH insulin is approximately 0.25 to 0.50 U/kg administered subcutaneously every 12 hours, with food. The dose is then adjusted based on serial blood glucose curves and clinical signs. However, the final maintenance dose varies widely, with studies showing median doses around 0.49 U/kg per injection in one controlled trial [1]. Twice daily administration of NPH insulin is the standard of care for canine diabetes because its duration of action is approximately 12 hours, aligning with the need to control postprandial hyperglycemia after each meal [2][1]. **Owner Triage Summary:** If your [dog](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/clinical-methods/dog) has been diagnosed with diabetes and prescribed NPH insulin, you will be giving injections every 12 hours, ideally right after a meal. The starting dose is calculated by your veterinarian based on your dog's weight, but it is usually less than 0.5 U/kg per injection. Never adjust the dose without veterinary guidance. The most significant immediate risk is hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), which can cause weakness, disorientation, seizures, and coma. If you suspect hypoglycemia, offer a sugar source (like corn syrup or honey) on the gums and contact your veterinarian or emergency clinic immediately. This article explains the protocol, the science behind it, and the monitoring required for safe, effective treatment. --- ## At a Glance: NPH Insulin in Dogs | Feature | Description | | :--- | :--- | | **Type** | Intermediate-acting insulin (Neutral Protamine Hagedorn) [3] | | **Typical Starting Dose** | ~0.25 - 0.50 U/kg per injection (veterinarian determined) [1] | | **Median Maintenance Dose** | ~0.49 U/kg per injection (range 0.23-0.68 U/kg) in one study [1] | | **Dosing Frequency** | Every 12 hours (twice daily), typically with meals [2][1] | | **Route** | Subcutaneous (SC) injection | | **Onset of Action** | ~1-2 hours (based on time-action profiles) [3] | | **Peak Effect** | ~4-8 hours (based on time-action profiles) [3] | | **Duration of Action** | ~12 hours (supports twice daily dosing) [2][1] | | **Primary Goal** | Control clinical signs (PU/PD) and maintain blood glucose in an acceptable range (often 100-250 mg/dL) without causing hypoglycemia [1] | | **Key Monitoring** | Serial blood glucose curves, serum fructosamine, clinical signs [1][4] | --- ## Understanding NPH Insulin and Its Role in Canine Diabetes Diabetes mellitus in dogs is typically an insulin-dependent disease, meaning the body does not produce enough insulin to regulate blood glucose. The cornerstone of therapy is exogenous insulin administration [5]. Among the available insulin types, intermediate-acting insulins, such as NPH (Neutral Protamine Hagedorn) insulin, are frequently the first choice for dogs [5]. NPH insulin is a crystalline suspension of insulin with protamine and zinc, which slows its absorption and prolongs its effect compared to regular insulin [3]. ### Why Twice Daily? The pharmacokinetic profile of NPH insulin is the primary reason for a twice-daily (BID) protocol. Its duration of action is approximately 12 hours in dogs, making it a logical match for a schedule of two meals and two injections per day [2][1]. A landmark field study from 1992 demonstrated the practicality of this approach, with owners successfully administering isophane insulin (a form of NPH) twice daily to 54 diabetic dogs [2]. More recent randomized controlled trials have confirmed that NPH insulin administered every 12 hours is effective and safe for managing diabetes in dogs [1]. Giving NPH insulin once daily would leave a significant portion of the day without adequate insulin coverage, leading to persistent hyperglycemia. ### NPH vs. Other Insulins While NPH is a common choice, it is not the only option. Its time-action profile differs from other preparations: - **Lente Insulin:** A study comparing lente and NPH insulin found them to be similarly effective for treating newly diagnosed diabetic dogs. Both were administered every 12 hours, and there was no significant difference in the proportion of dogs achieving good glycemic control (60% for lente vs. 73% for NPH) [1]. - **Long-Acting Insulins (e.g., Glargine, Detemir, Degludec):** These have a longer duration of action than NPH. Studies show they can provide basal insulin coverage for over 24 hours [6][7]. While they can be used in dogs, their longer action may not align perfectly with the postprandial glucose spikes seen after twice-daily feeding. For instance, one study found that insulin degludec caused postprandial hyperglycemia and somewhat lower preprandial glucose levels compared to NPH [7]. Insulin detemir has been shown to achieve intensive glycemic control at a lower dosage than NPH [6]. However, NPH remains a standard, effective, and often more affordable first-line therapy [5]. - **Protamine Zinc Insulin (PZI):** This is a long-acting insulin with a slow onset and a duration of action often exceeding 24 hours in dogs [8]. It is more commonly used in cats but can be an alternative for dogs. The choice of insulin should be individualized based on the patient's response, lifestyle, and the veterinarian's preference [5]. --- ## The NPH Insulin Dogs Dose: A Step-by-Step Protocol The goal of insulin therapy is not to achieve a constant "normal" blood glucose but to minimize clinical signs (like excessive thirst and urination) and avoid the extremes of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. The "right" dose is the lowest dose that achieves this goal. ### Starting Dose The initial dose of NPH insulin for a dog is typically calculated based on body weight. While a common starting point is 0.25 U/kg, some protocols begin at 0.5 U/kg. It is critical to note that this is a starting point, not a final dose. - **Example:** A 20 kg dog might be started at 0.25 U/kg, which would be a 5-unit dose (20 kg x 0.25 U = 5 U) every 12 hours. A study by Fracassi et al. (2018) provides a useful reference point. In their randomized trial, the median insulin dose per injection at the end of the study was 0.49 U/kg (range, 0.23-0.68 U/kg) for the NPH group [1]. This indicates that while the starting dose is low, dose adjustments are common and the final maintenance dose often falls in the 0.4-0.6 U/kg range. ### Dose Adjustments Dose adjustments should only be made by a veterinarian. They are typically based on: 1. **Clinical Signs:** The most important indicator of successful therapy is the resolution of clinical signs, particularly polyuria (excessive urination) and polydipsia (excessive thirst) [1][9]. 2. **Blood Glucose Curves:** A blood glucose curve involves measuring blood glucose levels at regular intervals (e.g., every 2 hours) over a 12-24 hour period, starting just before an insulin injection. This curve reveals the glucose nadir (lowest point), the peak insulin effect, and the duration of glycemic control. This information is used to make precise dose adjustments. 3. **Serum Fructosamine:** This test measures the average blood glucose concentration over the previous 1-2 weeks. It is a valuable tool for assessing long-term glycemic control and is less stressful than a full day of blood glucose curves [4]. A decrease in serum fructosamine concentration reflects improved glycemic status [4]. **General Adjustment Principles:** - **If clinical signs persist and glucose nadir is too high:** The dose may be increased by 10-25%. - **If the glucose nadir is in the low range (e.g., <100 mg/dL):** The dose may be decreased or kept the same, depending on the presence of clinical signs. - **If hypoglycemia occurs:** The dose must be reduced immediately. ### Administration Technique NPH insulin is administered subcutaneously. Owners are typically taught to inject the insulin into the loose skin over the back of the neck or along the side of the chest. It is crucial to: - **Use the correct syringe:** U-100 insulin syringes are used for U-100 insulin (100 IU/mL). - **Rotate injection sites:** This helps prevent lipohypertrophy (thickening of the fat layer), which can affect insulin absorption [10]. - **Be consistent:** Inject immediately after the meal to ensure the insulin peaks when the food is being absorbed. This helps prevent hypoglycemia. --- ## Evidence-Based Management: What the Studies Show The protocol for using NPH insulin in dogs is supported by decades of clinical research. ### Clinical Efficacy of Twice-Daily NPH The 1992 study by Lorenzen was one of the first large-scale evaluations of twice-daily isophane (NPH) insulin in dogs. Owners of 54 diabetic dogs administered injections morning and evening, followed by a meal. The results were impressive: clinical symptoms disappeared in 54% of dogs within 8 days, and 96% were normalized within a month. Blood glucose levels were normalized in 64% of dogs within 14 days [2]. This study established the feasibility and effectiveness of the BID protocol in a real-world setting. A more recent prospective, randomized study by Fracassi et al. (2018) compared NPH insulin to lente insulin in 30 newly diagnosed diabetic dogs. Both groups received insulin every 12 hours. The study found that both insulins significantly improved polyuria, polydipsia, and glucose concentrations. At the end of the 12-week study, glycemic control was considered good in 73% of dogs in the NPH group [1]. This confirms that NPH is a highly effective first-line therapy. ### The Importance of Monitoring The 1997 study by Thoresen and Lorenzen highlighted the importance of monitoring in managing diabetic dogs. They used serum fructosamine assays to monitor 15 dogs treated with isophane insulin. The study found that increases in serum fructosamine concentration reflected hyperglycemia and a deteriorated clinical condition, while decreases reflected improved glycemic status [4]. This reinforces that monitoring is a dynamic process, using both clinical signs and laboratory values to guide therapy. ### Risks of Insulin Overdose While the goal is to find the correct dose, errors can happen. A case report by Park et al. (2023) describes a severe, life-threatening event in a dog that received an accidental overdose of NPH insulin. The dog received 11.1 U/kg, which was 10 times the prescribed dose. This resulted in severe hypoglycemia (blood glucose <50 mg/dL) and cluster seizures. The dog required intensive treatment with intravenous dextrose, anticonvulsants, and a glucagon infusion for 37 hours before stabilizing [11]. This case underscores several critical points: - **The danger of dosing errors:** Always double-check the dose before drawing it up. - **The severity of hypoglycemia:** Hypoglycemia is a medical emergency that can be fatal if not treated promptly. - **The need for owner education:** Owners must be thoroughly trained on how to recognize and respond to signs of hypoglycemia. --- ## Anatomy and Physiology: Why Insulin Works To understand the dosing protocol, it is helpful to understand the basic physiology. Insulin is a hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas. Its primary role is to facilitate the uptake of glucose from the bloodstream into cells, where it is used for energy or stored. In a healthy dog, insulin is released in a precise manner in response to rising blood glucose levels after a meal. In a diabetic dog, this system is disrupted. The pancreas either does not produce enough insulin or the body's cells do not respond to it properly. This leads to hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar. When blood sugar exceeds the renal threshold, glucose spills into the urine, drawing water with it. This causes the classic signs of diabetes: polyuria (PU) and polydipsia (PD). Exogenous insulin therapy replaces the missing hormone. By injecting NPH insulin, we provide the body with a basal level of insulin that rises and falls over a predictable period. The goal is to mimic the natural postprandial insulin spike, which is why the injection is timed with meals. The intermediate-acting nature of NPH means its peak effect occurs a few hours after injection, which coincides with the digestion and absorption of the meal, helping to control postprandial hyperglycemia [3]. --- ## Veterinary Examination and Diagnostics Diagnosing diabetes mellitus and monitoring therapy involves several steps. While a diagnosis is often suspected based on clinical signs and a finding of persistent hyperglycemia and glucosuria, a thorough workup is essential. 1. **Physical Examination:** A full physical exam is the first step. The veterinarian will look for signs of dehydration, poor body condition, cataracts, and other systemic illnesses. 2. **Blood Glucose Measurement:** A single high blood glucose reading is not enough for a diagnosis, as stress can cause transient hyperglycemia. However, persistent hyperglycemia combined with glucosuria is highly suggestive of diabetes. 3. **Serum Fructosamine:** As mentioned, this test provides a 1-2 week average of blood glucose levels. It is an excellent tool for confirming a diagnosis and is particularly useful for monitoring the effectiveness of treatment over time [4]. 4. **Urinalysis:** This checks for glucose and ketones in the urine. The presence of ketones is a sign of severe insulin deficiency and can indicate a risk for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a life-threatening emergency. 5. **Blood Glucose Curves:** Once on insulin, a blood glucose curve is the most detailed way to assess the response to a specific dose. It helps determine the glucose nadir, the peak effect of the insulin, and how long the insulin's effect lasts. --- ## Management Beyond the Injection Insulin is the cornerstone of therapy, but it is not the only component. Successful management requires a holistic approach. ### Diet and Feeding The timing and composition of meals are critical to the success of a twice-daily insulin protocol. The goal is to match the peak of insulin action with the postprandial rise in blood glucose. - **Feeding Schedule:** Dogs should be fed the same amount of the same food at the same time each day, ideally immediately before or after each insulin injection [2][12]. - **Diet Composition:** The type of starch in the diet can significantly impact glycemic control. A study by Teshima et al. (2021) found that a diet with a low-glycemic index starch source (sorghum) resulted in better glycemic control than a diet with a high-glycemic index starch (broken rice) in diabetic dogs. The study also looked at feeding frequency, but the starch source had a more pronounced effect [12]. - **Fiber:** Diets high in fiber can help slow glucose absorption and smooth out postprandial glucose curves. The 1992 study by Lorenzen used meals rich in fiber [2]. ### Exercise Consistent, moderate exercise is beneficial for overall health and can improve insulin sensitivity. However, the exercise routine should be consistent from day to day. A sudden increase in exercise can increase glucose utilization and lead to hypoglycemia. --- ## Recognizing and Managing Hypoglycemia Hypoglycemia (blood glucose <70 mg/dL) is the most serious and common adverse effect of insulin therapy. It can be caused by an excessive insulin dose, a missed or delayed meal, increased exercise, or an error in administration [11]. **Signs of Hypoglycemia:** - Lethargy and weakness - Disorientation or confusion - Stumbling or incoordination (ataxia) - Tremors or shaking - Anxiety or restlessness - Seizures - Collapse or coma **Emergency Treatment:** If you suspect your dog is hypoglycemic: 1. **If conscious:** Offer a small amount of a high-sugar solution, such as corn syrup, honey, or a sugar-water mixture, by rubbing it on the gums or inside the cheek. 2. **If unconscious or seizing:** Do not attempt to give anything by mouth. This is a life-threatening emergency. Contact your veterinarian or the nearest emergency veterinary clinic immediately. They will administer intravenous dextrose and other supportive care [11]. 3. **Do not give another dose of insulin** until you have spoken with your veterinarian. The case report of the insulin overdose in a miniature poodle highlights the severe consequences of hypoglycemia, including seizures and the need for intensive, prolonged treatment [11]. Never underestimate the danger of a low blood sugar event. --- ## Prevention and Owner Education Prevention of dosing errors and hypoglycemia is a shared responsibility between the veterinarian and the owner. - **Clear Communication:** The veterinarian must provide clear, written instructions on the insulin dose, administration technique, and feeding schedule. - **Double-Checking:** Owners should be taught to always double-check the insulin dose in the syringe before injecting. - **Syringe Selection:** Using the correct syringe (U-100) is crucial. A U-40 syringe used with U-100 insulin would result in a massive overdose. - **Recognizing Signs:** Owners must be able to recognize the early signs of hypoglycemia so they can intervene quickly. - **Having Supplies Ready:** Owners should always have a source of sugar (e.g., corn syrup) readily available at home. --- ## Limitations and When to Contact a Veterinarian This article provides a general overview of the NPH insulin twice-daily protocol for canine diabetes. It is educational and is not a substitute for veterinary diagnosis or treatment. **Limitations:** - **Individual Variation:** The information presented here is based on population-level data from clinical studies. Every dog is an individual, and their response to insulin can vary significantly. The dose, diet, and monitoring plan must be tailored to your specific dog. - **Breed-Specific Predictions:** This article cannot predict how a specific breed will respond to NPH insulin. While some studies may include various breeds, the data are not sufficient to make breed-specific dosing recommendations. - **Concurrent Disease:** The presence of other diseases (e.g., pancreatitis, Cushing's disease, infections) can significantly affect insulin requirements. These conditions must be managed concurrently. **When to Contact a Veterinarian Immediately:** - **Signs of Hypoglycemia:** Weakness, lethargy, disorientation, tremors, or seizures. - **Persistent Signs of Diabetes:** If your dog continues to drink and urinate excessively despite being on insulin. - **Vomiting or Loss of Appetite:** A dog that is not eating is at high risk for hypoglycemia. Never withhold insulin without veterinary advice, but do contact your vet. - **Difficulty Administering Insulin:** If you are having trouble giving the injection or are unsure about the dose. - **Any Questions or Concerns:** Your veterinary team is your best resource for managing your dog's diabetes. --- ## Frequently Asked Questions ### What is the starting dose of NPH insulin for a dog? The typical starting dose for NPH insulin in a dog is 0.25 to 0.50 U/kg, administered subcutaneously every 12 hours. However, the exact starting dose is determined by your veterinarian and is based on your dog's individual needs and overall health [1]. ### How often should I give my dog NPH insulin? NPH insulin is an intermediate-acting insulin with a duration of action of approximately 12 hours. Therefore, it is most commonly recommended to be given twice daily, every 12 hours, ideally right after a meal [2][1]. ### Can I give my dog NPH insulin and feed him only once a day? While some dogs can be managed with once-daily dosing of other insulin types, NPH insulin's duration of action makes it best suited for a twice-daily protocol. Giving it only once a day would leave your dog without adequate insulin coverage for a significant portion of the day, leading to poor glycemic control [2][1]. ### What should I do if my dog misses a dose of NPH insulin? If you miss a dose, do not give a double dose to make up for it. Contact your veterinarian for specific instructions. Generally, if you catch the missed dose within a few hours, your vet may advise you to give it and adjust the next meal. Otherwise, you may be instructed to skip the missed dose and resume the normal schedule at the next injection time. ### What are the signs of an insulin overdose in a dog? Signs of an insulin overdose are signs of hypoglycemia and can include lethargy, weakness, disorientation, ataxia (stumbling), tremors, seizures, and collapse. This is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment [11]. ### How is the NPH insulin dose adjusted in dogs? The NPH insulin dose is adjusted by a veterinarian based on clinical signs, serial blood glucose curves, and serum fructosamine levels. The goal is to find the lowest effective dose that controls clinical signs without causing hypoglycemia [1][4]. ### Is NPH insulin the same as human insulin? NPH insulin is a recombinant human insulin preparation that is commonly used in veterinary medicine. While it is manufactured to be identical to human insulin, it is effective and safe for use in dogs [1][3]. ### Can I use insulin glargine (Lantus) instead of NPH for my dog? Insulin glargine is a long-acting insulin. While it can be used in dogs, its time-action profile is different from NPH. Studies show it has a longer duration of action, which may not be ideal for controlling postprandial glucose spikes after meals. NPH is typically the first choice for dogs, but your veterinarian may recommend a different type based on your dog's specific needs [3][5]. --- ## Sources [1] [Comparison of lente insulin and NPH insulin therapy for the treatment of newly diagnosed diabetic dogs: a randomised study.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30030413/) [2] [The use of isophane insulin for the control of diabetes mellitus in dogs.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1442369/) [3] [Comparison of time-action profiles of insulin glargine and NPH insulin in normal and diabetic dogs.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18575956/) [4] [Treatment of diabetes mellitus in dogs using isophane insulin penfills and the use of serum fructosamine assays to diagnose and monitor the disease.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9257449/) [5] [Update on insulin treatment for dogs and cats: insulin dosing pens and more.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30101100/) [6] [Time-action profiles of insulin detemir in normal and diabetic dogs.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20708207/) [7] [Time-action profiles of insulin degludec in healthy dogs and its effects on glycemic control in diabetic dogs.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30305465/) [8] [Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of protamine zinc recombinant human insulin in healthy dogs.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22758791/) [9] [Long-term field study of lispro and neutral protamine Hagedorn insulins treatment in dogs with diabetes mellitus.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36795089/) [10] [Chronic Toxicology Studies of Basal Insulin Peglispro in Rats and Dogs: A Novel, PEGylated Insulin Lispro Analog with a Prolonged Duration of Action.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28421968/) [11] [Case report: Fatal insulin overdose in a dog with type 1 diabetes mellitus-characteristics and successful management.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38026640/) [12] [Influence of type of starch and feeding management on glycaemic control in diabetic dogs.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33904623/) [13] [Effect of the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor, DWP16001, as an add-on therapy to insulin for diabetic dogs: A pilot study.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38686463/) [14] [FK-614, a selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist, improves peripheral glucose utilization while decreasing hepatic insulin extraction in alloxan-induced diabetic dogs.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16125538/) [15] [Pharmacokinetics of insulin following intravenous and subcutaneous administration in canines.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3535917/) [16] [Starch sources influence lipidaemia of diabetic dogs.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31900155/) [17] [The role of angiotensin-II in progressive diabetic glomerulopathy in the rat.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2551633/) ## Related Clinical & Scientific Guides * [Drontal Plus Dewormer: Broad-Spectrum Dose Guide by Weight](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/calculators-clinical-tools/drontal-plus-dewormer-broad-spectrum-dose-guide-by-weight) * [Panacur Fenbendazole Dewormer: Dog Fecal Parasite Treatment Schedule](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/calculators-clinical-tools/panacur-fenbendazole-dewormer-dog-fecal-parasite-treatment-schedule) * [Prednisolone for Cats: Feline Safe Steroid Dose and Autoimmune](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/calculators-clinical-tools/prednisolone-for-cats-feline-safe-steroid-dose-and-autoimmune)