# Farrowing and Nursery Barn Emergency Power and Backup Systems ## Key Takeaways - Critical loads for farrowing and nursery barns during power outages are ventilation fans, controllers, heaters, water pumps, and alarm systems; all other equipment is secondary. - Generator sizing must account for starting surge wattage, which can be 2-3 times the running wattage for electric motors, in addition to the total running wattage of all critical equipment. - A minimum of 48 hours of continuous operation is recommended for backup power systems, with longer durations necessary for remote or storm-prone locations. - Monthly testing of the generator under load is imperative to ensure it can carry the barn's electrical demand, as a generator that starts but cannot power the barn is ineffective. - Audible and visual alarms are essential for immediate notification of power loss, generator failure, and critical barn temperature deviations, prompting timely intervention. - Fuel storage requires regular rotation and the use of stabilizers for gasoline and diesel to prevent degradation and ensure operational readiness for extended outages. --- Power loss in a farrowing or nursery barn is not a convenience issue. It is a life safety event. Newborn piglets have almost no energy reserves, and nursery pigs lose body heat quickly when ventilation stops. A summer outage can push temperatures to lethal levels within minutes, and a winter outage can freeze water lines and chill pigs to the point of crushing and disease. This guide covers how to plan for, install, maintain, and operate emergency power and backup systems for farrowing and nursery barns. It is written for swine producers, farm managers, and herd personnel who need practical steps for protecting sows and piglets during grid failures. ## At a Glance - **Assess your critical loads first.** Ventilation fans, controllers, heaters, water pumps, and alarm systems are the priority. Everything else is secondary during an outage. - **Size the generator for starting surge, not just running watts.** Electric motors draw 2 to 3 times their running wattage on startup. - **Plan for at least 48 hours of continuous operation** as a baseline, and longer if you are in a remote or storm prone area. - **Test your system monthly under load.** A generator that starts but cannot carry the barn load is useless. - **Install audible and visual alarms** that alert you to power loss, generator failure, and high or low barn temperatures. - **Keep fuel on hand and rotate it.** Stored diesel and gasoline degrade. Stabilizer and a strict usage schedule prevent fuel problems. - **Have a written shutdown and startup procedure** posted in the barn and in the generator room. - **Train all employees** on how to switch over power, start the generator, and respond to alarms. - **Call your veterinarian or extension agent** if you have questions about pig behavior, ventilation rates, or disease risk during extended outages. ## Understanding Why Emergency Power Is Critical in Farrowing and Nursery Barns Piglets are born with very little body fat and no ability to shiver effectively for the first few days of life. They depend on the barn environment to maintain body temperature. A sow in a farrowing crate generates considerable heat, but newborn piglets need a creep area at 90 to 95 degrees Fahrenheit in the first week. Nursery pigs need stable temperatures around 80 to 85 degrees at weaning, gradually dropping as they grow. Ventilation does more than control temperature. It removes moisture, ammonia, carbon dioxide, and pathogens. It also supplies oxygen. When ventilation stops, humidity rises, ammonia accumulates, and the air quality deteriorates rapidly. In cold weather, a barn that is tightly sealed to preserve heat becomes a trap when the fans stop. In hot weather, the barn becomes an oven. The time to irreversible harm is short. In a summer outage, barn temperatures can rise 10 to 20 degrees Fahrenheit within 30 minutes in a fully stocked farrowing room. Piglets show signs of heat stress quickly, and sows can develop agalactia or even die from heat stroke. In winter, a barn that loses heat can drop below piglet survival temperatures within an hour, especially in a wind exposed facility. Water is another critical concern. Most barns use electric pumps or electric valves for nipple drinkers. Without power, sows and pigs lose access to water. Lactating sows need large volumes of water to produce milk. Even a few hours without water can reduce milk yield and set up piglets for starvation and scours. Emergency power is not optional equipment for a modern swine operation. It is a risk management tool that protects animal welfare, worker safety, and the financial investment in the herd. ## Causes of Power Outages Affecting Pig Barns Understanding what causes outages helps you plan for their duration and frequency. Different regions face different risks. **Weather events** are the most common cause of extended outages. Ice storms can snap power poles and take down lines for days. High winds from tornadoes and hurricanes can destroy infrastructure. Heavy snow can bring down trees onto lines. Lightning strikes can damage transformers and barn electrical panels. **Grid failures** happen even in good weather. Equipment failure at substations, transformer failures, and grid overload during peak demand periods can cause rolling blackouts or localized outages. **On farm electrical failures** are often overlooked. A short circuit in a barn circuit, a tripped breaker, a failed main panel, or damage from rodents chewing wires can cut power to part or all of the barn. These failures can happen at any time and are not related to weather. **Planned outages** occur when the utility company needs to perform maintenance. Utilities typically notify customers in advance, but the notice may be short. You should have a plan that works on short notice. **Vehicle accidents** can take out power poles along rural roads. A car hitting a pole can cut power to a whole area for hours while crews make repairs. The duration of an outage matters for planning. Most outages are short, under four hours. But the ones that matter are the long ones. A generator that runs for 12 hours and then runs out of fuel is not a backup system, it is a delay tactic. ## Types of Backup Power Systems for Swine Barns There are several categories of emergency power systems. The right choice depends on barn size, budget, fuel availability, and how long you need to run. ### Portable Generators Portable generators are the most common entry level solution. They range from small 5,000 watt units that can run a few fans to large 25,000 watt units that can handle a modest barn. They run on gasoline, propane, or diesel. Advantages include lower upfront cost, flexibility to move them between buildings, and availability from many retailers. Disadvantages include the need to manually start them, fuel storage concerns, and the risk that the generator will not be on site when the power goes out. A portable generator also requires careful connection to the barn electrical system to avoid backfeeding. ### Standby Generators with Automatic Transfer Switches A standby generator is permanently installed and connected to the barn electrical system through an automatic transfer switch. When the utility power drops, the transfer switch senses the loss and starts the generator automatically. When utility power returns, the switch transfers the load back and shuts the generator down after a cool down period. Standby generators run on diesel, propane, or natural gas. They are more expensive than portable units but offer true automatic operation. This is important if you are not on site when the power fails. A standby system can run the barn with no human intervention for days if fuel supply is maintained. ### PTO Driven Generators If you have a tractor with a power take off, a PTO generator can be a cost effective option. These generators are driven by the tractor engine and can produce large amounts of power. They require a tractor to be available and someone to connect and start the system. PTO generators are common on larger farms that already have tractors. They are less convenient than standby units but can provide substantial power for a fraction of the cost. You need to verify that the tractor can run continuously for long periods and that you have fuel for the tractor. ### Inverter and Battery Systems Battery backup systems with inverters can provide short term power for alarms, controllers, and minimal ventilation. These systems are not designed to run a full barn for hours or days. They are useful for bridging the gap between power loss and generator startup, or for keeping critical monitoring systems running. A battery system can power a ventilation controller, alarm dialer, and a small fan for a limited time. This can be enough to prevent a disaster if the generator starts quickly. But battery systems are not a substitute for a generator in a commercial farrowing or nursery barn. ### Solar with Battery Storage Solar panels combined with battery storage are becoming more common in agriculture. These systems can offset electrical costs during normal operation and provide backup power during outages. However, the cost is high, and the battery capacity needed to run a farrowing barn for days is substantial. Solar backup is best suited for farms that also want to reduce their normal electrical bills. ## Sizing Your Generator Correctly Generator sizing is the most common mistake in emergency power planning. An undersized generator will not start the equipment, and an oversized generator wastes fuel and money. The first step is to make a list of every piece of electrical equipment in the barn that must run during an outage. Include: - Ventilation fans, both exhaust and circulation fans - Ventilation controllers and sensors - Heaters and heat lamps - Water pumps and water heaters - Feed systems if they are electric - Lights for worker safety - Alarm systems and communication equipment - Sump pumps if present For each item, record the running wattage and the starting wattage. Running wattage is what the equipment uses during normal operation. Starting wattage, also called surge wattage, is what an electric motor draws for a few seconds when it starts. Motors can draw 2 to 3 times their running wattage on startup. Add up the running wattage of everything that will run at the same time. Then identify the single largest starting surge and add that to the total. This gives you the minimum generator size. As an example, a small farrowing barn with 12 crates might have: - Two 24 inch exhaust fans at 500 running watts each, 1,000 watts - One 36 inch exhaust fan at 750 running watts, 1,500 watts starting - Ventilation controller at 50 watts - Two heat lamps at 250 watts each, 500 watts - Water pump at 750 running watts, 1,800 watts starting - Lights at 200 watts - Alarm system at 25 watts Total running watts is about 3,275. The largest starting surge is the water pump at 1,800 watts. The minimum generator size is about 5,075 watts. A 6,000 to 7,000 watt generator would provide a safe margin. Larger barns need much larger generators. A commercial farrowing barn with 100 crates and tunnel ventilation can easily need 50,000 to 100,000 watts or more. These barns typically require a permanently installed standby generator or a large PTO unit. Do not forget that some equipment cannot run at the same time if the generator is marginal. You may need to prioritize loads and use a manual or automatic load shedding system. For example, you might run only half the fans during the first minutes of a startup, then bring the rest online. ## Fuel Selection and Storage The fuel you choose affects cost, storage, run time, and reliability. **Gasoline** is common for small portable generators. It is easy to obtain but has a short shelf life of about 3 to 6 months without stabilizer. Gasoline is volatile and requires careful storage in approved containers. It is not practical for long outages beyond a day or two because you need a large supply. **Diesel** is the standard for larger generators and PTO units. Diesel has a longer shelf life than gasoline, about 6 to 12 months with proper treatment. Diesel engines are more fuel efficient and durable than gasoline engines. Diesel fuel can gel in very cold weather, so you need to use winter blend fuel or add anti gel treatment. **Propane** has an indefinite shelf life and burns cleanly. Propane generators are reliable and require less maintenance than gasoline units. The downside is that large propane tanks are expensive to install, and you need to monitor the tank level. If you already use propane for barn heating, you can tap into the same supply, but you need to ensure you have enough for both heating and generation. **Natural gas** is the most convenient if you have a gas line to the barn. There is no storage needed, and you never run out of fuel unless the gas supply is interrupted. The downside is that natural gas supply can be disrupted by the same events that cause power outages, such as earthquakes or major storms. A natural gas generator is a good choice if you have a reliable utility supply. For fuel storage, keep at least 48 hours of fuel on site, and preferably more if you are in a remote area. Rotate stored fuel through your vehicles or equipment to keep it fresh. Add fuel stabilizer to gasoline and diesel that will be stored for more than a month. Label all fuel containers with the date of purchase and the fuel type. ## Transfer Switches and Electrical Safety Connecting a generator to your barn electrical system is not a do it yourself project unless you have electrical experience. The safe and legal method is to use a transfer switch. A transfer switch physically isolates the generator from the utility grid. This is critical for two reasons. First, it prevents backfeeding, which is when electricity flows from your generator into the utility lines. Backfeeding can electrocute utility workers who are repairing the lines. Second, it prevents the generator from being damaged when utility power returns. There are two types of transfer switches. **Manual transfer switches** require someone to physically move the switch from utility to generator power. This is simpler and less expensive than an automatic switch. You need to be on site to operate it. **Automatic transfer switches** sense the loss of utility power and start the generator automatically. They also transfer the load without human intervention. These are more expensive but provide true automatic backup. The transfer switch should be sized to handle the full load of the circuits it serves. It should be installed by a licensed electrician and inspected by your local authority having jurisdiction. If you are using a portable generator, you should never plug it directly into a wall outlet with a double ended cord. This is dangerous and illegal in most jurisdictions. Use a properly installed transfer switch or a generator interlock kit that prevents the main breaker from being on while the generator is connected. ## Step by Step Guide to Building Your Emergency Power Plan Do not wait until the power goes out to figure out what to do. Build your plan now, test it, and train your people. ### Step 1: Conduct a Load Assessment Walk through every building and identify all electrical loads. Use a clamp meter or check equipment nameplates to determine wattage. Create a spreadsheet that lists each piece of equipment, its running watts, starting watts, and whether it is critical during an outage. ### Step 2: Determine Your Critical Loads Rank the equipment by importance. Ventilation is always critical. Water is critical. Heat is critical in cold weather. Feed delivery can usually wait. Lighting is needed for worker safety but can be minimal. Identify what you must run versus what you would like to run. ### Step 3: Choose Your Generator Type and Size Based on your load assessment, determine the generator type and size that fits your operation. Get quotes from at least two dealers. Include installation costs, fuel storage, and maintenance in your comparison. ### Step 4: Install the Transfer Switch and Generator Hire a licensed electrician to install the transfer switch and connect the generator. If you are installing a standby generator, place it on a concrete pad, away from barn air intakes so exhaust does not enter the building. Ensure the generator is protected from weather and theft. ### Step 5: Develop a Startup Procedure Write a step by step procedure for starting the generator and transferring power. Include the location of the generator, the fuel shutoff, the transfer switch, and the main breaker. Post this procedure near the transfer switch and in the barn office. ### Step 6: Stock Fuel and Supplies Fill fuel tanks and store additional fuel. Keep spare oil, filters, spark plugs, and belts on hand. Keep a flashlight and tools near the generator. Keep a phone charger that works from the generator outlet. ### Step 7: Test the System Monthly Run the generator under load at least once a month. Let it run for 30 to 60 minutes with the barn loads connected. This verifies that the generator can handle the load and that the transfer switch works. Log each test in a maintenance record. ### Step 8: Train Your Team Every employee who works in the barn should know how to start the generator, check fuel, and respond to alarms. Designate a primary and a backup person who are responsible for the generator. Hold a practice drill at least twice a year where you simulate a power outage. ### Step 9: Set Up Alarms and Monitoring Install alarms that tell you when the power is out, when the generator starts, and when barn temperatures exceed set points. These alarms should call or text your phone. Many modern barn controllers have remote monitoring built in. ### Step 10: Review and Update the Plan Annually Your barn equipment changes over time. Fans are replaced, heaters are added, and controllers are upgraded. Review your load assessment and generator plan at least once a year and update as needed. ## Emergency Ventilation Options Without a Generator There may be situations where a generator is not available or fails to start. Having a manual backup ventilation plan can save pigs in these situations. **Natural ventilation** is the most basic backup. Open curtains, side panels, or doors to allow air movement. In cold weather, this can drop temperatures, but it is better than suffocation from ammonia and carbon dioxide buildup. In warm weather, opening the barn can provide cross ventilation. **Portable fans** can be run from a small generator or from a neighbor's power source. Keep a couple of high volume fans on hand that can be placed in doorways or windows. **Emergency curtains or panels** should be designed so they can be opened manually without power. Check that all manual crank mechanisms are functional and that employees know how to use them. **Water** is critical even without power. If you have a gravity fed water system or a water tank elevated above the barn, you may be able to provide water without a pump. If not, plan to carry water to sows and piglets using buckets or a manual pump. ## Monitoring and Recordkeeping During an Outage When the power goes out, your monitoring responsibilities increase. Do not assume the generator will run unattended for hours without checking. **Check the barn every 30 to 60 minutes** during an outage, or more often in extreme temperatures. Walk the aisles, look at pigs, listen for fan noise, and check water flow. **Record the time of the outage**, when the generator started, fuel levels, barn temperatures, and any pig health issues. This record helps you identify patterns and plan for future improvements. **Maintain a generator log** that tracks run hours, fuel consumption, oil changes, and maintenance. This log helps you predict when maintenance is needed and verifies that the system is ready for the next outage. **Use remote monitoring** if available. Many modern barn controllers have apps that let you check temperatures and alarm status from your phone. This is especially valuable if you do not live on the property. ## Common Mistakes in Emergency Power Planning **Buying a generator that is too small.** This is the most common and most dangerous mistake. A generator that cannot start your largest motor is worthless. **Forgetting about startup surge.** People size generators based on running watts and then wonder why the generator stalls when the fans kick on. **Not testing the system.** A generator that has not been run for six months may fail to start when you need it. Monthly testing is not optional. **Running out of fuel.** A generator with an empty tank is just yard art. Monitor fuel levels and keep a reserve. **Using extension cords for critical loads.** Extension cords are temporary solutions. Permanent wiring through a transfer switch is safer and more reliable. **Ignoring exhaust safety.** Generator exhaust contains carbon monoxide. Never run a generator inside a barn or near an air intake. Place generators outdoors, downwind of the barn. **Not training employees.** If only one person knows how to start the generator, and that person is not on site, you have no backup plan. **Forgetting water.** Power outages affect water pumps. Ensure you have a plan for providing water to sows and piglets. **Not considering heat in summer.** Some producers focus on winter outages and forget that summer heat is equally deadly. Your plan must cover both seasons. **Failing to update the plan.** As you add equipment or remodel barns, your electrical load changes. Review the plan annually. ## Decision Thresholds for Calling for Help There are times when you should not wait to see if the situation improves. Call for help early. **Call your veterinarian if:** - Sows or piglets show signs of severe heat stress, including open mouth breathing, panting, lethargy, or collapse - Piglets are dying and you cannot determine the cause - Sows have not eaten or drunk for more than 12 hours - You see signs of disease that may be triggered by the stress of the outage - You have questions about whether to move pigs to another facility **Call your extension agent if:** - You need help calculating your generator load requirements - You are designing a new backup system and want guidance on sizing and layout - You want information on energy efficiency improvements that reduce your backup power needs - You need help developing a written emergency plan **Call your electrician if:** - The generator starts but the barn does not have power - You see sparks, smell burning, or notice tripped breakers - The transfer switch does not operate correctly - You need to connect new equipment to the generator circuit **Call a generator service technician if:** - The generator will not start - The generator runs but produces no power - The generator stalls under load - You notice oil leaks, unusual noises, or excessive smoke ## Extended Outage Considerations If an outage lasts more than 24 hours, your plan needs to account for additional challenges. **Fuel resupply.** You may need to arrange for fuel delivery. Keep a list of fuel suppliers and their phone numbers. In a regional emergency, fuel may be scarce, so plan accordingly. **Generator maintenance.** A generator running continuously needs oil checks and possibly oil changes every 24 to 48 hours. Plan for this maintenance. **Employee fatigue.** Extended outages require round the clock monitoring. Arrange shifts so that no one person becomes exhausted. **Pig movement.** If the outage is expected to last for days and you cannot maintain proper conditions, you may need to move pigs to another facility. Discuss this with your veterinarian before the situation becomes critical. **Communication.** In a widespread outage, cell towers may be down. Have backup communication plans, such as satellite phones or two way radios. **Ventilation management.** In cold weather, you may need to balance the need for heat against the need for fresh air. A tightly sealed barn with a heater running can build up dangerous levels of carbon dioxide and ammonia. Maintain minimum ventilation even if it means using more fuel for heating. ## Seasonal Considerations ### Winter Outages Cold weather outages are dangerous because pigs lose heat quickly and water lines can freeze. Your priorities are: - Maintain heat in the creep areas and nursery rooms - Prevent water lines from freezing - Maintain minimum ventilation to remove moisture and gases - Check piglets frequently for chilling and crushing If the generator can only run part of the load, prioritize heaters and minimum ventilation fans. Use heat lamps strategically to keep piglets warm. ### Summer Outages Summer outages are dangerous because heat stress can kill pigs in minutes. Your priorities are: - Maximize ventilation to remove heat - Provide water to all pigs - Reduce pig density if possible - Wet down pigs if temperatures are extreme If the generator can only run part of the load, prioritize the largest ventilation fans. Open all available doors and curtains to increase airflow. ## Alarm Systems and Remote Monitoring An alarm system is the difference between catching a power outage in minutes and discovering it hours later. Modern barn alarm systems can monitor: - Power loss - Generator status - Barn temperature - Water pressure - Controller function These systems can send alerts by phone call, text message, or email. Some systems also allow you to check barn conditions remotely through a smartphone app. When choosing an alarm system, consider: - Reliability of the communication method (cellular, internet, or landline) - Battery backup for the alarm system itself - Ease of use for employees - Ability to test the system regularly Test your alarm system weekly. Verify that the system calls the right people and that the messages are clear. ## Generator Maintenance Schedule A generator is like any other piece of farm equipment. It needs regular maintenance to be reliable. **Monthly:** - Run the generator under load for 30 to 60 minutes - Check oil level - Check coolant level - Check fuel level - Inspect for leaks or damage - Test the transfer switch **Every 6 months:** - Change oil and oil filter - Replace air filter - Inspect spark plugs (gasoline engines) - Check battery condition and charge - Test the battery charger - Inspect exhaust system for leaks **Annually:** - Change fuel filters - Flush and replace coolant if needed - Have a qualified technician perform a full inspection - Check and tighten electrical connections - Test the automatic transfer switch operation Keep a maintenance log for each generator. Record the date, hours, and what was done. This log helps you track when maintenance is due and provides documentation for warranty claims. ## Cost Considerations and Budgeting Emergency power systems range from a few thousand dollars for a small portable generator to over one hundred thousand dollars for a large standby system with automatic transfer. The cost of a system should be weighed against the potential loss from an outage. A single farrowing barn can hold hundreds of piglets worth thousands of dollars. A summer outage that kills an entire barn of piglets can cost more than a full backup system. Consider these cost factors: - Generator purchase price - Installation and electrical work - Transfer switch - Fuel storage tanks - Concrete pad and shelter for the generator - Annual maintenance and fuel costs Look for rebates and incentives. Some utility companies offer rebates for standby generators or energy efficient equipment. Your extension agent may know of programs in your area. ## Case Example of a Typical System For a 40 crate farrowing barn with tunnel ventilation, a typical backup system might include: - A 30 kW standby generator running on diesel or propane - An automatic transfer switch - A 250 gallon fuel tank, providing about 48 to 72 hours of run time - A remote monitoring system that alerts the owner of power loss and generator status - Monthly testing and a maintenance contract Total installed cost might range from $25,000 to $40,000 depending on local labor rates and site conditions. This system would protect the barn against most outages without human intervention. For a smaller operation, a 12 kW portable generator with a manual transfer switch might cost $5,000 to $10,000 installed. This requires someone to be on site to start the generator, but it provides adequate backup for a smaller barn. ## Frequently Asked Questions **How long will my generator run on a full tank of fuel?** Run time depends on the generator size, the load, and the fuel tank capacity. A typical portable generator with a 5 gallon tank running at half load may run 8 to 12 hours. A standby generator with a 250 gallon diesel tank running at half load may run 48 to 72 hours. Check your generator manual for fuel consumption rates and calculate your expected run time at your typical load. **Can I use my tractor PTO generator for my farrowing barn?** Yes, if the generator is properly sized and you have a tractor available. PTO generators can provide substantial power. You need to verify that the tractor can run continuously for long periods, that you have enough fuel, and that the generator is connected through a transfer switch. The main downside is that someone must be on site to connect the PTO and start the tractor. **Should I buy a generator that runs the whole barn or just the critical loads?** Start with critical loads. Identify what you must run to keep pigs alive and healthy. This is usually ventilation, water, and heat. If your budget allows, add noncritical loads like feed systems and extra lighting. It is better to have a smaller generator that reliably runs the critical loads than a larger generator that you cannot afford to maintain or fuel. **What size generator do I need for a 20 crate farrowing barn?** A 20 crate farrowing barn with basic ventilation, heat lamps, and a water pump might need a 12,000 to 15,000 watt generator. This assumes you are running the essential fans, some heat lamps, and the water pump. If you have tunnel ventilation with larger fans, you will need more power. Have an electrician perform a load assessment to get an accurate number. **How often should I test my generator?** Test your generator at least monthly under load. Run it for 30 to 60 minutes with the barn loads connected. This verifies that the generator can handle the load, that the transfer switch works, and that the fuel system is functional. More frequent testing is fine, especially before storm season. **Can I run my generator on the same fuel I use for my barn heater?** Yes, if the fuel type is compatible. If you use propane for heating, you can use a propane generator and tap into the same tank. If you use diesel for heating, you can use a diesel generator. Just make sure you have enough fuel for both heating and generation during an extended outage. **What should I do if my generator fails to start during an outage?** Have a backup plan. This might include a second smaller generator, a PTO generator, or a plan to move pigs to another facility. You should also have the contact information for a generator service technician who can make emergency repairs. Do not wait until the generator fails to develop this plan. **How do I prevent backfeeding with a portable generator?** Use a properly installed transfer switch or a generator interlock kit. These devices physically prevent the generator from feeding electricity back into the utility lines. Never use a double ended extension cord to plug a generator into a wall outlet. This is dangerous and illegal. ## Related Farming Guides Related farming guides will be listed here. This section is populated programmatically after generation. ## Related Clinical & Scientific Guides * [Pig Enrichment Programs and Behavior Monitoring](/knowledge/animal-farming/swine/pig-enrichment-programs-and-behavior-monitoring) * [Swine Handling Facility Design for Safe Pig Movement](/knowledge/animal-farming/swine/swine-handling-facility-design-safe-pig-movement) * [Swine Feeding Management for Grow-Finish Pigs](/knowledge/animal-farming/swine/swine-feeding-management-for-grow-finish-pigs) ## References National Pork Board: https://www.pork.org/ USDA APHIS Swine Health: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/swine FAO Pig Production: https://www.fao.org/pig-production-and-products/en/ FAO Animal Production and Health: https://www.fao.org/animal-production/en/ WOAH (World Organisation for Animal Health): https://www.woah.org/en/home/ > This article is educational and is not a substitute for veterinary diagnosis, treatment, public-health guidance, or regulatory reporting.