# Red Junglefowl: Ancestor of the Domestic Chicken

The red junglefowl (Gallus gallus) is the primary wild ancestor of every domestic chicken, from the smallest bantam to the largest production layer. Genetic and behavioral evidence places this Southeast Asian forest bird at the root of chicken domestication, with smaller genetic contributions from the grey junglefowl and green junglefowl.

Understanding the red jungle fowl matters to anyone who keeps chickens. The behaviors that frustrate backyard owners, such as hiding nests, spooking at shadows, and going broody, are not defects. They are wild survival traits that were only partly softened by thousands of years of domestication. This article covers the five recognized subspecies, the genetics of tameness and yellow legs, and a direct comparison of wild and domestic traits.

This article is educational and is not a substitute for veterinary diagnosis or treatment.

## What Is the Red Junglefowl?

<figure class="article-figure">
  <img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Junglefowl_%28Gallus_gallus%29_%2821450877289%29.jpg/1280px-Red_Junglefowl_%28Gallus_gallus%29_%2821450877289%29.jpg" alt="Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus murghi) standing in Chitwan, Nepal" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1000" height="800" />
  <figcaption>The Red Junglefowl, Gallus gallus, is the wild ancestor from which the domestic chicken descends. Image: Lip Kee from Singapore, Republic of Singapore, CC BY-SA 2.0, via <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Red_Junglefowl_(Gallus_gallus)_(21450877289).jpg" rel="noopener noreferrer">Wikimedia Commons</a>.</figcaption>
</figure>

The red junglefowl is a medium-sized ground-dwelling bird in the family Phasianidae, the same family that includes pheasants, partridges, and quail. The gallus bird is native to South and Southeast Asia, ranging from the Himalayan foothills through southern China, Indochina, the Malay Peninsula, and into Indonesia and the Philippines [1][2].

Wild red jungle fowls live in forest edge habitat, secondary growth, and scrub near human settlements. They are generalist foragers that scratch through leaf litter for seeds, insects, and plant matter. They fly well enough to reach roosts in trees, which is a key difference from most domestic chickens, which have heavier bodies and reduced flight capacity.

Sexual dimorphism is pronounced. Males carry long, arched tail feathers, a prominent red comb and wattles, and an eclipse plumage outside the breeding season. Females are smaller, cryptically colored in brown and buff, and lack the male's ornamental plumage [1]. That female camouflage is a nest defense. A hen sitting on eggs in leaf litter is nearly invisible to predators.

The red junglefowl is polyandrous in the wild, meaning females may mate with multiple males, and males compete intensely for fertilizations [3][4]. This reproductive system shaped the species' biology in ways that still show up in domestic flocks, including sperm competition, female mate choice, and social dominance hierarchies [4][5].

## The Five Recognized Subspecies

Morphology and geographic distribution define five recognized subspecies of Gallus gallus [1]:

- **G. g. gallus**, the nominate subspecies, found in Indochina and adjacent regions. This is the subspecies most directly implicated as the matriarchic ancestor of domestic chickens [6].
- **G. g. spadiceus**, native to Myanmar and surrounding areas.
- **G. g. jabouillei**, found in southern China and Hainan Island [7].
- **G. g. bankiva**, native to Java and Bali in Indonesia.
- **G. g. murgi**, found in the Philippines.

Subspecies boundaries are not always clean. A study of Philippine red junglefowl examined whether the Philippine population represents a separate subspecies, reflecting ongoing debate about how to classify regional populations [1]. Genetic work on Samar Island in the Philippines found that local red junglefowl clustered into haplogroups D1 and D2, and that native chickens on the island showed matrilineal lineages shared with both domestic chickens and red junglefowl [8].

[Mitochondrial DNA](/blog/guides/mitochondrial-dna) studies from Sumatra and North Sulawesi have added further detail. Sumatran red junglefowl showed low mean genetic distance between individuals (0.1%) and between populations (0.8%), with six specific single nucleotide polymorphisms that could serve as regional barcodes [2]. North Sulawesi samples showed 98% identity to reference Gallus gallus COI sequences, with 11 polymorphic sites and five haplotypes [9]. These regional genetic differences matter for conservation, because they represent distinct evolutionary lineages that could be lost if populations decline.

## Domestication: Where, When, and From Whom

The classical view, supported by mitochondrial [DNA analysis](/blog/guides/dna-analysis), holds that G. g. gallus is the matriarchic ancestor of all domestic chicken breeds [6]. That finding does not mean other junglefowl species contributed nothing. Later genetic work proposed that multiple lineages, including the grey junglefowl (Gallus sonneratii) and green junglefowl (Gallus varius), may have hybridized with early domestic stock and left minor genetic contributions [1].

The most visible legacy of that hybridization is yellow leg skin. Domestic chickens with yellow legs carry an allele that most likely entered the gene pool from the grey junglefowl rather than from the red junglefowl. Wild red junglefowl have greyish-blue or slate-colored legs, not yellow ones [1]. A backyard flock of yellow-legged chickens is therefore carrying a genetic signature from a second wild species.

Domestication was not a single event. It was a long process of close association between junglefowl and humans, with humans providing reliable food and shelter and birds gradually tolerating closer proximity [1]. Selection for tameness appears to have been the initial and central selection pressure, and it pulled other traits along with it [10].

## How Tameness Shaped the Domestic Chicken

Reduced fear of humans is the defining behavioral change in chicken domestication. Researchers have tested this directly by selecting red junglefowl for high or low fear of humans over multiple generations, essentially replaying early domestication in a controlled setting.

After four generations of selection for low fear, red junglefowl were heavier, laid larger eggs, produced larger offspring, and had better plumage condition than high-fear birds. In social dominance tests, the low-fear birds performed more aggressive behavior and received less aggression, regardless of whether the contested resource was food [11]. Dominance increased as a direct consequence of reduced fear.

A separate line of work selected red junglefowl bidirectionally for fear of humans over eight generations. Genome-wide mapping showed that genetic loci for tameness co-localize with loci for brain composition and anxiety behavior. Those same brain composition loci overlap with loci identified in a wild-by-domestic intercross, which suggests that selection for tameness recapitulates the same genetic regions that domestication itself selected [10]. Tameness and brain composition appear to be either pleiotropic (one gene affecting both traits) or genetically linked.

Fear of humans also connects to metabolism and serotonin signaling. Red junglefowl divergently selected for boldness showed differences in metabolism and serotonin levels, supporting the idea that domestication was driven partly by reduced fear of humans acting through neurochemical pathways [12].

## Behavioral Differences Between Wild and Domestic Birds

Domestication changed how chickens forage, respond to fear, and handle food scarcity. These differences are measurable in controlled comparisons.

When researchers compared red junglefowl with a modern layer strain, the domestic birds showed different foraging strategies, different social behavior, and different fear responses [13]. A separate comparison of red junglefowl with two domesticated poultry breeds found that resource allocation shaped behavioral strategies differently in wild and domestic birds [14].

Food deprivation studies add another layer. When red junglefowl and White Leghorn layers were subjected to food deprivation, their behavioral responses differed, showing that domestication altered how birds cope with hunger and uncertainty [15].

The practical takeaway for backyard owners is that domestic chickens retain much of the wild bird's behavioral repertoire. A hen that hides her nest, panics at a hawk overhead, or refuses to be handled is expressing junglefowl instincts. These behaviors are normal, not signs of illness or poor temperament.

## Wild Versus Domestic Traits: A Direct Comparison

The table below summarizes the main differences between wild red junglefowl and domestic chickens. Figures are drawn from the cited studies and should be read as general patterns, not fixed values for every individual.

| Trait | Wild Red Junglefowl | Domestic Chicken |
|--|--|--|
| Body weight | Lighter, built for flight | Heavier, especially in meat breeds [11] |
| Clutch size | About 5 eggs per clutch in the wild [7] | Often 200 or more eggs per year in layers |
| Broodiness | Strong, reliable incubation | Reduced or absent in many breeds |
| Fear of humans | High | Low, selected for tameness [12][11] |
| Aggression and dominance | Moderate, tied to social rank | Variable, can be higher in low-fear lines [11] |
| Leg color | Greyish-blue or slate [1] | Often yellow, from grey junglefowl ancestry |
| Flight capacity | Strong, roosts in trees | Reduced, especially in heavy breeds |
| Nesting success | About 31% in one wild population [7] | Higher with human protection |
| Egg size | Smaller | Larger, especially in low-fear selected lines [11] |
| Foraging strategy | Wide-ranging, exploratory | Altered by domestication [13][14] |

The clutch size figure comes from a camera-trap study of G. g. jabouillei in Hainan, China, where natural nests averaged 5.15 eggs and nesting success was 31.2%, with nest predation causing 45.4% of failures [7]. Rodents, reptiles, and coucals were the main nest predators. That predation pressure explains why wild junglefowl hens are secretive, why they nest in cover, and why they react so strongly to disturbance.

## The Genetics of Domestication

Domestication genetics is the study of which genes changed and how. Several threads of evidence converge on a few key points.

First, tameness has a genetic architecture that overlaps with brain and anxiety traits. The eight-generation selection experiment showed that loci for tameness co-localize with loci for brain composition and anxiety behavior, and that these overlap with loci from a wild-by-domestic intercross [10]. This means the same genetic regions keep showing up whether you select for tameness directly or compare wild and domestic birds.

Second, reduced fear correlates with physical changes. Low-fear red junglefowl were larger, more dominant, and produced larger offspring [11]. This is a correlated response, meaning selection for one trait (tameness) dragged other traits along with it. The mechanism likely involves reduced stress from living near humans, which frees resources for growth and reproduction.

Third, reproductive biology changed at the molecular level. A proteomic study of red junglefowl seminal fluid identified 1,141 seminal fluid proteins, including proteins involved in immunity, sperm maturation, and fertilization. Comparisons with domestic chickens revealed both qualitative and quantitative differences likely tied to domestication and artificial selection [3]. This shows that domestication reached into reproductive physiology, not just behavior.

Fourth, the gut microbiome may have shifted. Lactic acid bacteria isolated from red junglefowl include Limosilactobacillus reuteri, Ligilactobacillus salivarius, and Weissella paramesenteroides, and some strains showed probiotic potential in a broiler trial [16]. Wild junglefowl carry host-adapted bacteria that domestic birds may have lost or replaced.

## Health and Disease in Wild Versus Domestic Birds

Wild red junglefowl face different disease pressures than domestic chickens. A study in Yunnan Province, China, found an overall haemosporidia prevalence of 74.8% in red junglefowl, with three species identified: Haemoproteus enucleator, Leucocytozoon californicus, and Plasmodium juxtanucleare. Adults had significantly higher prevalence (81.1%) than juveniles (66.7%) [17]. These are blood parasites transmitted by vectors, and high prevalence in wild birds shows that junglefowl are competent hosts.

This matters for backyard owners in two ways. First, wild junglefowl populations can serve as reservoirs for parasites that also infect domestic poultry. Second, the reverse is also true: domestic flocks can expose wild birds to pathogens. Biosecurity between wild and domestic birds runs in both directions.

Semen cryopreservation research on Thai red junglefowl (G. g. gallus) has practical conservation value. A modified Thai red junglefowl extender with 6% N,N-dimethylformamide improved post-thaw sperm viability to 64.88% and motility to 68.58%, with fertility of 60.97% after artificial insemination [18]. This work supports genetic resource conservation for wild junglefowl populations.

## Social Behavior and Mating Systems

Red junglefowl social structure is more complex than most backyard owners expect. Network analysis of polygynandrous groups showed that sexual dynamics are largely explained by a core group of highly social, younger females that are more fecund and more polyandrous. Older, socially dominant females avoid male attention by clustering together and perching on branches, and they preferentially mate with dominant males [5].

Male social status and mating effort carry real costs. Both body mass and comb size declined over a mating trial in both sexes. Males lost more body mass if they were socially subordinate, were chased by other males, or mated frequently. Females lost more body mass when exposed to higher frequencies of coerced mating [19].

Sperm competition is intense. In detailed behavioral studies of freely mating groups, remating frequently with a female and mating last increased a male's probability of fertilization, but only for eggs ovulated in the last days of a trial. Older males and males mating with more polyandrous females had consistently lower fertilization success [4].

Ejaculate composition also matters. Subordinate males had lower circulating testosterone but higher ejaculate testosterone than dominant males. When females were inseminated with testosterone-enriched ejaculate, they produced heavier eggs, and offspring growth and tonic immobility were affected in a sex-specific way [20]. This is a cryptic paternal effect, meaning the male's ejaculate influences the female's investment in her offspring.

## Practical Implications for Backyard Keepers

If you keep chickens, the red junglefowl explains several things you may have noticed.

**Hiding nests and secretive laying.** Wild hens nest in cover to avoid predation, and nesting success in the wild is only about 31% [7]. A hen that disappears to lay is following junglefowl instinct. Providing dark, quiet nest boxes can redirect this behavior.

**Fear and flightiness.** Some breeds and individuals are calmer than others, and this tracks with how strongly tameness was selected. Low-fear selection in red junglefowl produced heavier, more dominant birds [11]. If you want calm, handleable chickens, choose lines that have been selected for temperament.

**Aggression and pecking order.** Dominance behavior is deeply rooted. Low-fear red junglefowl were more aggressive and received less aggression [11]. Domestic flocks establish pecking orders for the same reason: access to resources. Adequate feeder and waterer space reduces conflict.

**Broodiness.** Wild hens incubate reliably because reproduction depends on it. Many domestic breeds have had broodiness reduced or removed through selection for egg production. A broody hen is expressing an ancestral trait, not a behavioral problem.

**Yellow legs.** If your chickens have yellow legs, they carry a genetic contribution from the grey junglefowl, not the red junglefowl [1]. This is a visible reminder that domestication involved more than one wild species.

**Foraging and ranging.** Domestication altered foraging strategy and resource allocation behavior [13][14]. Free-range chickens still forage, but their strategies differ from wild birds. This affects how they use pasture and how they respond to feed scarcity.

**Health monitoring.** Wild junglefowl carry blood parasites at high prevalence [17]. If your flock ranges near wild birds, parasite and vector exposure is a real consideration. Discuss screening and prevention with your veterinarian.

## Conservation Status and Genetic Resources

Wild red junglefowl populations face habitat loss, hunting, and hybridization with domestic chickens. Genetic studies from Sumatra, North Sulawesi, and the Philippines document regional genetic diversity that could be lost [2][9][8]. Conservation efforts include semen cryopreservation to preserve genetic material from wild populations [18].

For backyard keepers, the conservation angle is mostly about awareness. Domestic chickens are not endangered, but their wild ancestors are under pressure. Keeping domestic flocks separate from wild junglefowl habitat reduces hybridization risk and limits disease transmission in both directions.

## Limitations and When to Contact a Veterinarian

This article describes [general biology](/blog/careers/general-biology) and domestication science. It cannot diagnose or treat any condition in your flock. Individual birds vary, and wild-versus-domestic comparisons are population-level patterns, not predictions about a single chicken.

Contact a veterinarian if you observe any of the following:

- Sudden drop in egg production across multiple hens
- Respiratory signs such as sneezing, wheezing, or nasal discharge
- Diarrhea lasting more than 24 hours, or bloody droppings
- Lethargy, reluctance to move, or a bird that separates from the flock
- Swollen or discolored comb, wattles, or legs
- Unexplained weight loss despite normal appetite
- Neurological signs such as head tilt, circling, or tremors
- Any bird that stops eating or drinking for more than 12 hours

If your flock ranges near wild birds, mention this to your veterinarian. Wild junglefowl and other wild birds can carry parasites and pathogens that affect domestic poultry [17]. A veterinarian can advise on biosecurity, testing, and treatment specific to your situation.

## Frequently Asked Questions

### Is the red junglefowl the only ancestor of the domestic chicken?

No. The red junglefowl (Gallus gallus) is the primary ancestor, and G. g. gallus is the matriarchic ancestor of all domestic breeds [6]. The grey junglefowl and green junglefowl also contributed minor genetic material through hybridization [1].

### What are the five subspecies of red junglefowl?

The five recognized subspecies are G. g. gallus, G. g. spadiceus, G. g. jabouillei, G. g. bankiva, and G. g. murgi [1].

### Why do domestic chickens have yellow legs?

Yellow leg skin comes from an allele most likely inherited from the grey junglefowl, not the red junglefowl. Wild red junglefowl have greyish-blue or slate legs [1].

### How many eggs does a wild red junglefowl lay?

A camera-trap study of G. g. jabouillei in Hainan, China, found an average clutch size of about 5 eggs, with nesting success around 31% [7].

### What was the first trait selected during chicken domestication?

Reduced fear of humans, or tameness, appears to have been the initial selection pressure. Selection for tameness also pulled along changes in brain composition, body size, and dominance behavior [11][10].

### Can red junglefowl and domestic chickens interbreed?

Yes. They are the same species, and hybridization occurs where wild and domestic populations overlap. This is a conservation concern for wild junglefowl genetic integrity [1].

### Do red junglefowl carry diseases that affect backyard chickens?

Wild red junglefowl can carry blood parasites such as Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon, and Plasmodium species, with prevalence as high as 74.8% in one study population [17]. Biosecurity between wild and domestic birds matters in both directions.

### How long does it take to select for tameness in junglefowl?

Measurable changes appeared within four generations of selection for low fear of humans, including heavier body weight, larger eggs, and more dominant behavior [11]. An eight-generation selection experiment mapped the underlying genetic loci [10].

<script type="application/ld+json">
{
  "@context": "https://schema.org",
  "@type": "FAQPage",
  "mainEntity": [
    {
      "@type": "Question",
      "name": "Is the red junglefowl the only ancestor of the domestic chicken?",
      "acceptedAnswer": {
        "@type": "Answer",
        "text": "No. The red junglefowl (Gallus gallus) is the primary ancestor, and G. g. gallus is the matriarchic ancestor of all domestic breeds. The grey junglefowl and green junglefowl also contributed minor genetic material through hybridization."
      }
    },
    {
      "@type": "Question",
      "name": "What are the five subspecies of red junglefowl?",
      "acceptedAnswer": {
        "@type": "Answer",
        "text": "The five recognized subspecies are G. g. gallus, G. g. spadiceus, G. g. jabouillei, G. g. bankiva, and G. g. murgi."
      }
    },
    {
      "@type": "Question",
      "name": "Why do domestic chickens have yellow legs?",
      "acceptedAnswer": {
        "@type": "Answer",
        "text": "Yellow leg skin comes from an allele most likely inherited from the grey junglefowl, not the red junglefowl. Wild red junglefowl have greyish-blue or slate legs."
      }
    },
    {
      "@type": "Question",
      "name": "How many eggs does a wild red junglefowl lay?",
      "acceptedAnswer": {
        "@type": "Answer",
        "text": "A camera-trap study of G. g. jabouillei in Hainan, China, found an average clutch size of about 5 eggs, with nesting success around 31%."
      }
    },
    {
      "@type": "Question",
      "name": "What was the first trait selected during chicken domestication?",
      "acceptedAnswer": {
        "@type": "Answer",
        "text": "Reduced fear of humans, or tameness, appears to have been the initial selection pressure. Selection for tameness also pulled along changes in brain composition, body size, and dominance behavior."
      }
    },
    {
      "@type": "Question",
      "name": "Can red junglefowl and domestic chickens interbreed?",
      "acceptedAnswer": {
        "@type": "Answer",
        "text": "Yes. They are the same species, and hybridization occurs where wild and domestic populations overlap. This is a conservation concern for wild junglefowl genetic integrity."
      }
    },
    {
      "@type": "Question",
      "name": "Do red junglefowl carry diseases that affect backyard chickens?",
      "acceptedAnswer": {
        "@type": "Answer",
        "text": "Wild red junglefowl can carry blood parasites such as Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon, and Plasmodium species, with prevalence as high as 74.8% in one study population. Biosecurity between wild and domestic birds matters in both directions."
      }
    },
    {
      "@type": "Question",
      "name": "How long does it take to select for tameness in junglefowl?",
      "acceptedAnswer": {
        "@type": "Answer",
        "text": "Measurable changes appeared within four generations of selection for low fear of humans, including heavier body weight, larger eggs, and more dominant behavior. An eight-generation selection experiment mapped the underlying genetic loci."
      }
    }
  ]
}
</script>

## Related Articles

- [Comparative Anatomy of the Avian Respiratory System](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/veterinary-anatomy-physiology/comparative-anatomy-avian-respiratory-system)
- [Salmonella Gallinarum and Fowl Typhoid in Chickens: Septicemia and Mortality](/knowledge/bacteria/avian-bacteria/salmonella-gallinarum-fowl-typhoid-chickens-septicemia-mortality)
- [Fowl Cholera in Chickens: Etiology, Clinical Signs, Diagnosis, and Control](/knowledge/bacteria/avian-bacteria/fowl-cholera-in-chickens)
- [Chinchilla Wild vs Domestic: Behavioral and Physiological Differences](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/small-mammal-care/chinchilla-wild-vs-domestic-behavioral-and-physiological-differences)
- [Fowl Cholera in Chickens: Clinical Signs, Postmortem Lesions, Treatment, Vaccination, and Prevention](/knowledge/bacteria/avian-bacteria/fowl-cholera-chickens-clinical-signs-pm-lesions-treatment-vaccination-prevention)
- [Avian Bacterial Diseases: Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Clostridium, and Fowl Cholera in Chickens](/knowledge/bacteria/avian-bacteria/avian-bacterial-diseases-salmonella-e-coli-fowl-cholera-chickens)
- [Lynx Cat: Species, Traits, and Domestic Lookalikes](/blog/guides/lynx-cat-species-traits-and-domestic-lookalikes)
- [Domestic Cat Breeding: Cycle, Timing, and Care](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/theriogenology/domestic-cat-breeding-cycle-timing-and-care)
- [Andalusian Chicken: Hen, Rooster, and Care](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/backyard-poultry/andalusian-chicken-hen-rooster-and-care)

## Sources

1. [Philippine Red Junglefowl: A separate Gallus gallus subspecies or not?](https://doi.org/10.5924/abgri.49.41)
2. [DNA Barcode of Red Junglefowl Gallus gallus L, 1958 (Aves: Phasianidae) of Sumatra Based on Mitochondrial COI DNA Gene](https://doi.org/10.15294/biosaintifika.v14i2.36530)
3. [The Seminal fluid proteome of the polyandrous Red junglefowl offers insights into the molecular basis of fertility, reproductive ageing and domestication](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27804984/)
4. [Temporal dynamics of competitive fertilization in social groups of red junglefowl (Gallus gallus) shed new light on avian sperm competition](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33070718/)
5. [Differential female sociality is linked with the fine-scale structure of sexual interactions in replicate groups of red junglefowl, Gallus gallus](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31615354/)
6. [One subspecies of the red junglefowl (Gallus gallus gallus) suffices as the matriarchic ancestor of all domestic breeds.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7809067/)
7. [Nesting success and potential nest predators of the red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus jabouillei) based on camera traps and artificial nest experiments](https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2023.1127139)
8. [Phylogenetic Studies on Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus) and Native Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) in Samar Island, Philippines using the Mitochondrial DNA D-Loop Region.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32055220/)
9. [Base Substitution Patterns in Partial of the Cytochrome C Oxidase Unit I (COI) mtDNA Genes in the Red Junglefowl (Gallus sp.) of North Sulawesi and some Gallus sp. accessions.](https://doi.org/10.53682/ibj.v4i1.6610)
10. [Selection for Tameness in Red Junglefowl Recapitulates Genetic Loci Associated With Domestication-Related Brain Composition](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40386851/)
11. [Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus) selected for low fear of humans are larger, more dominant and produce larger offspring.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24910136/)
12. [Is domestication driven by reduced fear of humans? Boldness, metabolism and serotonin levels in divergently selected red junglefowl (Gallus gallus)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26382075/)
13. [Domestication effects on foraging strategy, social behaviour and different fear responses: a comparison between the red junglefowl (Gallus gallus) and a modern layer strain](https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(01)00156-3)
14. [Effects of Resource Allocation on Behavioural Strategies: A Comparison of Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus) and Two Domesticated Breeds of Poultry](https://doi.org/10.1046/J.1439-0310.2001.00703.X)
15. [Effects of domestication on food deprivation-induced behaviour in red junglefowl, Gallus gallus, and White Leghorn layers](https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ANBEHAV.2008.12.015)
16. [Isolation and identification of host-associated lactic acid bacteria with probiotic potential from Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus) and preliminary in vivo evaluation in broiler chickens](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42623772/)
17. [First report of haemosporidia and associated risk factors in red junglefowl (Gallus gallus) in China](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35915463/)
18. [Effects of extenders and cryoprotectants on cryopreservation of Thai red junglefowl (Gallus gallus gallus) spermatozoa.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35469817/)
19. [Dynamic phenotypic correlates of social status and mating effort in male and female red junglefowl, Gallus gallus](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31529557/)
20. [Ejaculate testosterone levels affect maternal investment in red junglefowl (Gallus gallus gallus)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31431647/)