# Urinary Protein Creatinine UPC Ratio: Diagnosing Glomerular Disease in Dogs
## Key Takeaways
- The Urinary Protein-to-Creatinine (UPC) ratio is a quantitative diagnostic tool for assessing proteinuria in dogs, crucial for identifying and monitoring glomerular disease. A UPC ratio above 0.5 in a dog with normal kidney function is a significant indicator of glomerular damage.
- The UPC ratio corrects for urine concentration, making a single voided sample reliable for assessing protein loss, unlike less precise dipstick tests. Values are categorized by IRIS guidelines: <0.2 (Normal), 0.2-0.5 (Borderline), >0.5 (Proteinuric), >2.0 (Markedly Proteinuric), and >4.0 (Severe Proteinuria), with higher values indicating greater protein loss and associated risks like anemia.
- Diagnosing glomerular disease involves confirming persistent proteinuria (requiring repeat testing 2-4 weeks apart), ruling out pre-renal (e.g., hyperadrenocorticism) and post-renal (e.g., UTI) causes, and assessing the source of proteinuria (glomerular vs. tubular).
- Glomerular disease can stem from infectious agents (Leishmaniasis, heartworm), inflammatory conditions, neoplasia, metabolic disorders (Cushing's, diabetes), or amyloidosis. Early detection via UPC ratio allows for timely intervention with renal diets and ACE inhibitors to manage blood pressure and reduce intraglomerular pressure.
- Management strategies for glomerular disease include treating the underlying cause, implementing a therapeutic renal diet, controlling hypertension with ACE inhibitors or ARBs, and potentially antithrombotic therapy for severe proteinuria (>3.5 UPC) due to increased thromboembolic risk.
- The UPC ratio is vital for monitoring treatment efficacy, with the goal of reducing the ratio to below 0.5 or by at least 50%. Regular rechecks (initially 2-4 weeks, then every 3-6 months) are essential, and consistent use of the same laboratory is recommended due to potential inter-laboratory variability in results.
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If your veterinarian suspects kidney disease, one of the first tests recommended is the **urinary protein to creatinine (UPC) ratio**. This simple urine test is the cornerstone of diagnosing and monitoring [glomerular disease in dogs](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/clinical-methods/canine-glomerular-disease-diagnosis-management). It tells your vet not just *if* protein is leaking into the urine, but *how much*, which is essential for staging kidney disease, guiding treatment, and predicting long-term outcomes. A UPC ratio above 0.5 in a [dog](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/clinical-methods/dog) with normal kidney function is a red flag for glomerular disease and warrants a thorough investigation.
**Owner Triage Summary:** If your dog is drinking more water, urinating more frequently, or showing swelling in the limbs or abdomen, collect a fresh urine sample and book a veterinary appointment. Do not wait for visible signs of illness. Early detection of proteinuria with a UPC ratio can significantly alter the management of your dog's kidney disease.
## At a Glance: Understanding the UPC Ratio
The UPC ratio is a single number that quantifies protein loss in the urine. It is calculated by dividing the urine protein concentration (mg/dL) by the urine creatinine concentration (mg/dL). This ratio corrects for urine concentration, making a single voided sample as useful as a 24-hour urine collection.
| UPC Value | IRIS Proteinuria Substage | Clinical Interpretation |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| **< 0.2** | Non-proteinuric (NP) | Normal. No significant protein loss. |
| **0.2 - 0.5** | Borderline proteinuric (BP) | Grey zone. Requires re-testing and monitoring. Could indicate early disease or be transient. |
| **> 0.5** | Proteinuric (P) | Significant protein loss. Strongly suggests glomerular disease, especially with normal sediment. |
| **> 2.0** | Markedly Proteinuric | Severe protein loss. Often associated with glomerulonephritis or amyloidosis. |
| **> 4.0** | Severe Proteinuria | Associated with significant urinary loss of iron and transferrin, contributing to anemia [1]. |
*Table adapted from International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) guidelines.*
## The Physiology of Proteinuria
To understand why the UPC ratio matters, it helps to know how the kidney filters blood. The kidney's functional unit is the nephron, which consists of a filter (the glomerulus) and a series of tubules that modify the filtrate.
The glomerulus is a high-pressure capillary bed that filters blood. It is designed to keep large molecules, like albumin and larger proteins, in the bloodstream while allowing water, electrolytes, and small waste products to pass into the tubule. The glomerular filtration barrier has three layers: the fenestrated endothelium, the glomerular basement membrane (GBM), and the podocyte foot processes. Damage to any of these layers can lead to **proteinuria**, the abnormal presence of protein in the urine.
There are three main pathophysiologic mechanisms of proteinuria:
1. **Glomerular Proteinuria:** This occurs when the glomerular filtration barrier is damaged. The damage can be due to immune complex deposition, inflammation, or structural changes. This type of proteinuria is often heavy, with albumin being the predominant protein. It is the hallmark of glomerular disease.
2. **Tubular Proteinuria:** This occurs when the tubules are damaged and cannot reabsorb small proteins that are normally filtered. This type of proteinuria is typically mild to moderate and includes low-molecular-weight proteins like beta-2-microglobulin and retinol-binding protein.
3. **Overflow Proteinuria:** This occurs when there is an excess of small proteins in the blood, such as Bence Jones proteins in multiple myeloma, which overwhelm the tubules' reabsorptive capacity.
The UPC ratio is a sensitive indicator of glomerular proteinuria, but it cannot distinguish between these types on its own. Further testing, like urine protein electrophoresis, may be needed to characterize the type of protein.
## Why the UPC Ratio is the Gold Standard
Historically, veterinarians used urine dipstick tests to screen for protein. While convenient, dipsticks are prone to errors. They are influenced by urine pH and specific gravity, and they are only semi-quantitative. A dipstick reading of "1+" can mean very different things in concentrated versus dilute urine.
The UPC ratio overcomes these limitations. By dividing the protein concentration by the creatinine concentration, the ratio is independent of urine concentration. A dilute urine sample with a low protein concentration will also have a low creatinine concentration, and the ratio will remain accurate. This makes the UPC ratio a far more reliable and quantitative test for diagnosing and monitoring proteinuria.
A meta-analysis of nine studies, including 891 dogs, confirmed the diagnostic value of the UPC ratio in dogs with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The analysis found a large effect size (Hedges' g: 0.83) and a significantly higher odds ratio for elevated UPC in dogs with CKD compared to healthy controls (OR: 2.93; CI: 2.26-3.82; p < 0.001) [2]. This robust data confirms that the UPC ratio is a powerful tool for differentiating dogs with CKD from healthy dogs.
## Diagnosing Glomerular Disease
The diagnosis of glomerular disease is a multi-step process. The UPC ratio is central to this workup.
### Step 1: Confirm Persistent Proteinuria
A single elevated UPC ratio is not enough to diagnose glomerular disease. Proteinuria can be transient or persistent. Transient proteinuria can occur with fever, stress, strenuous exercise, or seizures. Therefore, the IRIS guidelines recommend confirming proteinuria on at least two consecutive samples taken 2 to 4 weeks apart.
### Step 2: Rule Out Post-Renal and Pre-Renal Causes
Before attributing proteinuria to glomerular disease, your veterinarian will rule out other causes:
- **Urinary Tract Infection (UTI):** Inflammation from a bacterial infection can cause protein to leak into the urine. A urinalysis with sediment examination and a urine culture are essential. Interestingly, one study found that the presence of leukocytes (white blood cells) on a dipstick leukocyte esterase test does *not* significantly affect the UPC ratio. The correlation coefficient between leukocyte strip status and UPC ratio was 0.014 (p = 0.849), indicating no association [3]. This suggests that even with a UTI, an elevated UPC may still reflect underlying renal damage, though a urine culture is still critical for diagnosis.
- **Hematuria (Blood in Urine):** Blood in the urine can falsely elevate the UPC ratio. A urinalysis will detect red blood cells.
- **Pre-Renal Causes:** Conditions like hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's disease) or hypertension can cause proteinuria, but they are often considered risk factors for, or consequences of, kidney damage.
### Step 3: Assess Glomerular vs. Tubular Damage
If proteinuria is persistent and post-renal causes are ruled out, the next step is to determine if the source is glomerular or tubular. While the UPC ratio is a good indicator of total protein loss, it does not differentiate the source. Advanced diagnostics like urine protein electrophoresis (SDS-AGE) can help. A study in dogs with leishmaniasis, a disease that commonly causes renal damage, used SDS-AGE to characterize proteinuria. At diagnosis, they found 3 dogs with albuminuria, 4 with tubular, and 20 with mixed proteinuria [4]. This distinction is important because glomerular proteinuria (albuminuria) carries a worse prognosis and requires more aggressive therapy.
### Step 4: Stage the Disease
Once glomerular disease is confirmed, the UPC ratio is used to stage the disease according to the IRIS guidelines. This staging system helps veterinarians determine the severity of the disease and tailor treatment.
- **Stage 1:** Non-azotemic CKD with persistent proteinuria (UPC > 0.5).
- **Stage 2:** Mildly azotemic CKD (serum creatinine 1.4-2.0 mg/dL) with proteinuria.
- **Stage 3:** Moderately azotemic CKD (serum creatinine 2.1-5.0 mg/dL) with proteinuria.
- **Stage 4:** Severely azotemic CKD (serum creatinine > 5.0 mg/dL) with proteinuria.
## Causes and Risk Factors of Glomerular Disease
Glomerular disease in dogs can be primary (idiopathic) or secondary to an underlying condition. Some of the most common causes include:
- **Infectious Diseases:**
- **Leishmaniasis:** This is a major cause of renal disease in dogs in endemic areas (Mediterranean basin, South America). The parasite causes immune-complex glomerulonephritis. The UPC ratio is a key marker for monitoring renal damage in these dogs [4, 5, 6, 7].
- **Heartworm Disease:** *Dirofilaria immitis* can cause glomerulonephritis.
- **Ehrlichiosis and Babesiosis:** Tick-borne diseases can lead to immune-complex deposition in the glomerulus.
- **Inflammatory Diseases:**
- **Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD):** A study on dogs with inflammatory protein-losing enteropathy (iPLE) found that while the median UPC increased from baseline (0.10) to 0.25 at 1-2 weeks and 0.30 at 2-3 months after starting glucocorticoid therapy, no dog had a UPC > 0.9 [8]. This suggests that while inflammation can cause mild proteinuria, it is not typically a cause of severe glomerular proteinuria.
- **Neoplastic Diseases:**
- **Lymphoma** and other cancers can cause paraneoplastic glomerulonephritis.
- **Metabolic Diseases:**
- **Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's Disease):** Chronic exposure to cortisol can lead to hypertension and glomerular damage.
- **Diabetes Mellitus:** Chronic hyperglycemia can damage the glomerulus.
- **Amyloidosis:** This is a condition where abnormal proteins (amyloid) are deposited in organs, including the kidneys. It is a common cause of severe proteinuria in certain breeds like the Shar Pei and Beagle.
- **Idiopathic:** In many cases, the underlying cause of glomerulonephritis is never identified.
## The Veterinary Examination and Diagnostics
If your dog is showing signs suggestive of kidney disease, your veterinarian will perform a thorough examination.
### The Clinical Examination
Your vet will ask about your dog's history, including water intake, urination frequency, appetite, and weight loss. A physical exam may reveal:
- **Thin body condition** due to muscle wasting.
- **Abdominal distension** due to ascites (fluid in the abdomen) from protein loss.
- **Subcutaneous edema** (swelling) in the limbs or under the jaw.
- **Pale mucous membranes** due to anemia. A study found that dogs with a UPC ratio > 4 had higher urinary loss of both iron and transferrin, which was associated with lower plasma total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) and contributed to anemia [1].
- **High blood pressure** (hypertension).
### Diagnostic Tests
The diagnostic plan typically includes:
1. **Complete Blood Count (CBC):** To check for anemia, inflammation, or infection.
2. **Serum Biochemistry Profile:** To assess kidney function (BUN, creatinine, SDMA), liver enzymes, and protein levels (albumin, globulin). Low serum albumin (hypoalbuminemia) is a common finding in severe glomerular disease.
3. **Urinalysis:** This includes assessment of color, turbidity, specific gravity, pH, and a chemical dipstick analysis. The sediment is examined microscopically for cells, casts, crystals, and bacteria.
4. **Urine Protein-to-Creatinine (UPC) Ratio:** This is the key test for quantifying proteinuria.
5. **Urine Culture:** To rule out a urinary tract infection.
6. **Blood Pressure Measurement:** Hypertension is both a cause and a consequence of glomerular disease.
### The Role of the UPC Ratio in Monitoring
The UPC ratio is not just a diagnostic tool; it is essential for monitoring the response to treatment. The goal of therapy is to reduce the UPC ratio to below 0.5, or at least decrease it by 50% or more. Regular UPC measurements allow your vet to determine if the treatment is working and to adjust medications as needed.
## Evidence-Based Management of Glomerular Disease
The management of glomerular disease focuses on three main goals: reducing proteinuria, controlling blood pressure, and managing the underlying cause.
### 1. Treat the Underlying Cause
If a specific cause is identified (e.g., leishmaniasis, ehrlichiosis, cancer), it must be treated. For example, dogs with leishmaniasis are treated with drugs like meglumine antimoniate and allopurinol. A study evaluating this treatment found that the urinary amylase-to-creatinine ratio (uAm/Cr), a potential marker of renal damage, decreased significantly in dogs with proteinuria after treatment, suggesting that controlling the infection can improve renal health [4].
### 2. Reduce Proteinuria with a Renal Diet
A therapeutic renal diet is the cornerstone of managing CKD and proteinuria. These diets are restricted in protein, phosphorus, and sodium, and are supplemented with omega-3 fatty acids. Reducing dietary protein decreases the workload on the glomerulus and reduces intraglomerular pressure, which can slow the progression of kidney damage.
### 3. Control Hypertension
High blood pressure damages the glomerulus. If your dog is hypertensive (systolic blood pressure > 160 mmHg), your vet will likely prescribe an antihypertensive medication. The most common class of drugs used are angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (e.g., enalapril, benazepril) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) (e.g., telmisartan). These drugs not only lower blood pressure but also have a direct protective effect on the glomerulus by reducing intraglomerular pressure.
### 4. Antithrombotic Therapy
Severe proteinuria leads to the loss of antithrombin III, which increases the risk of blood clots (thromboembolism). Dogs with a UPC > 3.5 are at a significantly higher risk. Your vet may recommend low-dose aspirin or clopidogrel to reduce this risk.
### 5. Immunosuppressive Therapy
If the underlying cause is immune-mediated (e.g., immune-complex glomerulonephritis) and the proteinuria is severe and progressive despite standard therapy, immunosuppressive drugs like corticosteroids or mycophenolate may be considered. However, this is a controversial area, and these drugs are not always effective. One study on dogs with iPLE found that glucocorticoid therapy did not cause a clinically relevant elevation in the UPC ratio, with the median UPC only increasing from 0.10 to 0.30 and no dog exceeding 0.9 [8]. This suggests that if a dog on steroids has a UPC > 0.5, it is likely due to the underlying disease, not the medication.
## The Impact of Breed and Sample Handling on UPC
Several factors can influence the UPC ratio, and it is important to be aware of them.
### Breed Variations
- **Sighthounds:** A study comparing sighthounds to non-sighthounds found that sighthounds had significantly lower UPC values (0.13 vs. 0.18, respectively; P = 0.000) [9]. This was due to both lower urine protein and higher urine creatinine concentrations. While statistically significant, this difference is unlikely to be of great clinical importance, but it is something to be aware of.
- **Small and Miniature Breeds:** A study on healthy small and miniature dogs found that Maltese dogs had significantly higher median serum creatinine concentrations compared to Yorkshire Terriers and Chihuahuas [10]. This highlights the importance of using breed-specific reference intervals when assessing renal function.
### Sample Handling and Laboratory Variability
The reliability of the UPC ratio depends on proper sample handling and laboratory analysis.
- **Storage:** A study in cats found that the UPC ratio remained stable with short-term storage (up to 7 days at 4°C), but not after 6 months of storage at -24°C or 12 months at -24°C or -80°C [11]. Long-term storage caused a change in IRIS proteinuria substage in 27% of cats. Therefore, urine samples should be analyzed promptly or stored appropriately for short periods only.
- **Laboratory Variability:** The same study found good inter-laboratory correlation (ICC = 0.90) and excellent intra-laboratory correlation (ICC = 0.99) for UPC measurements. However, in 50% of cats, at least one of four laboratories assigned a different IRIS proteinuria substage [11]. This variability can affect clinical decision-making, so it is best to use the same laboratory for monitoring a patient over time.
- **Analytical Methods:** The method used to measure urine protein can affect the UPC result. A study comparing the turbidimetric method (benzethonium chloride) and the colorimetric method (pyrogallol red) found a significant constant difference in dogs, cats, and guinea pigs, and a significant proportional difference in horses [12]. This means that results from different laboratories using different methods may not be directly comparable.
## The Role of the UPC Ratio in Early Detection
One of the most important uses of the UPC ratio is the early detection of kidney disease, before azotemia (elevated BUN and creatinine) develops. This is particularly relevant in diseases like leishmaniasis, where renal damage is common.
Dogs with leishmaniasis are often classified using the IRIS system. A study found that dogs in IRIS stage 1 (non-azotemic) can be further subdivided based on their UPC ratio into non-proteinuric (UPC < 0.2), borderline proteinuric (UPC 0.2-0.5), and proteinuric (UPC > 0.5) [6]. This early identification of proteinuria allows for earlier intervention with renal diets and ACE inhibitors, which can slow the progression to overt kidney failure.
Other early biomarkers, such as urinary cystatin C (uCysC) and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), have been studied in dogs with leishmaniasis. These markers were found to increase significantly in the earliest stage of the disease (LeishVet stage LI), even before the UPC ratio became abnormal [7]. Similarly, urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) has shown promise as an early biomarker [6, 13]. While these are not yet part of the standard diagnostic workup, they represent the future of early renal disease detection. The UPC ratio, however, remains the most accessible and well-validated test for assessing proteinuria in practice.
## Unsafe Home Remedies and What to Avoid
When your dog is diagnosed with proteinuria, you may be tempted to try home remedies. It is critical to avoid any interventions that are not prescribed by your veterinarian.
- **Do not reduce water intake:** This is a common misconception. Dogs with kidney disease need plenty of fresh water to stay hydrated and help the kidneys flush out waste.
- **Do not give over-the-counter human medications:** Drugs like ibuprofen or naproxen (NSAIDs) are highly toxic to dogs and can cause acute kidney injury.
- **Do not use herbal supplements without veterinary approval:** Many herbal products are not tested for safety or efficacy in dogs and can interact with prescription medications or worsen kidney damage.
- **Do not switch to a high-protein diet:** While a low-protein renal diet is recommended, a sudden switch to a high-protein diet (like a raw meat diet) can increase intraglomerular pressure and worsen proteinuria.
The best thing you can do at home is to ensure your dog eats the prescribed renal diet, takes all medications as directed, and returns for regular follow-up appointments.
## Prevention and Prognosis
### Prevention
Preventing glomerular disease involves managing risk factors:
- **Parasite Control:** Use year-round heartworm prevention and tick control to prevent diseases like heartworm, ehrlichiosis, and babesiosis.
- **Vaccination:** Keep your dog's vaccinations up to date to prevent infectious diseases.
- **Regular Wellness Exams:** Routine blood and urine tests can detect early kidney disease before clinical signs appear.
- **Dental Health:** Dental disease can introduce bacteria into the bloodstream, which can damage the kidneys over time.
### Prognosis
The prognosis for a dog with glomerular disease is variable and depends on the underlying cause, the severity of proteinuria, and the response to treatment.
- **Mild Proteinuria:** Dogs with a UPC < 1.0 that respond well to a renal diet and ACE inhibitors can live for several years with a good quality of life.
- **Severe Proteinuria:** Dogs with a UPC > 3.5 or those that develop nephrotic syndrome (proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia, and edema) have a guarded prognosis.
- **Underlying Cause:** If the cause is treatable (e.g., leishmaniasis), the prognosis is better. If it is due to amyloidosis or an unidentifiable cause, the prognosis is poorer.
A study on dogs with CKD found that those with a UPC ratio > 4 had a significantly higher urinary loss of iron and transferrin, which was associated with anemia [1]. Anemia is an important negative prognostic factor in CKD.
## Limitations and When to Contact a Veterinarian
This article is educational and is not a substitute for veterinary diagnosis or treatment.
While the UPC ratio is a powerful tool, it has limitations. A single UPC measurement can be affected by transient factors like stress or exercise. It cannot differentiate between glomerular, tubular, or overflow proteinuria. It does not provide information about the underlying cause of the proteinuria. Breed-level information, such as the lower UPC in sighthounds, provides a reference point but cannot predict an individual dog's specific values or health status.
**You should contact your veterinarian immediately if you notice any of the following:**
- Your dog is drinking and urinating significantly more than usual.
- Your dog has swelling in the abdomen, limbs, or under the jaw.
- Your dog is vomiting, has diarrhea, or a decreased appetite.
- Your dog is lethargic or weak.
- Your dog's urine is bloody or cloudy.
- Your dog is straining to urinate.
These could be signs of advanced kidney disease or other serious conditions that require prompt veterinary attention.
## Frequently Asked Questions
### 1. What is a normal UPC ratio in dogs?
A UPC ratio of less than 0.2 is considered normal in dogs. Values between 0.2 and 0.5 are borderline and require re-testing, while values greater than 0.5 indicate significant proteinuria.
### 2. How is a urine sample collected for a UPC ratio?
The preferred method is cystocentesis, where a needle is inserted into the bladder to collect a sterile sample. This avoids contamination from the lower urinary tract. However, a mid-stream free-catch sample can also be used if cystocentesis is not possible.
### 3. Can a dog with a high UPC ratio have a normal blood test?
Yes. The UPC ratio is often elevated before blood creatinine or SDMA levels become abnormal. This is why it is a valuable early biomarker for kidney disease.
### 4. What does a UPC ratio of 0.5 mean in a dog?
A UPC ratio of 0.5 is the threshold for overt proteinuria according to IRIS guidelines. It indicates that there is a significant amount of protein being lost in the urine, and further investigation is warranted to determine the cause.
### 5. Can diet affect the UPC ratio in dogs?
Yes. A therapeutic renal diet that is low in protein and phosphorus and high in omega-3 fatty acids can help reduce proteinuria and slow the progression of kidney disease.
### 6. Is a high UPC ratio always a sign of kidney failure?
No. A high UPC ratio can be transient (e.g., after exercise) or due to other conditions like a urinary tract infection. It is a sign of kidney *damage* (proteinuria), but not necessarily kidney *failure* (azotemia). It is a risk factor for progression to failure.
### 7. How often should the UPC ratio be rechecked in a dog with proteinuria?
Initially, the UPC ratio should be rechecked 2 to 4 weeks after starting treatment to assess response. Once stable, it is typically rechecked every 3 to 6 months, depending on the severity of the disease.
### 8. What is the treatment for a dog with a high UPC ratio?
Treatment focuses on managing the underlying cause, switching to a renal diet, controlling blood pressure with ACE inhibitors or ARBs, and potentially using antithrombotic therapy to prevent blood clots. Immunosuppressive drugs may be considered in severe, refractory cases.
## Sources
[1] [The first study on urinary loss of iron and transferrin in association with proteinuria in dogs with chronic kidney disease.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36855344/)
[2] [Diagnostic value of urinary protein to creatinine (UPC) ratio in dogs with chronic kidney disease (CKD): a systematic meta-analysis.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41701235/)
[3] [Relationship between Urine Protein-To-Creatinine Ratio and Leukocyte Esterase in Canine Urine Samples.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40736656/)
[4] [Evaluation of urinary amylase to creatinine ratio alone and in combination with urinary electrophoresis as a marker of renal damage in dogs with leishmaniosis undergoing conventional anti-Leishmania treatment.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41955684/)
[5] [Urinary Tamm-Horsfall protein excretion is a potential early biomarker of renal distal tubular damage in canine leishmaniosis.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39094329/)
[6] [Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as early biomarker for renal disease in dogs with leishmaniosis.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39002284/)
[7] [Urinary cystatin C and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) as early biomarkers for renal disease in dogs with leishmaniosis.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37030024/)
[8] [Glucocorticoids do not cause a clinically relevant elevation in the urine protein-to-creatinine ratio in dogs with inflammatory protein-losing enteropathy.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41659955/)
[9] [Evaluation of urine protein to creatinine ratio in sighthound breeds.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39834566/)
[10] [Serum Creatinine, Cystatin C and Symmetric Dimethylarginine Concentrations and Relationship Between Them in Healthy Small and Miniature Dogs: A Preliminary Study.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41008005/)
[11] [Effect of laboratory and sample storage factors on urinary protein:creatinine ratios and clinical decision making in cats.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37015881/)
[12] [Comparison of two methods of measuring the urinary protein concentration for the determination of the urinary protein to creatinine ratio in various animal species.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39296631/)
[13] [Endotoxic kidney injury in Beagle dogs assessed by serum creatinine and symmetric dimethylarginine, and urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and clusterin.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37516042/)
[14] [Short-term Effects of Surgical Sterilization on Urinary PH and Specific Gravity, Blood Urea Nitrogen, Serum Creatinine, and Urinary Protein to Creatinine Ratio in Sexually Intact Male and Female Dogs.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40256574/)
[15] [Biological variation of urinary protein: Creatinine ratio and urine specific gravity in cats.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37828720/)
[16] [Comparison of cystocentesis versus home sampling to determine urinary protein: Creatinine ratio and urine specific gravity in cats.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37387324/)
[17] [Urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus): Reference range and the effect of age and sex.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39722201/)
[18] [Exploratory Study of the Urine Protein-to-Creatinine Ratio in Apparently Healthy Horses.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40872733/)
[19] [Urinary chemistry in healthy cross-bred pet rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and rabbits with suspected chronic kidney disease.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40041720/)
[20] [A comprehensive analysis of albuminuria in canine chronic kidney disease.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38419297/)
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