# Pig Barn Layout and Floor Plan Options for Different Production Stages ## Key Takeaways - Barn layout is critically dependent on production stage, with distinct pen dimensions, alley widths, and flooring types optimized for nursery (0.2-0.3 m²/pig, 0.9-1.2 m alleys), grow-finish (0.6-0.8 m²/pig, 1.2-1.8 m alleys), and farrowing (1.5-1.8 m x 2.1-2.4 m crates) pigs to enhance performance, labor efficiency, and biosecurity. - Temperature control is paramount in nursery barns, requiring supplemental heating and ventilation strategies to prevent drafts, while grow-finish barns prioritize manure management and pig flow, often utilizing fully slatted concrete floors for efficient waste removal. - Farrowing barn design must balance sow comfort and piglet survival, necessitating specific crate dimensions, a solid creep area with targeted heating (32-35°C), and distinct temperature zones (18-22°C for sow, 32-35°C for piglets). - Biosecurity is intrinsically linked to barn layout, demanding clear separation of clean and dirty areas, one-way pig flow from younger to older animals, and perimeter fencing to mitigate disease transmission pathways, as highlighted by research on African Swine Fever prevention. - Ventilation system integration with floor plan is essential for air quality and thermal comfort, requiring strategic placement of inlets and fans to ensure uniform air distribution and prevent dead spots, which can lead to elevated ammonia levels and respiratory issues. - Automation and technology integration, including automated feeding systems, environmental controls, and video monitoring, are increasingly incorporated into modern barn designs to improve efficiency, health monitoring, and worker safety, requiring specific spatial considerations within the layout. --- Selecting the appropriate barn layout and floor plan for each production stage directly affects pig performance, labor efficiency, biosecurity, and worker safety. Nursery, grow-finish, and farrowing barns each require distinct pen dimensions, alley widths, feed and water placement, and ventilation strategies. This article compares layout options for these stages, providing concrete dimensions and management considerations that farmers can apply when designing or renovating facilities. ## At a Glance: Barn Layout Comparison by Production Stage | Production Stage | Typical Pen Dimensions | Alley Width | Flooring Type | Feed/Water Placement | Key Design Priority | |---|---|---|---|---|---| | Nursery (wean to 25 kg) | 1.2 m x 1.5 m to 1.5 m x 2.4 m | 0.9 m to 1.2 m | Fully slatted plastic or wire mesh | Feeder along pen front, nipple drinkers at rear or side | Temperature control and draft prevention | | Grow-finish (25 kg to market) | 2.4 m x 3.0 m to 3.0 m x 4.9 m | 1.2 m to 1.8 m | Fully slatted concrete or partial slats | Feeder at pen front, drinkers over slatted area | Manure management and pig flow | | Farrowing (sow and litter) | 1.5 m x 2.1 m to 1.8 m x 2.4 m | 1.5 m to 2.4 m | Slatted farrowing crate with solid creep area | Sow feeder and drinker at front, piglet waterer in creep | Sow comfort and piglet survival | ## [Nursery Barn Layout](/knowledge/animal-farming/swine/nursery-pig-barn-layout-work-flow) Considerations Nursery barns house pigs from weaning at approximately 3 to 4 weeks of age until they reach about 25 kg. The primary design challenge is maintaining optimal temperature while providing adequate space for feeding and resting. ### Pen Dimensions and Group Size Nursery pens should provide 0.2 to 0.3 square meters per pig for pigs up to 25 kg. Common pen dimensions range from 1.2 m by 1.5 m for small groups of 10 to 15 pigs, up to 1.5 m by 2.4 m for groups of 20 to 25 pigs. The floor plan must allow pigs to access feed and water without competition while maintaining a distinct dunging area. The community structure of domesticated pigs in livestock facilities influences how pens should be arranged. Research published in Preventive [Veterinary Medicine](/blog/careers/veterinary-medicine-careers-from-clinical-practice-to-public-health) (2021) examined social dynamics among pigs in commercial settings, highlighting that pen layout affects aggression and feeding behavior. Pens should be rectangular to encourage a natural separation of resting and dunging areas. ### Alley Widths and Pig Flow Feed alleys in nursery barns should be at least 0.9 m wide to allow feed delivery equipment and worker access. Service alleys behind pens should be 1.2 m wide to permit easy movement of pigs during loading and unloading. Narrower alleys increase stress on pigs and workers and slow down daily inspection routines. ### Feed and Water Placement Place feeders along the pen front where workers can easily fill them without entering the pen. Nipple drinkers should be positioned over the slatted area at the rear of the pen to keep the resting area dry. Provide one nipple drinker per 10 to 12 pigs, with drinker height adjusted as pigs grow. The Merck Veterinary Manual (www.merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition) provides general guidance on water requirements for swine, emphasizing that drinker placement must allow all pigs to access water without excessive competition. ### Ventilation and Heating Nursery pigs require supplemental heat for the first 2 to 3 weeks after weaning. Place heat lamps or pad heaters over the solid resting area, not over the slatted dunging area. The ventilation system must remove moisture and ammonia without creating drafts at pig level. Inlet placement and air speed are critical, as air entering at high velocity can chill pigs even when room temperature appears adequate. ## Grow-Finish Barn Layout Options Grow-finish barns house pigs from approximately 25 kg until market weight. These barns represent the largest space requirement in a farrow-to-finish operation and require careful planning for manure management, pig flow, and ventilation. ### Pen Dimensions and Stocking Density Standard grow-finish pens measure 2.4 m by 3.0 m for groups of 10 to 15 pigs, or 3.0 m by 4.9 m for groups of 20 to 25 pigs. Provide 0.6 to 0.8 square meters per pig for pigs up to market weight. Pens should be at least 2.4 m wide to allow pigs to lie fully extended without overlapping. The floor plan should allow for all-in/all-out management by room or by barn. This requires pens that can be completely emptied and cleaned between groups. Research on modeling the transmission dynamics of [African swine fever](/knowledge/bioinformatics/african-swine-fever-computational-models-for-early-detection-and-spread-prediction-in-wild-boar-populations) virus within commercial swine barns (Epidemics, 2025) emphasizes that barn layout directly affects disease spread. All-in/all-out management reduces pathogen buildup and improves pig health compared to continuous flow systems. ### Alley Widths for Equipment Access Feed alleys in grow-finish barns should be 1.2 m to 1.8 m wide to accommodate feed delivery carts or automated feed lines. Service alleys for pig movement should be at least 1.5 m wide. Wider alleys reduce stress during loading and allow workers to move pigs efficiently with sorting panels. ### Flooring and Manure Management Fully slatted concrete floors are common in grow-finish barns because they allow manure to fall through to a pit below. Slat openings should be 18 to 25 mm wide for pigs up to market weight. Partial slatted floors with a solid resting area and slatted dunging area can reduce manure handling volume but require more careful management of pig behavior to keep the solid area clean. Evaluation of the effectiveness of floating cover combined with aerobically treated pig slurry recharge for reducing hydrogen sulfide emissions in swine barns (Journal of Animal Environmental Science, 2025) addresses manure management strategies that affect air quality. Barn layout must include access points for pit maintenance and manure removal equipment. ### Feed and Water Placement in Grow-Finish Pens Place feeders along the pen front or in a corner to allow easy filling and inspection. Provide one feeder space per 3 to 4 pigs. Nipple drinkers should be located over the slatted area, with one drinker per 10 to 15 pigs. Drinker flow rate should be at least 1 liter per minute for growing pigs and 2 liters per minute for finishing pigs. ### Ventilation System Design Grow-finish barns commonly use tunnel ventilation or natural ventilation depending on climate. Tunnel ventilation with evaporative cool cell pads can reduce air temperature by 3.9°C with a cooling efficiency of 52%, according to research published in Applied Engineering in Agriculture (2022). The same study found that tunnel ventilation with cool cells or sprinklers improved daily weight gain compared to natural ventilation with sprinklers alone. Barn layout must accommodate ventilation inlets, fans, and cooling pads. Inlet placement should create uniform air distribution across all pens. Dead spots where air does not circulate lead to higher ammonia levels and respiratory problems. ## Farrowing Barn Layout and Crate Placement Farrowing barns require the most specialized layout because they must accommodate both the sow and her litter. The design must balance sow comfort, piglet survival, and worker access for farrowing assistance and piglet processing. ### [Farrowing Crate Dimensions](/knowledge/animal-farming/swine/farrowing-crate-dimensions-sow-comfort-design-guide) and Layout Standard farrowing crates measure 1.5 m by 2.1 m to 1.8 m by 2.4 m. The crate itself is typically 0.6 m wide and 2.1 m long, with adjustable sides to accommodate different sow sizes. The creep area for piglets should be at least 0.3 m wide on one or both sides of the crate, with a heat source for piglet warming. Crates should be arranged in rows with feed alleys of 1.5 m to 2.4 m between rows. Wider alleys allow easier movement of sows and equipment. The floor plan should include a separate area for piglet processing and temporary holding. ### Flooring in Farrowing Barns Farrowing crates typically use fully slatted flooring for the sow area and solid or partially slatted flooring for the piglet creep area. Slat openings should be 10 to 12 mm in the sow area to prevent piglet feet from slipping through. The creep area should have a solid floor with a heat mat or heat lamp to maintain temperature at 32°C to 35°C for newborn piglets. ### Feed and Water Systems Sow feeders should be accessible from the feed alley without entering the crate. Automatic feeding systems can deliver precise amounts of feed based on sow condition and stage of lactation. Nipple drinkers for sows should provide at least 2 liters per minute flow rate. Piglet waterers should be shallow and placed in the creep area to encourage early water intake. ### Temperature Management in Farrowing Barns Farrowing barns must maintain two different temperature zones: 18°C to 22°C for the sow and 32°C to 35°C for newborn piglets. This requires careful placement of heat sources in the creep area and ventilation that removes excess heat from the sow without chilling piglets. Evaporative cooling systems can help maintain sow comfort during hot weather, as documented in research on evaporative pad cooling impacts on barn environment and finishing pig performance (Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 2022). ## Biosecurity and Barn Layout Barn layout directly affects biosecurity, which is critical for preventing disease introduction and spread. Research on biosecurity measures for the prevention of African swine fever on German pig farms (Porcine Health Management, 2024) found that farm layout, financial means, and practicality of hygiene measures were the main barriers to implementing biosecurity measures. The study noted that deficits were found concerning fences and the delimitation of clean and dirty areas on farm grounds and in the anteroom. ### Clean and Dirty Area Separation Every barn should have a clear separation between clean areas where pigs are housed and dirty areas where trucks, feed delivery, and manure handling occur. The anteroom or changing area should have a bench that physically separates clean and dirty sides. Workers should change boots and coveralls when moving between areas. ### Pig Flow and Disease Prevention Barn layout should support one-way pig flow from younger to older animals. Nursery barns should be located upwind and uphill from grow-finish barns. Farrowing barns should be isolated from other production stages. Dead stock removal routes should not cross live pig movement routes. Research modeling the transmission dynamics of African swine fever virus within commercial swine barns (Epidemics, 2025) quantifies the contribution of multiple transmission pathways. Barn layout that minimizes direct contact between groups and allows effective cleaning between cycles reduces disease risk. ### Fencing and Perimeter Control Perimeter fencing should prevent contact between domestic pigs and wildlife, particularly wild boar that can carry African swine fever. The Porcine Health Management study (2024) identified fencing deficits as a common biosecurity gap. Gates should be locked and access restricted to essential personnel. ## Ventilation System Integration with Floor Plan Ventilation system design must be integrated with the floor plan from the beginning. Retrofitting ventilation into an existing barn is more expensive and less effective than designing it into the original layout. ### Inlet and Fan Placement Inlets should be positioned to deliver fresh air evenly across all pens. In tunnel-ventilated barns, inlets are at one end and fans at the opposite end. In naturally ventilated barns, sidewall curtains or vents provide air exchange. Fan placement must consider prevailing wind direction and neighboring buildings. ### Cooling System Integration Evaporative cooling systems require space for cool cell pads at the inlet end of tunnel-ventilated barns. The pads need regular cleaning and maintenance to prevent clogging and bacterial growth. Research on evaporative pad cooling (Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 2022) demonstrated that cool cell pads reduced air temperature by 3.9°C with 52% cooling efficiency, but the pads require adequate water supply and drainage. ### Air Quality Monitoring Bioaerosol measurements over a fattening period in a pig barn (Aerobiologia, 2020) documented total concentrations of mesophilic bacteria at 6.2 x 10^5 cfu/m^3 at the start of the fattening period, dropping to 2.6 x 10^5 cfu/m^3 as pigs grew. Staphylococcus spp. concentrations decreased from 8.8 x 10^4 cfu/m^3 to 9.4 x 10^3 cfu/m^3 by the end of the period. These measurements highlight the importance of ventilation in maintaining air quality. Barn layout should allow placement of air quality monitoring equipment at pig level. ## Manure Handling System Considerations Manure handling system design affects floor plan, pit depth, and access for equipment. The choice between deep pits, shallow pits with pull-plug systems, or external lagoons influences barn layout. ### Pit Design and Access Deep pits under fully slatted floors require access points for agitation and pumping. Access ports should be located outside the barn or in service alleys to minimize disruption to pigs. Pit depth should allow adequate storage between pumping cycles, typically 1.2 m to 2.4 m depending on local regulations and crop application schedules. ### Manure Removal Frequency Pull-plug systems with shallow pits allow more frequent manure removal, reducing ammonia levels in the barn. These systems require a slope in the pit floor and a plug mechanism that can be operated from outside the pen. The floor plan must include access to plug mechanisms without entering pens. ### Hydrogen Sulfide Management Research on reducing hydrogen sulfide emissions in swine barns (Journal of Animal Environmental Science, 2025) addresses strategies for managing this toxic gas. Barn layout should include ventilation that removes gases from the pit headspace, and workers should be trained to recognize hydrogen sulfide hazards. Agitation of manure during pumping can release dangerous levels of hydrogen sulfide, so barns should be evacuated during this process. ## Automation and Technology Integration Modern barn layouts increasingly accommodate automated feeding systems, environmental controls, and monitoring technology. ### Automated Feeding Systems Liquid feeding systems require space for mixing tanks, pumps, and distribution lines. Dry feeding systems with augers or conveyors need overhead space for feed lines. The floor plan should include a feed room that is separate from pig areas but accessible for maintenance. ### Environmental Control Systems Sensors for temperature, humidity, and ammonia should be placed at pig level in multiple locations throughout the barn. The control system should be located in a clean, dry area where workers can monitor conditions and adjust settings. Backup systems for power failure are essential. ### Video Monitoring and Behavior Recognition Pig behavior recognition using video-based deep learning (Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society, 2025) demonstrates the potential for automated health monitoring. Barn layout should include camera mounting points that provide clear views of all pens without blind spots. Camera placement must consider lighting conditions and dust accumulation. ### Carcass Transport Systems Design of a control system for a diseased pig carcass transport robot based on laser SLAM and machine vision (Smart Agricultural Technology, 2025) represents emerging technology for removing dead pigs without worker entry into pens. Barn layout should include clear pathways for robotic transport systems if this technology is adopted. ## Practical Implementation Steps for Barn Design When designing or renovating a pig barn, follow these steps to ensure the layout meets production needs. ### Step 1: Determine Production Stage and Group Size Calculate the number of pigs per group based on your target market weight and facility turnover. For nursery barns, plan for 10 to 25 pigs per pen. For grow-finish barns, plan for 10 to 25 pigs per pen. For farrowing barns, plan for individual crates. ### Step 2: Calculate Total Space Requirements Multiply the number of pigs by the recommended space per pig. Add space for alleys, feed rooms, and service areas. Include a buffer of 10 to 15 percent for future expansion or changes in production practices. ### Step 3: Select Flooring Type Choose fully slatted, partially slatted, or solid flooring based on manure handling system and pig age. Nursery pigs require smaller slat openings than grow-finish pigs. Farrowing crates need different slat sizes for sow and piglet areas. ### Step 4: Design Ventilation System Calculate ventilation requirements based on pig weight, local climate, and barn orientation. Integrate inlets, fans, and cooling systems into the floor plan. Ensure uniform air distribution across all pens. ### Step 5: Plan Feed and Water Systems Position feeders and drinkers to minimize competition and keep resting areas dry. Provide adequate feeder space and drinker flow rates for the number of pigs per pen. ### Step 6: Incorporate Biosecurity Features Design clean and dirty area separation, anterooms, and perimeter fencing. Plan one-way pig flow from younger to older animals. Include dead stock removal routes that do not cross live pig movement routes. ### Step 7: Review and Adjust Walk through the floor plan with workers who will use the barn daily. Identify potential problems with pig flow, equipment access, or cleaning. Make adjustments before construction begins. ## Records and Measurements for Barn Performance Maintain records of barn performance to evaluate layout effectiveness and identify areas for improvement. ### Key Performance Indicators Track average daily gain, [feed conversion ratio](/knowledge/animal-farming/poultry/feed-conversion-ratio-measuring-improving-poultry-efficiency), mortality, and cull rates by barn and room. Compare performance between different layout designs to identify which configurations work best for your operation. ### Environmental Records Record temperature, humidity, and ammonia levels at pig level in multiple locations. Note any areas where conditions consistently differ from the set point. These records help identify ventilation problems or dead spots in air distribution. ### Health Records Document disease outbreaks, treatment rates, and mortality causes by pen and room. Patterns of disease within a barn can indicate layout problems such as poor air distribution, inadequate drainage, or biosecurity gaps. ### Manure Management Records Track manure depth in pits, pumping frequency, and odor complaints. Records help optimize pumping schedules and identify problems with pit design or drainage. ## Common Failure Patterns in Barn Layout Recognizing common layout failures helps farmers avoid costly mistakes when designing or renovating barns. ### Insufficient Alley Width Narrow alleys slow down pig movement, increase stress, and make it difficult to remove dead pigs or equipment. Workers may skip routine inspections because alleys are difficult to navigate. Minimum alley widths should be maintained even if it reduces pen space. ### Poor Drainage and Wet Pens Pens that do not drain properly create wet conditions that increase ammonia levels and promote disease. Slats that are too wide for pig age allow feet to slip through, causing injuries. Floor slope should direct urine and water toward drains or slatted areas. ### Inadequate Ventilation Distribution Ventilation systems that create dead spots or drafts lead to uneven temperature and air quality. Pigs in dead spots may show reduced growth rates and higher respiratory disease incidence. Air speed measurements at pig level help identify distribution problems. ### Feed and Water Competition Insufficient feeder space or drinker access leads to competition and reduced feed intake. Subordinate pigs may not get adequate nutrition, resulting in uneven growth. Provide one feeder space per 3 to 4 pigs and one drinker per 10 to 15 pigs. ### Biosecurity Gaps Layouts that do not separate clean and dirty areas increase disease risk. Shared equipment, personnel movement between barns, and inadequate perimeter fencing are common gaps. The Porcine Health Management study (2024) found that farm layout was a major barrier to implementing biosecurity measures. ## Welfare and Safety Context Barn layout directly affects pig welfare and worker safety. Poorly designed barns increase stress on pigs and risk of injury to workers. ### Pig Welfare Considerations Pens should allow pigs to stand, lie down, and turn around without difficulty. Social grouping should consider the community structure of domesticated pigs (Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2021) to minimize aggression. Mixing unfamiliar pigs should be avoided, and pen design should allow pigs to retreat from aggressive pen mates. ### Worker Safety Alleys should be wide enough for workers to move safely around pigs. Non-slip flooring in alleys reduces fall risk. Ventilation systems should maintain air quality within safe limits for workers. Hydrogen sulfide monitoring is essential during manure agitation and pumping. ### Heat Stress Management Evaporative cooling systems improve pig well-being during hot weather, as documented in research on evaporative pad cooling (Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 2022). Barn layout should include cooling systems appropriate for the local climate. Sprinklers, drip cooling, or evaporative pads can reduce heat stress, but each system requires different space and water management. ### Emergency Procedures Barn layout should include emergency exits and clear pathways for evacuation. Fire extinguishers should be located at exits and near electrical panels. Emergency plans should address power failure, fire, and disease outbreak scenarios. ## Professional Escalation Criteria Some barn layout problems require professional consultation. Escalate to a veterinarian, agricultural engineer, or ventilation specialist when these conditions occur. ### When to Consult a Veterinarian - Disease outbreaks that follow a pattern suggesting barn layout contributes to transmission - Persistent respiratory problems despite adequate ventilation settings - High mortality rates that cannot be explained by management factors alone - Biosecurity breaches that require layout changes to prevent recurrence ### When to Consult an Agricultural Engineer - Ventilation system cannot maintain target temperature or air quality - Manure handling system causes persistent odor complaints or regulatory issues - Barn structure shows signs of deterioration from moisture or corrosion - Renovation plans require structural changes to walls, floors, or roof ### When to Consult a Ventilation Specialist - Temperature variation of more than 3°C between different areas of the barn - Ammonia levels consistently above 20 ppm at pig level - Condensation on walls or ceiling during cold weather - Fans or inlets that cannot achieve design air exchange rates ## Frequently Asked Questions ### What is the minimum alley width for a grow-finish barn? Feed alleys should be at least 1.2 m wide, and service alleys for pig movement should be at least 1.5 m wide. Wider alleys of 1.8 m improve worker access and reduce stress during loading and unloading. ### How much space does each pig need in a nursery barn? Provide 0.2 to 0.3 square meters per pig for pigs from weaning to 25 kg. Pen dimensions of 1.2 m by 1.5 m work well for groups of 10 to 15 pigs, while 1.5 m by 2.4 m pens accommodate 20 to 25 pigs. ### Should farrowing crates be arranged in rows or individual rooms? Farrowing crates are typically arranged in rows within a single room or multiple rooms. Room-based layouts allow all-in/all-out management by room, which improves disease control. Row spacing should provide 1.5 m to 2.4 m feed alleys for equipment access. ### How do I prevent drafts in a nursery barn? Place inlets to direct incoming air upward or along the ceiling, not directly at pig level. Use baffles or inlet deflectors to mix incoming air with room air before it reaches pigs. Heat lamps or pad heaters over the resting area help maintain piglet temperature even if air movement occurs. ### What slat opening size should I use for nursery pigs? Slat openings of 10 to 12 mm are appropriate for nursery pigs up to 25 kg. Wider openings allow feet to slip through and cause injuries. As pigs grow, slat openings can be increased to 18 to 25 mm for grow-finish pigs. ### How many nipple drinkers do I need per pen? Provide one nipple drinker per 10 to 12 pigs in nursery barns and one per 10 to 15 pigs in grow-finish barns. Drinker flow rate should be at least 1 liter per minute for nursery pigs and 2 liters per minute for finishing pigs. ### Can I use the same barn design for nursery and grow-finish pigs? Nursery and grow-finish barns have different requirements for temperature, ventilation, and flooring. Using the same design for both stages usually results in suboptimal conditions for one stage. Separate barns or rooms with stage-specific designs are recommended. ### How do I incorporate biosecurity into barn layout? Design clean and dirty area separation with a bench in the anteroom. Place nursery barns upwind and uphill from grow-finish barns. Install perimeter fencing to prevent wildlife contact. Plan one-way pig flow from younger to older animals with separate equipment for each barn. ## Related Farming Guides - [Lentivirus Production](/blog/guides/plaque-assays-planning-controls-and-reporting-viral-titer) - [Pig Barn Ventilation And Thermal Comfort](/knowledge/animal-farming/swine/pig-barn-ventilation-and-thermal-comfort) - [Pig Production Kpis And Herd Benchmarking](/knowledge/animal-farming/swine/pig-production-kpis-and-herd-benchmarking) - [Swine Barn Cleaning Disinfection And Downtime](/knowledge/animal-farming/swine/swine-barn-cleaning-disinfection-and-downtime) - [Cold Weather Management For Swine Barns](/knowledge/animal-farming/swine/cold-weather-management-for-swine-barns) ## Related Clinical & Scientific Guides * [Pig Enrichment Programs and Behavior Monitoring](/knowledge/animal-farming/swine/pig-enrichment-programs-and-behavior-monitoring) * [Swine Handling Facility Design for Safe Pig Movement](/knowledge/animal-farming/swine/swine-handling-facility-design-safe-pig-movement) * [Swine Feeding Management for Grow-Finish Pigs](/knowledge/animal-farming/swine/swine-feeding-management-for-grow-finish-pigs) ## References and Further Reading - [www.ars.usda.gov](https://www.ars.usda.gov/animal-production-and-protection) - [www.aphis.usda.gov](https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/swine) - [www.merckvetmanual.com](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition) - [Community structure of domesticated pigs in livestock facilities.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33465640). Preventive veterinary medicine, 2021. - [Modeling the transmission dynamics of African swine fever virus within commercial swine barns: Quantifying the contribution of multiple transmission pathways.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40300468). Epidemics, 2025. - [Pig Behavior Recognition in a Commercial Swine Barn Using Video Based Deep Learning](https://doi.org/10.5762/kais.2025.26.6.190). Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society, 2025. - [Evaluation of the effectiveness of floating cover combined with aerobically treated pig slurry recharge for reducing hydrogen sulfide emissions in swine barns](https://doi.org/10.11109/jaes.2025.27.3.131). Journal of Animal Environmental Science, 2025. - [Biosecurity measures for the prevention of African swine fever on German pig farms: comparison of farmers’ own appraisals and external veterinary experts’ evaluations](https://doi.org/10.1186/s40813-024-00365-x). Porcine Health Management, 2024. - [Evaporative Pad Cooling Impacts on Barn Environment and Finishing Pig Performance](https://doi.org/10.13031/aea.14810). Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 2022. - [Bioaerosol measurements over a fattening period in a pig barn focused on the presence of Staphylococcus spp.](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10453-020-09658-4). Aerobiologia, 2020. - [Design of a control system for a diseased pig carcass transport robot based on laser slam and machine vision](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atech.2025.101416). Smart Agricultural Technology, 2025. > This article is educational and is not a substitute for veterinary diagnosis, treatment, public-health guidance, or regulatory reporting.