# How to Find a Gene Promoter Region in NCBI: Step-by-Step Guide By the end of this guide you will be able to take any gene name, locate it in the [NCBI Gene database](/blog/guides/ncbi-gene-database), identify its transcription start site, calculate the exact upstream coordinates of its promoter, download that [promoter sequence](/knowledge/molecular-biology/promoter-sequence) in the correct orientation, and verify that the sequence you saved is the sequence you intended to get. You will also learn how published studies turn an NCBI gene [promoter region](/knowledge/molecular-biology/promoter-region) into a working experiment, whether that experiment is Sanger sequencing, methylation mapping, or a [luciferase reporter assay](/knowledge/diagnostics/molecular/luciferase-reporter-assay). Here is what you need on hand: - A web browser. No installation is required for the basic workflow. - A spreadsheet or plain text file for recording coordinates. - Optional but recommended: a Unix-style terminal (macOS, Linux, or Windows Subsystem for Linux) with the NCBI EDirect toolkit installed. - The official gene symbol, not a casual name. "ACE2" works better than "ACE2 receptor protein" because NCBI Gene indexes official symbols. ## What a Promoter Region Actually Is A promoter is the stretch of DNA, usually upstream of a gene, where [RNA polymerase](/knowledge/bioinformatics/rna-polymerase-structure-transcription-mechanisms) and transcription factors assemble to begin transcription. The transcription start site, abbreviated TSS, is the nucleotide where the RNA transcript begins. A core promoter is the minimal segment, often within roughly 100 base pairs of the TSS, that supports basal transcription. Promoters commonly contain short sequence motifs such as the TATA box, a GC-rich island recognized by Sp1, and response elements that bind specific transcription factors. One published example shows how these pieces fit together. Researchers retrieved the sequence flanking the transcription start site of the chicken SLC11A1 gene from NCBI and then narrowed the functional core promoter down to a 191 base pair window spanning 172 base pairs upstream to 19 base pairs downstream of the TSS. They also located a canonical TATA box 31 to 28 base pairs upstream of the TSS and showed that a Sp1 binding site contributed strongly to transcriptional activity [1]. That study is a useful model because it separates the computational step, which is pulling the region from NCBI, from the functional step, which is proving where the promoter actually begins and ends. Promoters are described with coordinate conventions you need to understand before touching NCBI. In the HGVS c. numbering system used across the NCBI databases, position c.1 is the first base of the start codon (the A of ATG) and negative numbers count backward from it. A variant written c.-966T>G sits 966 bases upstream of the ATG. A CFTR study found exactly such variants, including c.-966T>G, c.-871G>T, and c.-1062G>C, in patients with congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens, plus a deletion written c.-861delT [2]. A related study of the same gene and disease identified variants c.-8G>C, c.-966T>G, and c.-195C>A within a 3.8 kilobase promoter region, and mapped the conserved [transcription factor](/knowledge/molecular-biology/transcription-factor) motifs using Transfac and phylogenetic footprinting [3]. Notice the subtle trap in those two paragraphs. One study defined its CFTR promoter window as 1.4 kilobases upstream of the ATG start codon [2] and the other as 3.8 kilobases [3]. The ATG and the TSS are usually different positions because most genes have a 5' untranslated region between them. When you read a paper, note whether the authors anchored their window on the ATG or on the TSS, because that choice changes which bases you would amplify or analyze. ## How to Use NCBI: A Short Databases Guide for Promoter Work Learning how to use NCBI for promoter work means knowing which of its several dozen databases hold the pieces you need. Four matter most. **Gene** (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene) is the index card for every gene. It tells you the official symbol, the species, the current reference assembly, the chromosomal coordinates, the strand, and links to the matching transcript and genomic records. Start here every time. **Nucleotide** (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore) stores the actual sequences. You will use it to view or download genomic DNA around your gene, and to inspect the GenBank flat file of a chromosome or scaffold. Reference sequences carry stable accessions with version numbers, such as a chromosome accession followed by a dot and a number. **SNP** (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp) maps known variants, including the single nucleotide polymorphisms reported in promoter regions, onto reference assemblies. Association studies routinely use it to select candidate promoter variants. One study of depression, for example, screened three SNPs in the promoter region of the miR-17-92 cluster using GWAS data together with NCBI before genotyping more than a thousand participants [4]. **Assembly** (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly) documents each reference genome build. For human work that is GRCh38 as of this writing. Knowing the assembly is not optional, because a coordinate such as 82,275,427 is meaningless until you name the assembly or scaffold it belongs to. A study of the imprinted RTL1 gene, for instance, reported its promoter CpG sites against positions 82,275,427 to 82,275,737 within the NT_026437 sequence of the NCBI database [5]. NCBI does not store a ready-made answer called "the promoter." No Gene record contains a button labeled promoter. What NCBI gives you is the gene's chromosomal address, the structure of its reference transcripts, and the genomic sequence itself. You derive the promoter from those pieces, and this guide shows you how. ## Finding an NCBI Gene Promoter Region: The Complete Walkthrough ![Eight-step flow from Gene search through TSS identification, window calculation, sequence retrieval, orientation check and documentation.](/article-images/illustrations/ncbi-gene-promoter-region-promoter-walkthrough.webp) This ncbi gene promoter region step by step walkthrough uses the human CFTR gene as the worked example. CFTR suits the job because it sits on the minus strand, which forces you to learn orientation correctly, and because two published promoter studies used it as their target [3], [2]. Substitute any gene you care about. ### Step 1. Search the Gene database Open www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene and type the official symbol into the search box. ``` Search term: CFTR ``` If multiple species appear, add the species name to the query, for example `CFTR Homo sapiens`. The results page lists matches with the official symbol, full gene name, organism, and a GeneID. Click the human entry. ### Step 2. Verify you have the right record At the top of the Gene record, confirm three things: 1. The official symbol and name match your intent. 2. The organism is correct. 3. The summary line shows a RefSeq status, ideally REVIEWED for human genes, which means NCBI curators have checked the annotation. Record the GeneID in your notes. You will want it later for scripting and citation. ### Step 3. Read the Genomic context panel Scroll to "Genomic context." This panel states the reference assembly, the chromosome, the span, and the strand. For a human gene the assembly should read GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly. Write down three values: ``` Assembly: GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly Chromosome: 7 (for CFTR) Gene span: to (read from the panel) Strand: minus (for CFTR) ``` These are the numbers every downstream calculation depends on. If you later switch to a different assembly, every coordinate changes. ### Step 4. Pin down the transcription start site Click the position link to open the Sequence Viewer, or scroll to "Genomic regions, transcripts, and products" on the Gene page. Find the longest reference mRNA isoform. The TSS is the first base of that transcript. - For a plus-strand gene, the TSS is the lowest coordinate of the gene span. - For a minus-strand gene, the TSS is the highest coordinate of the gene span. A second way to confirm the TSS is to open the mRNA Nucleotide record and read the CDS feature. Its coordinate range tells you where coding begins, and the untranslated 5' region length is displayed in the record. The distance between the TSS and the ATG equals the length of the 5' untranslated region. If a paper anchored its window on the ATG, as the 1.4 kilobase CFTR study did [2], you can convert that window to a TSS-anchored window by adding the 5' UTR length. ### Step 5. Calculate the promoter window A promoter has no fixed length. Practical convention is to retrieve a generous window, often 1 to 2 kilobases upstream for a core-plus-proximal promoter analysis, and more when hunting distant regulatory variants. Published promoter studies illustrate the range of choices: - 1.4 kilobases upstream of the ATG for CFTR sequencing [2] - 3.8 kilobases of the CFTR promoter for variant detection [3] - Primers placed 3,308 base pairs upstream of the [transcription initiation](/knowledge/molecular-biology/transcription-initiation) site for the ITLN1 promoter [6] - CpG sites 200 to 1,500 base pairs upstream of the TSS (the TSS200 to TSS1500 bins) for SLCO4C1 methylation analysis [7] Do the arithmetic explicitly in your notes so the numbers are auditable: ``` WORKED EXAMPLE WITH ILLUSTRATIVE NUMBERS Plus-strand gene: Gene span: 10,000,000 to 10,250,000 TSS: 10,000,000 2 kb upstream: 9,998,000 to 9,999,999 3.8 kb upstream: 9,996,200 to 9,999,999 Minus-strand gene (CFTR-style orientation): Gene span: 10,000,000 to 10,250,000 TSS: 10,250,000 (the highest coordinate) 2 kb upstream: 10,250,000 to 10,252,000 3.8 kb upstream: 10,250,000 to 10,253,800 ``` The rule is simple. Upstream means opposite the direction of transcription. On a plus-strand gene, upstream coordinates are smaller than the gene start. On a minus-strand gene, upstream coordinates are larger than the gene end. ### Step 6. Retrieve the sequence Three retrieval routes are described in the next section. Pick the one matching your situation. ### Step 7. Orient and verify Check the sequence before you use it. The verification section below gives a concrete checklist. ### Step 8. Document everything For reproducibility, record the gene symbol and GeneID, the assembly name and version, the chromosome accession with its version number, the exact start and stop coordinates, the strand, the mRNA accession and version used to define the TSS, and the date of retrieval. This level of documentation is what lets a reviewer or a colleague regenerate your analysis, and it mirrors what careful studies do when they compare their sequences against reference data in the NCBI database [8], [9]. ## Retrieving the Promoter Sequence: Three Routes ### Route 1. The Nucleotide record and "Change region selected" 1. From the Gene record, click the chromosome accession under "Genomic regions" to open the genomic Nucleotide record. 2. On the record page, find the region selector near the Sequence Viewer (labeled "Change region selected" or similar). 3. Enter your upstream start and stop coordinates from Step 5. 4. Click "Send to," choose "File," and select FASTA (sequence only) or GenBank (sequence plus annotation). The GenBank format is worth choosing when you want annotation, because the flat file flags repeats, which are common in upstream regions and complicate primer design. ### Route 2. EDirect on the command line Install the EDirect toolkit from NCBI with the official installer, or through a package manager: ``` sh -c "$(curl -fsSL https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/entrezdirect/install-edirect.sh)" export PATH=$HOME/edirect:$PATH ``` Then fetch your window directly from the chromosome accession. EFetch takes the plus-strand coordinates and a strand flag, where 1 means the plus strand and 2 means the minus strand. For a plus-strand gene, upstream 2 kb: ``` efetch -db nucleotide -id NC_0000XX.X \ -seq_start 9998000 -seq_stop 9999999 \ -strand 1 -format fasta > mygene_promoter_2kb.fa ``` For a minus-strand gene, where the TSS sits at the high coordinate: ``` efetch -db nucleotide -id NC_000007.14 \ -seq_start 10250000 -seq_stop 10252000 \ -strand 2 -format fasta > cftr_promoter_2kb.fa ``` The `-strand 2` flag does the reverse complement for you, so the returned sequence reads 5' to 3' in the gene's own orientation, starting from the most upstream base and running toward the TSS. Expected output looks like this (abbreviated and illustrative): ``` >NC_000007.14:10250000-10252000 Homo sapiens chromosome 7, GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly GCGCATTGGC... ``` To get annotation as well as sequence, switch the format: ``` efetch -db nucleotide -id NC_000007.14 \ -seq_start 10250000 -seq_stop 10252000 \ -strand 2 -format gb > cftr_promoter_2kb.gb ``` A GenBank flat file for a fetched region contains a header with the accession, version, and organism, followed by feature blocks. A short illustrative excerpt of what the feature section looks like: ``` LOCUS NC_000007.14 2001 bp DNA linear PRI FEATURES Location/Qualifiers source 1..2001 /organism="Homo sapiens" /mol_type="genomic DNA" /db_xref="taxon:9606" ``` Reading the flat file is a fast way to see whether your promoter window overlaps repeats or other annotated features. ### Route 3. Batch retrieval for many genes When you need promoters for a gene family rather than one gene, put your windows in a table and loop over it. First collect coordinates from the Gene records into a tab-separated file: ``` accession start stop strand name NC_000007.14 10250000 10252000 2 CFTR NC_00000XX.X 9998000 9999999 1 MYGENE ``` Then run: ``` while read acc start stop strand name do efetch -db nucleotide -id "$acc" \ -seq_start "$start" -seq_stop "$stop" \ -strand "$strand" -format fasta > "${name}_promoter.fa" done < regions.tsv ``` This produces one FASTA file per gene, each named after the gene, which keeps downstream cis-element analysis organized. Plant gene family studies work exactly this way, retrieving promoter regions for every family member before running cis-acting element prediction with tools such as PlantCARE [10], [11]. ### Choosing between the routes ![Decision path asking how many genes are needed and whether the work must be repeatable, ending on the region selector, EFetch or a batch loop.](/article-images/illustrations/ncbi-gene-promoter-region-route-choice.webp) | Route | Best for | Output | Notes | |--|--|--|--| | Nucleotide record region selector | One gene, one-time lookup | FASTA or GenBank | Fastest, least reproducible | | EFetch via EDirect | One gene, scripted and repeatable | FASTA or GenBank | Records coordinates in the command itself | | EDirect loop over a table | Gene families, genome-scale work | Many FASTA files | Coordinates live in a versioned file | | SNP database | Overlaying known variants on the promoter | Variant list with rsIDs | Use after retrieving the sequence | ## Verifying the Sequence Is Correct Verification takes five minutes and prevents days of confusion downstream. 1. **Check the first and last bases against the TSS.** Take the 20 bases at the 3' end of your retrieved sequence (the end nearest the TSS for a plus-strand fetch, or equivalently the TSS-proximal end after orientation) and confirm they align to the 5' end of the reference mRNA. A mismatch means your TSS or arithmetic is off. 2. **Check the orientation.** If the gene is on the minus strand and you forgot the strand flag, your sequence will read backward. Primer design and motif searches will silently fail. The strand flag in EFetch, or the orientation option in the web region selector, fixes this. 3. **BLAST a unique slice.** Take 500 bases from the middle of the window and run them through NCBI's BLAST against the reference genome. A correct promoter window hits the intended chromosome location as the best match. This also reveals whether your window sits inside a repeat, which matters because repetitive upstream sequence can confound both PCR and alignment. A study of sturgeon immunoglobulin sequences demonstrated exactly how repetitive genomic regions complicate interpretation, using NCBI BLAST to confirm the presence of a repetitive segment across species [12]. In human promoters, VNTRs and other repeats are real findings rather than artifacts, and a study of the ABL1 breakpoint region used NCBI together with tandem repeat detection tools to characterize one such repeat and test its effect on promoter-driven transcription [13]. 4. **Confirm the assembly and version.** Open your saved FASTA header and check that the accession version matches the assembly you recorded in Step 3. A sequence fetched from a superseded assembly will not align cleanly to the current reference. 5. **Cross-check the TSS definition.** If your gene has multiple RefSeq isoforms with different 5' ends, decide which TSS defines your promoter and state that choice in your methods. ## From Promoter Sequence to Experiment Published papers give a realistic picture of what researchers do with a promoter region once they have it from NCBI, and each application imposes its own requirements on how you define and retrieve the window. **Variant discovery and sequencing.** The standard design is to retrieve the promoter from NCBI, design PCR primers across the window, Sanger sequence patient and control DNA, and align the reads to the NCBI reference. The ITLN1 stroke study placed its forward primer 3,308 base pairs upstream of the transcription initiation site and compared every Sanger read with the NCBI reference sequence [6]. A DNA polymerase beta study amplified the promoter region and compared each sequence with the wild-type reference deposited in NCBI, finding variants written as -196G>T, -168C>A, and a small insertion at positions -188 to -187, then tested their effect on transcription with a dual-luciferase reporter system [8]. A congenital cataract study compared bidirectional Sanger reads with NCBI reference sequences and linked a promoter variant in CRYGB, written c.-47T>C, to disease in the families it screened [9]. Novel variants discovered this way are submitted back to NCBI, which closes the loop. The ACE2 promoter study in a COVID-19 cohort detected eight novel polymorphisms and deposited them in NCBI under accession ON959139 [14]. **Variant selection before genotyping.** When a promoter is already well characterized, researchers mine existing variant annotations instead of sequencing de novo. The miR-17-92 depression study screened candidate promoter SNPs using GWAS data and NCBI before running a 1,096-person case-control genotyping study [4]. **Functional mapping of the core promoter.** Once the sequence is in hand, the question becomes which bases matter. The chicken SLC11A1 study built a series of truncated luciferase reporter constructs and narrowed the core promoter to a 191 base pair window around the TSS [1]. A pear study combined yeast one-hybrid, dual-luciferase, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays to show that a WRKY transcription factor binds a W-box element in the promoter of the ribosomal protein gene RPL12 [15]. Both studies began with sequence retrieved or defined relative to a reference database, then converged on function with experiments. **Cis-element prediction.** Before committing to experiments, most groups scan the retrieved promoter for transcription factor motifs. Tools named in the published literature for this purpose include Transfac, and PlantCARE,. The quality of motif prediction depends entirely on the quality of the input window, which is why the coordinate arithmetic and orientation checks above matter. **Promoter methylation.** Epigenetic studies need the exact CpG positions relative to the TSS. The SLCO4C1 prostate cancer study focused on CpG sites in the TSS200 to TSS1500 bins, meaning 200 to 1,500 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site, and validated them with bisulfite [amplicon sequencing](/blog/guides/amplicon-sequencing) [7]. The RTL1 placental study measured five CpG sites at a precisely reported coordinate span in an NCBI sequence record [5]. Both show why recording assembly, accession, and coordinates is not bureaucracy but the foundation of the analysis. **Livestock and comparative work.** The same NCBI workflow applies outside human genetics. A hermaphroditism case in a Shal sheep was traced to a mutation in the promoter of the SRY gene after the promoter sequence and the gene were sequenced and aligned against the NCBI database [16]. This is a reminder that the reference you align against must match the species and, ideally, the breed. ## NCBI Gene Promoter Region Tips These tips come from the places where the workflow tends to break. - Anchor every window on the TSS, not the ATG, unless the paper you are reproducing anchored on the ATG. State the anchor in your methods. - Prefer the longest RefSeq isoform when a gene has several. Promoters of isoforms with different first exons are genuinely different, and mixing them produces irreproducible windows. - Record the accession version number. Accessions without versions, like NM_000492 without a trailing dot-number, resolve to whatever is current when someone clicks them. Versions freeze the data. - Fetch a little extra on both ends. Add 200 base pairs of buffer beyond your intended window so primer design has room and boundary errors have slack. - Use the GenBank format once per project. Seeing the repeat and gene annotations inside your window is worth more than a bare FASTA. - Keep a single spreadsheet with gene, GeneID, assembly, accession, coordinates, strand, and retrieval date. Every published promoter study implicitly or explicitly reports these values,,. - For plant genes with few or no introns, remember that the upstream window may run into the previous gene. Check the neighboring gene's coordinates before designing experiments. - When a promoter contains variable repeats, treat the repeat itself as part of the biology rather than noise. The ABL1 work showed that a VNTR in a regulatory region can associate with disease risk and alter promoter-driven transcription [13]. ## Common Mistakes and Limitations **Using the mRNA record instead of the genomic record.** The mRNA record for your gene contains the transcript, not the upstream genomic DNA. Promoters are genomic. Retrieve from the chromosome or scaffold accession. **Mixing genome assemblies.** Coordinates from GRCh37 and GRCh38 differ for most loci. If your primers were designed on one assembly and your alignment runs on another, expect missed amplicons. Always name the assembly in your methods, the way methylation studies name the exact NCBI record they anchored on [5]. **Assuming upstream of the ATG equals upstream of the TSS.** The 5' untranslated region sits between them. A 1.4 kilobase window upstream of the ATG [2] and a 3.8 kilobase window anchored differently [3] are not the same promoter definition, and variant names like c.-966T>G only mean the same thing across papers when the reference transcript matches. **Ignoring the strand.** The single most common failure in this workflow is fetching a minus-strand gene's upstream window without the reverse complement. The resulting sequence is real DNA, so every check that merely confirms "the sequence exists" will pass, while every primer and motif search fails quietly. **Assuming a fixed promoter length.** There is no universal upstream distance that captures every promoter. Functional mapping can shrink a promoter to under 200 bases [1] or extend it across thousands [3]. Retrieve generously, then define boundaries experimentally. **Overlooking alternative promoters.** Genes with multiple first exons have multiple TSSs and possibly multiple promoters. NCBI's transcript view makes this visible. If you pick one isoform without checking, you may sequence the wrong promoter entirely. **Expecting NCBI to label the promoter.** NCBI annotates transcripts, exons, CDSs, and variants. The word promoter rarely appears as an annotation feature. You derive the region from transcript structure, which is exactly what the step-by-step method above does. **Forgetting that annotation is predictive, not proven.** A computationally defined promoter window is a hypothesis. The chicken SLC11A1 study is the model of what confirmation looks like, combining in silico retrieval with truncated reporter assays before declaring where the core promoter lies [1]. If your downstream conclusion depends on precise promoter boundaries, plan an experiment that tests them. One final limitation applies to the biology, not the workflow. A promoter variant found by these methods is a candidate until functional data supports it, and individual clinical or animal cases require appropriate professional judgment in the laboratory and clinic. ## Frequently Asked Questions ### How far upstream of a gene is the promoter region? There is no fixed distance. Practical convention uses roughly 1 to 2 kilobases upstream of the TSS for a proximal promoter, and published studies have used windows from 1.4 kilobases upstream of the ATG to 3.8 kilobases for the same gene [3], [2]. Retrieve a generous window and let experiments define the boundary. ### How do I find the transcription start site in an NCBI record? Open the Gene record, go to "Genomic regions, transcripts, and products," and select the longest reference mRNA. The first base of that transcript is the TSS. On plus-strand genes it is the lowest gene coordinate, and on minus-strand genes it is the highest gene coordinate. ### Why did my promoter sequence come out reversed? The gene is transcribed from the minus strand and you fetched the region without the strand flag. Re-fetch with the reverse complement applied, using `-strand 2` in EFetch or the orientation option in the NCBI web interface. ### Should I define the promoter relative to the ATG or the TSS? Use the TSS when you can, because promoter elements are positioned relative to it. Many published variants are nevertheless written relative to the ATG in c. numbering, such as c.-966T>G, so check which reference each paper used before comparing windows [2]. ### Which genome assembly should I use? Use the current RefSeq reference assembly, which is GRCh38 for human, and record its name and version. If you are reproducing an older study, you may need the assembly that study used, because coordinates shift between builds. ### Can I download promoter regions for many genes at once? Yes. Build a table of accessions, coordinates, and strands from the Gene records, then loop an `efetch` command over the file as shown in the batch retrieval section. Gene family studies use exactly this pattern before cis-element prediction [10], [11]. ### Does NCBI mark the promoter directly in the record? No. NCBI Gene and Nucleotide records annotate transcripts, exons, and coding sequences, not promoters. You identify the TSS from the transcript structure and derive the promoter window from it. ### How do I verify the promoter sequence I downloaded is correct? Align the TSS-proximal end of your sequence to the 5' end of the reference mRNA, BLAST a middle slice against the genome to confirm a unique hit at the expected locus, and check that the accession version and assembly match your notes. ## Sources 1. [Research note: Identification and characterization of SLC11A1 gene promoter of chicken.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42486028/) 2. [The detection and significance of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene promoter mutations in Chinese patients with congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29864494/) 3. [[Detection of promoter region of CFTR gene in Chinese congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens].](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26814065/) 4. [Association between Mir-17-92 gene promoter polymorphisms and depression in a Chinese population.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38711022/) 5. [DNA methylation of the Rtl1 promoter in the placentas with fetal growth restriction.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30679037/) 6. [Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in ITLN1 gene with ischemic stroke risk in Xi'an population, Shaanxi province.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38529304/) 7. [SLCO4C1 promoter methylation is a potential biomarker for prognosis associated with biochemical recurrence-free survival after radical prostatectomy.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31288850/) 8. [Two polymorphic mutations in promoter region of DNA polymerase β in relatively higher percentage of thymic hyperplasia patients.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33314687/) 9. [Mutation screening of γ-crystallin gene in congenital cataract patients from North India.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41581034/) 10. [Identification and Expression Analysis of the CLE Gene Family in Sesame.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42883783/) 11. [Identification and Analysis of the ZmGDS1 Gene Family in Maize.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42074496/) 12. [A Repetitive Acipenser gueldenstaedtii Genomic Region Aligning with the Acipenser baerii IGLV Gene Cluster Suggests a Role as a Transcription Termination Element Across Several Sturgeon Species.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39684396/) 13. [VNTR polymorphism in the breakpoint region of ABL1 and susceptibility to bladder cancer.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33952249/) 14. [The study of single nucleotide polymorphism in a promoter region of ACE-2 receptor gene in the samples of Iraqi population with COVID-19.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39042234/) 15. [Pyrus pyrifolia WRKY31 activates the ribosomal protein gene RPL12 to confer black spot resistance.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40194684/) 16. [The study of a hermaphroditic sheep caused by a mutation in the promoter of SRY gene.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37593675/)