Q: Can coccidiosis be transmitted to humans or other animals?

No, the Eimeria species that infect chickens are host-specific and cannot infect humans, dogs, cats, or other mammals. However, good hygiene is still important, as secondary bacterial infections (e.g., Salmonella) can be transmitted.

# Coccidiosis in Chickens: Corid Amprolium Dosage and Prevention ## Key Takeaways - Coccidiosis in chickens is caused by *Eimeria* protozoa, leading to intestinal damage, characterized by bloody diarrhea, lethargy, and reduced appetite, with *E. tenella*, *E. acervulina*, *E. maxima*, and *E. necatrix* being the most pathogenic species. - Amprolium (Corid) is a thiamine antagonist used for treatment, with a standard dose of 10 mL (2 tsp) of 9.6% solution per gallon of water for 5-7 days; severe outbreaks may require a pulse dose of 20 mL (4 tsp) per gallon for 3-5 days. - Definitive diagnosis involves fecal floatation for oocysts, necropsy for gross lesions, and histopathology, as clinical signs can mimic other enteric diseases like necrotic enteritis or bacterial enteritis. - Supportive care, including electrolytes, vitamins, and dry bedding, is crucial for recovery, and emerging research highlights the benefits of probiotics and certain phytogenic compounds in mitigating *Eimeria* infection and promoting gut health. - Prevention strategies focus on strict biosecurity, meticulous litter management to maintain dryness, and considering live coccidiosis vaccination, while rotating anticoccidial drugs or using them judiciously is essential to combat drug resistance. --- If your chickens have bloody diarrhea, drooping wings, and a sudden drop in appetite, coccidiosis is the first condition to suspect. Coccidiosis is a parasitic infection of the intestinal tract caused by microscopic protozoa of the genus *Eimeria*. It is one of the most economically important diseases in poultry worldwide, and in backyard flocks, it can spread rapidly through droppings and contaminated soil [1][2]. The most common treatment is **Corid (amprolium)**, a thiamine (vitamin B1) antagonist that starves the parasite while sparing the host. For chickens, the standard veterinary dose is **2 teaspoons (approximately 10 mL) of 9.6% amprolium solution per gallon of drinking water** for 5 to 7 days. In severe outbreaks, a higher "pulse" dose of 1 pint per 50 gallons (or 4 teaspoons per 5 gallons) may be used for the first 3 to 5 days, followed by the maintenance dose. Alternatively, the powder form (20% amprolium) is mixed at 1.5 pounds per ton of feed or 1 pound per 100 gallons of water, but the liquid solution is easier to dose accurately for small flocks. This article provides a definitive, source-grounded guide to diagnosing, treating, and preventing coccidiosis in backyard chickens, with specific attention to Corid dosing, supportive care, and long-term flock management. ## At a Glance: Coccidiosis Treatment and Prevention Quick Reference | Parameter | Recommendation | Notes | |------|--------|----| | **First-Line Drug** | Amprolium (Corid) | Thiamine antagonist; safe margin for poultry | | **Liquid Dose (9.6% solution)** | 10 mL (2 tsp) per gallon of water | Administer for 5 to 7 days as sole water source | | **Severe Outbreak Dose** | 20 mL (4 tsp) per gallon for first 3-5 days | Then reduce to maintenance dose | | **Powder Dose (20%)** | 1.5 lb per ton of feed OR 1 lb per 100 gal water | Less precise for small flocks | | **Treatment Duration** | 5 to 7 days | Continue until 2 days after clinical signs resolve | | **Supportive Care** | Electrolytes, vitamins, clean dry bedding | Reduce stress and secondary bacterial infections | | **Prevention** | Biosecurity, dry litter, anticoccidial feed additives, vaccines | Rotate strategies to avoid resistance [3] | | **Key Monitoring** | Fecal oocyst counts, lesion scoring, weight gain | Diagnostic sensitivity improves with histopathology [2] | **Emergency Red Flags**: Bloody diarrhea, sudden death, pale combs, severe lethargy, or refusal to drink. These require immediate veterinary intervention, as dehydration and secondary bacterial infections (such as [necrotic enteritis](/knowledge/bacteria/avian-bacteria/poultry-necrotic-enteritis-pathogenesis-control)) can be fatal within 24 to 48 hours [4]. ## Understanding Coccidiosis: The Parasite and the Disease ### What Causes Coccidiosis? Coccidiosis is caused by obligate intracellular protozoan parasites of the genus *Eimeria*. There are seven recognized species that infect chickens, with the most common and pathogenic being *E. tenella* (cecal coccidiosis), *E. acervulina* (upper intestinal), *E. maxima* (mid-intestinal), and *E. necatrix* (mid-intestinal, highly pathogenic) [2][3]. The life cycle is direct and rapid. Chickens ingest sporulated oocysts from contaminated litter, soil, or feed. Once inside the gut, the oocysts release sporozoites that invade intestinal epithelial cells. The parasites undergo multiple rounds of asexual reproduction (schizogony), which destroys host cells and causes the characteristic intestinal lesions, then sexual reproduction (gametogony) produces new oocysts that are shed in the feces [5]. The entire cycle takes 4 to 7 days, which explains why clinical signs often appear suddenly in a flock. A single infected bird can shed millions of oocysts per day, and these oocysts are extremely resistant in the environment, surviving for months in soil and litter [3]. ### Why Is It So Common in Backyard Flocks? Backyard flocks face unique risk factors. Unlike commercial operations that use strict all-in/all-out management, backyard chickens often share space with wild birds, rodents, and other domestic animals. The parasite thrives in warm, humid conditions, and oocysts can be brought in on shoes, equipment, or through contaminated feed [2]. Mixed infections are the norm rather than the exception. A 2026 cross-sectional study of broiler flocks found that *Eimeria* positivity was 82.14% in birds aged 21 to 28 days and 100% in birds aged 35 to 42 days. The study also found that *E. acervulina* predominated early, while *E. tenella* became more frequent later, and that mixed infections were common, complicating diagnosis and treatment [2]. ### The Immune Response: Why Some Birds Survive and Others Don't Chickens do develop immunity to coccidiosis, but it is species-specific and requires repeated exposure. The innate immune response, mediated by toll-like receptors (TLRs), plays a critical role in the early defense against *E. tenella*. A 2026 study in SPF chickens found that cecal TLRs were upregulated during the middle phase of infection (24 to 72 hours post-infection), while splenic TLRs were downregulated in later stages (96 to 168 hours). This suggests a coordinated local and systemic immune response that, if overwhelmed, leads to severe pathology [5]. Additionally, genetic diversity among *Eimeria* species significantly impacts the host's ability to develop protective immunity. Antigenic diversity contributes to incomplete cross-protection, meaning a bird that recovers from *E. tenella* may still be susceptible to *E. acervulina* [3]. ## Clinical Signs and Diagnosis ### Recognizing Coccidiosis in Your Flock The clinical signs of coccidiosis vary depending on the species of *Eimeria* involved and the severity of the infection. Common signs include: - **Diarrhea** (ranging from watery to bloody, depending on the species) - **Blood in the droppings** (classic sign of *E. tenella*) - **Decreased feed and water intake** - **Ruffled feathers and drooping posture** - **Pale comb and wattles** (due to blood loss) - **Reduced growth rate or weight loss** - **Sudden death** (especially in severe *E. tenella* infections) It is important to note that gross lesions alone can be misleading. A 2026 study comparing diagnostic methods found that histopathology showed a 28.5% increase in positive case detection compared to gross evaluation alone. This is because mild infections, especially with *E. acervulina*, may produce only subtle intestinal thickening that is easily missed on visual inspection [2]. ### How Veterinarians Diagnose Coccidiosis A definitive diagnosis requires veterinary involvement. The diagnostic process typically includes: 1. **Fecal floatation** to identify oocysts microscopically 2. **Necropsy** of deceased birds to examine intestinal lesions 3. **Histopathology** of intestinal tissue for confirmation 4. **Oocyst morphometry** to identify the species (though this has limitations due to overlap among species) [2] The challenge is that oocyst morphology alone is not always reliable. The 2026 study noted that "due to morphometric overlap among species, identification was based solely on morphology and not confirmed molecularly," which can lead to misidentification and inappropriate treatment choices [2][3]. ### Differential Diagnoses Several conditions can mimic coccidiosis, and treating the wrong condition wastes time and risks the flock. Differential diagnoses include: - **Necrotic enteritis** (caused by *Clostridium perfringens*, often secondary to coccidiosis) [4] - **Bacterial enteritis** (e.g., *Salmonella*, *Campylobacter*) - **[Intestinal parasites](/knowledge/parasites/pet-parasites/intestinal-parasites-dogs-cats-identification-treatment)** (worms, such as roundworms or cecal worms) - **Dietary indiscretion** (toxin exposure, sudden feed changes) - **Viral enteritis** (e.g., infectious bronchitis, [avian influenza](/knowledge/bacteria/avian-bacteria/avian-influenza-new-zealand-kerala-outbreaks-jessamine-county-updates) in severe cases) The key differentiator is that coccidiosis typically responds to anticoccidial treatment, whereas bacterial infections require antibiotics and viral infections require supportive care. If symptoms persist after 48 hours of amprolium treatment, a veterinary re-evaluation is essential [2][4]. ## Corid (Amprolium) Dosage and Administration ### How Amprolium Works Amprolium is a structural analog of thiamine (vitamin B1). It competitively inhibits the parasite's ability to absorb thiamine from the host's intestinal contents, effectively starving the *Eimeria* parasites. Because the drug is poorly absorbed from the chicken's digestive tract, it acts locally in the gut, which is where the parasites reside. This gives amprolium a wide margin of safety compared to other anticoccidials [1][6]. ### Corid Liquid Dosage for Chickens The most commonly available form of Corid for backyard poultry is the 9.6% oral solution. The standard veterinary recommendation is: **Maintenance Dose (Treatment):** - **10 mL (2 teaspoons) per gallon of drinking water** - Administer as the sole source of water for 5 to 7 days - Continue until 2 days after clinical signs resolve **Severe Outbreak Dose (Pulse Dosing):** - **20 mL (4 teaspoons) per gallon of drinking water** - Administer for the first 3 to 5 days - Then reduce to the maintenance dose for the remainder of the treatment period **Critical Administration Notes:** - Do not provide any other source of water during treatment, as birds may avoid the medicated water and fail to receive an adequate dose. - Fresh medicated water should be prepared daily. Amprolium can degrade in water over time, especially in warm conditions. - The treatment period should not exceed 7 days without veterinary re-evaluation. ### Corid Powder Dosage For those using the 20% powder formulation: - **Feed Medication**: Mix 1.5 pounds of Corid powder per ton of complete feed. This is the only approved feed concentration for chickens. - **Water Medication**: Mix 1 pound of Corid powder per 100 gallons of water. This is equivalent to approximately 1.5 teaspoons per 5 gallons of water. The powder form is more difficult to dose accurately for small backyard flocks, which is why the liquid solution is generally preferred. If using powder, it is essential to weigh the powder accurately, as overdosing can cause thiamine deficiency in the birds themselves. ### What About Withdrawal Times? Amprolium has a zero-day withdrawal time for eggs and meat in most countries when used at approved doses. However, it is always advisable to check with your local veterinary authority, as regulations vary by region. In the United States, the FDA has established a zero-day withdrawal for amprolium in chickens. In the European Union, amprolium is classified as a coccidiostat and is subject to specific maximum residue limits (MRLs) under Regulation (EC) No 470/2009. Always keep accurate treatment records. ## Evidence-Based Management of Coccidiosis ### Supportive Care: The Foundation of Recovery While amprolium is the primary treatment, supportive care is equally important. The 2026 studies on coccidiosis consistently emphasize that the disease causes significant intestinal damage, leading to malabsorption, dehydration, and secondary infections [1][6][7]. **Key Supportive Measures:** 1. **Hydration**: Ensure fresh, clean water is always available (in addition to the medicated water, if using a separate source). 2. **Electrolytes and Vitamins**: Adding poultry electrolytes and a vitamin supplement (especially vitamins A, D, and E) to the water can support recovery. These help replace lost electrolytes and support immune function. 3. **Clean, Dry Bedding**: Remove wet or soiled litter immediately. The parasite thrives in moist conditions, and dry bedding reduces environmental contamination. 4. **Reduce Stress**: Minimize handling, avoid introducing new birds, and ensure adequate ventilation without drafts. ### The Role of Probiotics and Prebiotics Emerging research supports the use of probiotics as an adjunct to anticoccidial treatment. A 2026 study evaluated *Lactobacillus plantarum* BS22 against *E. tenella* and *E. acervulina* co-infection. The study found that prophylactic administration of LP-BS22 significantly mitigated growth retardation, reduced fecal oocyst shedding, and lowered intestinal lesion scores compared to untreated infected birds [7]. Another 2026 study examined *Lactobacillus acidophilus* and *Enterococcus faecium* delivered either in ovo or via drinking water. All probiotic-treated groups exhibited significantly reduced fecal oocyst shedding and lower intestinal lesion scores compared with the challenged control group, indicating attenuation of *Eimeria*-associated intestinal pathology [8]. **Practical Application**: While probiotics are not a substitute for amprolium in an active outbreak, adding a poultry-specific probiotic to the diet during recovery can help restore the gut microbiome and reduce the risk of secondary bacterial infections. This is particularly important because coccidiosis damages the intestinal lining, creating entry points for pathogens like *Clostridium perfringens*, which causes necrotic enteritis [4]. ### Phytogenic Alternatives: What the Research Shows The rising concern over anticoccidial drug resistance has spurred research into natural alternatives [6][9][3]. Several studies have shown promise: - **Curcuma longa (turmeric) and Piper longum (long pepper)**: A 2026 study found that solid-dispersion formulations containing these extracts reduced cecal lesion scores and oocyst shedding in *E. tenella*-infected broilers, with SEM revealing marked structural damage to oocysts [6]. - **Red osier dogwood extract (RDE)**: Rich in polyphenols, RDE has been shown to enhance growth, gut microbiota, and intestinal health in broilers. In a coccidiosis vaccine challenge model, RDE improved growth performance and gut health parameters [10]. - **Beta-glucans from Saccharomyces cerevisiae**: A nano-formulation of beta-glucans significantly enhanced immune responses and reduced oocyst counts following *Eimeria* challenge [1]. - **Black cumin seeds**: Combined with bacteriophages, black cumin seeds reduced necrotic enteritis scores and mortality in a coccidiosis and *C. perfringens* challenge model [4]. **Important Caveat**: These phytogenic products are not approved treatments for active coccidiosis in most countries. They are best used as prophylactic or adjunctive therapies. For an active outbreak, amprolium remains the first-line treatment due to its proven efficacy and safety profile. ## Prevention Strategies: Building a Coccidiosis-Resistant Flock ### Biosecurity: The First Line of Defense Prevention is always better than treatment, especially for coccidiosis, where environmental contamination is the primary source of infection. Key biosecurity measures include: 1. **Quarantine new birds** for at least 2 to 4 weeks before introducing them to the main flock. 2. **Use dedicated footwear** for the chicken area, or use footbaths with disinfectant. 3. **Control rodents and wild birds**, which can carry oocysts on their feet and feathers. 4. **Clean and disinfect equipment** between uses. Most disinfectants are ineffective against oocysts, so physical removal of organic matter is critical. 5. **Practice all-in/all-out management** where possible, especially for meat birds. This breaks the parasite's life cycle. ### Litter Management: Keep It Dry Oocysts require moisture to sporulate (become infective). Keeping litter dry is one of the most effective prevention strategies. This means: - Providing adequate ventilation to reduce humidity - Removing wet spots promptly - Using deep litter management (turning the litter regularly to promote aerobic decomposition) - Avoiding overcrowding, which increases moisture and stress ### Vaccination: A Growing Option Live vaccines are available for coccidiosis and are increasingly used in both commercial and backyard settings. These vaccines contain live, attenuated oocysts that stimulate immunity without causing severe disease. A 2026 study used a coccidiosis vaccine challenge model to evaluate dietary interventions, confirming that vaccination is a viable strategy for priming the immune system [10]. **Vaccine Considerations:** - Vaccines are typically administered to chicks in the hatchery (spray or gel) or in drinking water. - Vaccinated birds will shed oocysts for several weeks, so they should not be treated with anticoccidial drugs during this period, as this would interfere with vaccine efficacy. - Vaccination is most effective when combined with good management practices. ### The Problem of Drug Resistance The extensive use of anticoccidial drugs has led to the emergence of resistance. A 2026 review highlighted that "mutations in drug-target genes are associated with the emergence of resistance to commonly used anticoccidials" [3]. This is a significant concern for backyard flocks, as resistance can develop even in small populations if drugs are used improperly (e.g., underdosing or prolonged use). **Strategies to Minimize Resistance:** 1. **Use the correct dose** for the full duration of treatment. Do not stop early just because birds look better. 2. **Rotate anticoccidial drugs** if you use them preventively. Do not use the same drug continuously. 3. **Consider vaccination** as an alternative to chemical prevention. 4. **Maintain good biosecurity** to reduce the overall parasite burden, which reduces the selection pressure for resistance. ## The Role of Nutrition in Prevention and Recovery ### Feed Additives and Gut Health Nutrition plays a critical role in both preventing coccidiosis and supporting recovery. The intestinal epithelium is the first line of defense, and a healthy gut is more resistant to parasite invasion. Key nutritional strategies include: - **Adequate protein and energy**: Malnourished birds are more susceptible to infection and recover more slowly. - **Vitamins A and E**: These are essential for maintaining the integrity of the intestinal mucosa and supporting immune function. - **Selenium and zinc**: These minerals support antioxidant defenses and immune cell function. - **Probiotics and prebiotics**: As discussed, these support a healthy gut microbiome, which can outcompete pathogens and modulate the immune response [1][7][8]. ### The Impact of Beta-Glucans The 2026 study on nano-formulated beta-glucans from *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* found that supplementation significantly enhanced lymphoproliferative responses to T-cell mitogens and humoral immune responses to vaccines. Following *Eimeria* challenge, beta-glucan-supplemented groups exhibited significantly higher daily weight gains and markedly reduced oocyst counts compared to the control group [1]. This suggests that adding beta-glucan supplements to the diet, particularly during times of stress (e.g., molting, weather changes, or after vaccination), can help prime the immune system against coccidiosis. ## Prognosis and Long-Term Management ### What to Expect During Recovery With prompt treatment, most birds begin to show improvement within 48 to 72 hours. Key indicators of recovery include: - Return of normal appetite and water intake - Reduction in diarrhea and blood in droppings - Increased activity and alertness - Improvement in comb color and posture Full recovery can take 1 to 2 weeks, depending on the severity of the infection and the bird's age and immune status. During this time, it is essential to continue supportive care and maintain clean, dry conditions. ### Long-Term Flock Health After an outbreak, the flock will have some immunity to the specific *Eimeria* species involved. However, this immunity is not complete, and birds can still be infected with other species. Long-term management should focus on: 1. **Monitoring for recurrence**: Watch for any signs of diarrhea or reduced performance, especially in young birds. 2. **Maintaining biosecurity**: Continue to quarantine new birds and control environmental contamination. 3. **Reviewing management practices**: Identify and correct factors that contributed to the outbreak (e.g., wet litter, overcrowding, poor ventilation). 4. **Considering vaccination**: If coccidiosis is a recurring problem, discuss vaccination with your veterinarian. ## Limitations and When to Contact a Veterinarian This article provides general veterinary information and is not a substitute for professional diagnosis and treatment. The information presented here is based on peer-reviewed research and clinical guidelines, but it cannot predict the specific response of an individual bird or flock. **Contact a veterinarian immediately if:** - Bloody diarrhea persists for more than 24 hours despite amprolium treatment - Birds are refusing to drink water (this prevents effective oral medication) - You see sudden death in multiple birds - Birds show severe neurological signs (tremors, incoordination), which may indicate thiamine toxicity from amprolium overdose - You are unsure about the correct dosage or administration method - You are treating a flock with a history of drug resistance **Breed-level information cannot predict individual outcomes.** Different breeds have varying susceptibility to coccidiosis, and individual birds within a breed can respond differently to treatment. Always observe your specific birds and adjust management accordingly. ## Frequently Asked Questions ### 1. What is the correct Corid dosage for chickens? The standard dose of Corid (9.6% amprolium solution) for chickens is 10 mL (2 teaspoons) per gallon of drinking water, given as the sole water source for 5 to 7 days. For severe outbreaks, use 20 mL (4 teaspoons) per gallon for the first 3 to 5 days, then reduce to the maintenance dose. ### 2. How quickly does Corid work on coccidiosis? Corid typically shows visible improvement within 48 to 72 hours of the first dose. Birds should show increased appetite, reduced diarrhea, and improved activity. If there is no improvement after 48 hours, consult a veterinarian, as the diagnosis may be incorrect or the infection may be resistant. ### 3. Can I use Corid as a preventative measure? Yes, Corid can be used at a lower dose (5 mL or 1 teaspoon per gallon of water) as a preventative during times of high stress, such as when introducing new birds or during hot, humid weather. However, prolonged use can contribute to drug resistance, so it is better to rely on biosecurity and vaccination for long-term prevention [3]. ### 4. Is Corid safe for all ages of chickens? Corid is generally safe for chickens of all ages, but it is most effective in young birds (3 to 8 weeks old) that are most susceptible to coccidiosis. For chicks under 2 weeks old, consult a veterinarian, as dosing may need to be adjusted. ### 5. What are the signs of a Corid overdose? Signs of amprolium overdose include thiamine deficiency symptoms, such as weakness, incoordination, and neurological signs. If you suspect an overdose, stop treatment immediately and provide fresh water supplemented with thiamine (vitamin B1). Contact a veterinarian for further guidance. ### 6. Can coccidiosis be transmitted to humans or other animals? No, the *Eimeria* species that infect chickens are host-specific and cannot infect humans, dogs, cats, or other mammals. However, good hygiene is still important, as secondary bacterial infections (e.g., *Salmonella*) can be transmitted. ### 7. How do I clean my coop after a coccidiosis outbreak? Remove all litter and organic material, then wash the coop with a degreaser and hot water. Most disinfectants are ineffective against oocysts, so physical cleaning is essential. Allow the coop to dry completely, then apply a disinfectant that is effective in the presence of organic matter. Leave the coop empty for at least 2 weeks if possible, as oocysts will die from desiccation and UV exposure. ### 8. Should I vaccinate my chickens against coccidiosis? Vaccination is an effective prevention strategy, especially for flocks that have experienced repeated outbreaks. Live vaccines are available and can be administered to chicks or adult birds. Discuss vaccination with your veterinarian to determine if it is appropriate for your flock, and note that vaccinated birds should not be treated with anticoccidial drugs for at least 2 weeks after vaccination [10]. ## Sources [1] [Nano-formulated β-glucans from Saccharomyces cerevisiae enhance immunity and protection against coccidiosis in broiler chickens.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42475852/) [2] [Association of Different Diagnostic Methods Used to Identify Coccidiosis in Broiler Chickens and Potentially Associated Bacterial Lesions.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42440281/) [3] [Genetic diversity in Eimeria species infecting chickens: Implications for virulence, host immunity, vaccine performance, anticoccidial drug sensitivity and diagnostic reliability.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42344345/) [4] [Combined effect of black cumin seeds and bacteriophage in mitigating necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42202769/) [5] [Toll-like receptor-mediated innate immune response correlate with the pathogenicity of Eimeria tenella infection in SPF chickens.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42204750/) [6] [Anticoccidial Efficacy of Solid-Dispersion Formulations Containing Curcuma longa and Piper longum Extracts Against Eimeria tenella Infection in Broiler Chickens.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42514685/) [7] [Protective efficacy of Lactobacillus plantarum BS22 against Eimeria tenella and Eimeria acervulina co-infection in broiler chickens.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42447642/) [8] [Efficacy of in ovo and drinking water delivery of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Enterococcus faecium against Eimeria infection in broiler chickens.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42092525/) [9] [Evaluation of natural plant extracts as alternatives to chemical antiparasitics in Eimeria -infected chickens.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42376109/) [10] [Effects of red osier dogwood extract on growth performance, protein digestibility, tibia breaking strength, immune response, and gut health of broiler chickens in a coccidiosis vaccine challenge model.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42105386/) [11] [TRAF6, a gga-miR-7b Target, Promotes Eimeria tenella-Induced Inflammation and Apoptosis in Chickens by Activating NF-κB Pathway.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42194006/) ## Related Clinical & Scientific Guides * [Avian Emergency and Critical Care: Triage, Stabilization, and Supportive Therapy](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/backyard-poultry/avian-emergency-critical-care-triage-stabilization) * [Avian Cardiology: Heart Disease Diagnosis and Management in Birds](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/backyard-poultry/avian-cardiology-heart-disease-diagnosis-management-birds) * [Avian Biosecurity for Small Flocks: Preventing Disease Introduction and Spread](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/backyard-poultry/avian-biosecurity-small-flocks-preventing-disease-introduction-spread)