# Sheep Grazing Lease: Terms, Rates, and Legal Considerations ## Key Takeaways - A sheep grazing lease is a legally binding contract defining terms for pasture use, including grazing rights, duration, payment, liability, and pasture condition benchmarks, crucial for preventing disputes and ensuring sustainable land management. - Three primary lease types exist: AUM-based (Animal Unit Month) for variable forage, per-head for simplicity over short terms, and seasonal flat fee for predictable costs but landowner risk, each requiring specific considerations for forage assessment and stocking rates. - Liability clauses must clearly allocate responsibility for injuries, property damage, animal losses, and environmental impacts, with lessees typically required to carry liability insurance naming the landowner as an additional insured. - Pasture condition benchmarks, such as residual forage height and percentage of bare soil, are essential for preventing overgrazing and serve as objective measures for dispute resolution, often informed by NRCS technical standards. - Effective grazing management within leases necessitates defined rotation schedules, rest periods, and stocking rates, with record-keeping of grazing dates, animal numbers, and pasture conditions being vital for adaptive management and compliance. - Biosecurity measures, including health certificates, vaccination records, and quarantine protocols, are critical to prevent disease transmission between flocks and to the leased property, with specific guidance available from the USDA National Agricultural Library. --- ## At a Glance A sheep grazing lease is a legally binding agreement between a landowner and a sheep farmer that defines the terms for using pasture or rangeland for sheep grazing. The lease specifies grazing rights, duration, payment structure, liability allocation, and pasture condition benchmarks. The table below summarizes the three primary lease types commonly used in sheep operations. | Lease Type | Payment Basis | Typical Duration | Key Considerations | |-------------|---------------|------------------|---------------------| | AUM-based (Animal Unit Month) | Per animal unit per month based on forage consumption | Seasonal or annual | Requires accurate forage assessment, adjusts for animal size and class, common on public and private rangeland | | Per-head | Fixed fee per animal for the grazing period | Seasonal (e.g., 3-6 months) | Simple to calculate, does not account for forage quality variation, risk of overgrazing if stocking rate is too high | | Seasonal flat fee | Single payment for exclusive use of defined pasture area | One growing season | Predictable cost for lessee, landowner bears risk of poor forage production, requires clear pasture condition benchmarks | ## Understanding Sheep Grazing Leases A sheep grazing lease establishes the legal and operational framework for using land for sheep grazing. Both parties must understand the lease terms to avoid disputes and ensure sustainable pasture management. The lease should address grazing rights, which define where and when sheep may graze, and grazing management, which covers stocking rates, rotation schedules, and rest periods. The USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) provides research on grazing systems and forage management that can inform lease terms (www.ars.usda.gov). The USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) offers technical guidance on pasture condition assessment and conservation practices (www.nrcs.usda.gov). The lease should specify the land used for grazing, including boundaries, water sources, and any restricted areas. It should also define grazing services, such as fencing maintenance, water provision, and predator control, and who is responsible for each. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) provides resources on sustainable grazing management and animal production systems (www.fao.org/animal-production/en). ## Lease Types and Payment Structures ### AUM-Based Leases An Animal Unit Month (AUM) is the amount of forage required to sustain one animal unit for one month. One animal unit is typically defined as a 1,000-pound cow with a calf, but conversion factors are used for sheep. A mature ewe is generally considered 0.2 AUM, meaning five ewes equal one AUM. The lease rate is set per AUM, and the total payment is calculated by multiplying the number of AUMs by the rate. AUM-based leases require accurate forage assessment to determine carrying capacity. The NRCS provides tools for forage inventory and monitoring (www.nrcs.usda.gov). The lease should specify how forage is measured, who conducts the assessment, and how disputes are resolved. This lease type is common on public rangeland and large private pastures where forage production varies by year. ### Per-Head Leases A per-head lease charges a fixed fee per animal for the grazing period. This structure is simpler than AUM-based leases but does not account for differences in forage quality or animal size. The lease should specify the class of sheep (e.g., ewes, lambs, rams) and any weight or age limits. Per-head leases are often used for short-term grazing, such as cover crop termination in market gardens. Research on sheep grazing for cover crop termination has shown agronomic benefits, but lease terms must address timing and stocking density (Integration of sheep grazing for cover crop termination into market gardens: Agronomic consequences of an ecologically based management strategy, Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 2017, doi.org/10.1017/S1742170516000326). ### Seasonal Flat Fee Leases A seasonal flat fee lease grants exclusive use of a defined pasture area for one growing season. The payment is a single fixed amount, regardless of the number of animals or forage consumed. This structure provides predictable cost for the lessee but places the risk of poor forage production on the landowner. The lease must define the pasture area precisely and include pasture condition benchmarks to prevent overgrazing. The Merck Veterinary Manual provides guidance on pasture management and nutrition for sheep (www.merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition). ## Liability and Insurance Clauses Liability clauses allocate risk between the landowner and the lessee for injuries, property damage, and animal losses. The lease should specify who is responsible for: - Injuries to people (e.g., farm workers, visitors) - Damage to fences, gates, water systems, or other infrastructure - Loss of sheep due to predation, disease, or weather - Environmental damage, such as soil erosion or water contamination The lease should require the lessee to carry liability insurance and name the landowner as an additional insured. The landowner should also maintain their own insurance for the property. The USDA National Agricultural Library provides resources on animal health and welfare that can inform biosecurity and liability considerations (www.nal.usda.gov/animal-health-and-welfare). The lease should include a hold harmless clause that protects the landowner from claims arising from the lessee's activities. However, the landowner cannot waive liability for their own negligence in most jurisdictions. Both parties should consult an attorney familiar with agricultural leases in their state. ## Pasture Condition Benchmarks Pasture condition benchmarks are measurable standards that define acceptable pasture health at the start and end of the lease. These benchmarks prevent overgrazing and provide a basis for resolving disputes. Common benchmarks include: - Residual forage height or biomass after grazing - Percentage of bare soil - Presence of desirable vs. undesirable plant species - Soil compaction or erosion indicators The NRCS provides technical standards for pasture condition scoring (www.nrcs.usda.gov). The lease should specify who conducts the assessment, when it is done, and how results are documented. Photographs and GPS coordinates can provide objective evidence. Research on sheep grazing exclusion in alpine tall tussock grasslands has shown that grazing can alter plant community composition and soil properties (Effects of sheep grazing exclusion on alpine tall tussock grasslands, New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 2015, doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.40.19). Lease terms should account for the ecological sensitivity of the pasture and include provisions for adaptive management. ## Grazing Management and Rotation The lease should specify the grazing management system to be used, including rotation schedules, rest periods, and stocking rates. Continuous grazing, rotational grazing, and intensive rotational grazing each have different effects on pasture health and animal performance. The ARS conducts research on grazing systems that can inform lease terms (www.ars.usda.gov). The lease should include: - Maximum stocking rate (animals per acre) - Minimum rest period between grazing events - Duration of grazing on each paddock - Criteria for moving animals to fresh pasture - Provisions for drought or other emergencies The FAO provides guidance on sustainable grazing management that balances production with environmental protection (www.fao.org/animal-production/en). The lease should require the lessee to maintain records of grazing dates, animal numbers, and pasture conditions. ## Water and Fencing Requirements The lease must specify water sources and fencing responsibilities. Water requirements for sheep depend on temperature, forage moisture content, and lactation status. The Merck Veterinary Manual provides guidance on water intake and quality (www.merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition). The lease should identify: - Location and type of water sources (e.g., troughs, streams, wells) - Who maintains water systems and how often - Water quality testing requirements - Contingency plans for water shortage Fencing requirements should specify: - Type and condition of perimeter fences - Interior fencing for rotational grazing - Who repairs fence damage and how quickly - Gates and access points The lease should include a schedule for fence inspection and maintenance. Both parties should walk the fence line together at the start and end of the lease to document condition. ## Biosecurity and Animal Health Biosecurity clauses protect both the lessee's flock and the landowner's property from disease introduction. The lease should require: - Health certificates for all sheep entering the property - Vaccination and deworming records - Quarantine protocols for new or returning animals - Reporting of notifiable diseases to the state veterinarian The USDA National Agricultural Library provides resources on biosecurity and animal health (www.nal.usda.gov/animal-health-and-welfare). Research on herd management and biosecurity has shown that environmental factors and management practices influence disease risk (Contribution of herd management, biosecurity, and environmental factors to the risk of [bovine tuberculosis](/knowledge/bacteria/livestock-bacteria/bovine-tuberculosis-diagnostic-tools-wildlife-reservoirs) in a historically low prevalence region, Animal, 2024, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38417216). The lease should require the lessee to follow best practices for disease prevention. The lease should also address: - Manure management and disposal - Carcass disposal in case of death - Use of medications and withdrawal periods - Record keeping for treatments ## Common Failure Patterns ### Overgrazing and Pasture Degradation Overgrazing occurs when stocking rates exceed carrying capacity or when rest periods are too short. Signs include reduced forage height, increased bare soil, and weed invasion. The lease should include pasture condition benchmarks and a monitoring schedule. If overgrazing is detected, the lessee should reduce stocking rates or move animals to fresh pasture. The landowner should have the right to terminate the lease if overgrazing continues after notice. ### Disputes Over Forage Quality Disagreements about forage quality can arise when the lease uses a per-head or flat fee structure. The lessee may claim the forage is poor, while the landowner may disagree. The lease should specify how forage quality is assessed and who conducts the assessment. Using AUM-based leases with objective forage measurement can reduce disputes. ### Liability for Predation Predation by coyotes, dogs, or other predators can cause significant losses. The lease should specify who is responsible for predator control and whether the landowner allows lethal control methods. The lessee should have a predator management plan and document losses. The lease should also address compensation for losses if the landowner restricts predator control. ### Fence Damage and Maintenance Fence damage from wildlife, weather, or the lessee's activities can lead to disputes. The lease should specify who repairs damage and how quickly. Both parties should document fence condition at the start and end of the lease. The lease should include a schedule for fence inspection and a process for resolving disputes. ## Records and Measurements Both parties should maintain records throughout the lease period. Essential records include: - Lease agreement with all terms and signatures - Forage assessment reports with photographs - Animal inventory at start and end of lease - Grazing dates and locations - Water quality test results - Fence inspection reports - Health certificates and treatment records - Insurance certificates - Correspondence about lease issues The lease should specify how records are stored and shared. Digital records with timestamps and GPS coordinates provide objective evidence. The NRCS provides templates for pasture condition records (www.nrcs.usda.gov). ## Professional Escalation Criteria Disputes that cannot be resolved between the parties should be escalated to a neutral third party. The lease should specify: - Mediation process before legal action - Selection of mediator (e.g., agricultural extension agent, NRCS specialist) - Timeline for mediation - Cost sharing for mediation - Binding arbitration as an alternative to court The lease should include a clause that the prevailing party in any legal action is entitled to attorney fees. Both parties should consult an attorney before signing the lease. ## Welfare and Safety Context Sheep welfare during grazing depends on adequate nutrition, water, shelter, and protection from predators and weather. The Merck Veterinary Manual provides guidance on sheep welfare and management (www.merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition). The lease should require the lessee to: - Provide adequate nutrition and water - Provide shelter from extreme weather - Protect sheep from predators - Treat sick or injured animals promptly - Handle sheep humanely during movement and loading Worker safety is also important. The lease should require the lessee to follow safety protocols for handling sheep, operating equipment, and applying chemicals. The USDA National Agricultural Library provides resources on farm safety (www.nal.usda.gov/animal-health-and-welfare). ## Practical Decision Framework for Selecting a Sheep Grazing Lease Type Selecting the appropriate lease type requires a systematic evaluation of forage resources, flock characteristics, and risk tolerance. A structured decision framework helps both landowners and lessees avoid mismatched expectations and financial losses. The framework below uses four assessment domains: forage base stability, flock mobility, infrastructure condition, and financial risk preference. Each domain produces a score that guides lease type selection. ### Forage Base Stability Assessment Forage base stability refers to the predictability of annual forage production on the leased land. Stable forage bases have consistent precipitation patterns, deep soils, and diverse plant communities. Unstable forage bases experience high year-to-year variability due to drought, shallow soils, or invasive species. The USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) provides ecological site descriptions and forage production estimates that inform this assessment (www.nrcs.usda.gov). To assess forage base stability, review at least five years of forage production records if available. If records do not exist, use NRCS soil survey data and local precipitation records to estimate variability. Score the forage base as stable if annual production varies by less than 20 percent between years. Score it as moderately stable if variation ranges from 20 to 40 percent. Score it as unstable if variation exceeds 40 percent. For stable forage bases, AUM-based leases work well because the forage supply is predictable and the per-unit pricing aligns with actual consumption. For moderately stable forage bases, seasonal flat fee leases with a drought clause provide cost predictability while allowing the landowner to absorb some risk. For unstable forage bases, per-head leases with short durations (three months or less) limit financial exposure for both parties. ### Flock Mobility and Management Capacity Flock mobility describes how easily sheep can be moved between paddocks and how intensively the lessee manages grazing rotations. Mobile flocks with trained herding dogs, portable fencing, and frequent rotation require different lease terms than flocks that remain in fixed pastures for extended periods. The Merck Veterinary Manual provides guidance on sheep handling and movement that informs management capacity assessments (www.merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition). Evaluate flock mobility by reviewing the lessee's grazing management plan. A highly mobile operation rotates sheep every three to seven days using portable electric fencing and has water systems that can be moved. A moderately mobile operation rotates every one to three weeks using permanent interior fencing. A low-mobility operation uses continuous grazing or infrequent rotation. Highly mobile operations benefit from AUM-based leases because the lessee can match stocking density to forage availability across multiple paddocks. Moderately mobile operations work well with seasonal flat fee leases that define a specific pasture area. Low-mobility operations require per-head leases with strict stocking rate limits to prevent overgrazing. ### Infrastructure Condition and Maintenance Requirements Infrastructure condition affects the cost and complexity of lease management. Perimeter fences, interior fences, water systems, and handling facilities each require inspection and maintenance. The lease should specify who bears these costs and how quickly repairs must be completed. Assess infrastructure condition using a standardized inspection checklist. Score perimeter fences as good if they are sheep-tight with no gaps, posts are sound, and wire tension is adequate. Score them as fair if minor repairs are needed but the fence contains sheep. Score them as poor if major repairs are required or the fence does not contain sheep. Apply the same scoring to interior fences, water systems, and handling facilities. For properties with good infrastructure, any lease type is feasible because maintenance costs are low and predictable. For properties with fair infrastructure, AUM-based or seasonal flat fee leases work if the lease specifies who makes repairs and how costs are shared. For properties with poor infrastructure, per-head leases with short durations are safest because the lessee can leave if repairs are not made. ### Financial Risk Preference Financial risk preference determines how much uncertainty each party accepts regarding income or expense. Landowners with low risk tolerance prefer predictable income regardless of forage production. Lessees with low risk tolerance prefer predictable costs regardless of animal performance. Score financial risk preference on a three-point scale. Low risk tolerance means the party wants fixed payments or costs with no variability. Moderate risk tolerance means the party accepts some variability in exchange for potential upside. High risk tolerance means the party accepts full variability based on forage consumption or animal performance. For low-risk landowners, seasonal flat fee leases provide guaranteed income. For low-risk lessees, per-head leases with fixed fees per animal provide predictable costs. For high-risk landowners, AUM-based leases capture value when forage is abundant. For high-risk lessees, AUM-based leases allow payment only for forage actually consumed. ### Decision Matrix for Lease Type Selection Combine the four domain scores to select the lease type. The matrix below shows recommended lease types for common score combinations. | Forage Stability | Flock Mobility | Infrastructure | Risk Preference | Recommended Lease Type | |------------------|----------------|----------------|-----------------|------------------------| | Stable | High | Good | Both low | AUM-based or seasonal flat fee | | Stable | Moderate | Fair | Landowner low | Seasonal flat fee | | Stable | Low | Poor | Lessee low | Per-head with short duration | | Moderately stable | High | Good | Both moderate | AUM-based with drought clause | | Moderately stable | Moderate | Fair | Landowner moderate | Seasonal flat fee with adjustment | | Moderately stable | Low | Poor | Lessee low | Per-head with strict limits | | Unstable | High | Good | Both high | AUM-based with flexible terms | | Unstable | Moderate | Fair | Landowner high | Per-head with variable rate | | Unstable | Low | Poor | Both low | Avoid leasing or use very short term | ### Implementation Steps Step 1: Both parties independently complete the forage base stability, flock mobility, infrastructure condition, and financial risk preference assessments. Use the NRCS Web Soil Survey and local precipitation data for forage stability (www.nrcs.usda.gov). Use the lessee's grazing records for mobility assessment. Use a joint fence and water inspection for infrastructure scoring. Step 2: Compare assessment results and discuss any differences. If the landowner rates forage stability as stable but the lessee rates it as moderately stable, review the same data sources together. The FAO provides guidance on participatory assessment methods that can facilitate this discussion (www.fao.org/animal-production/en). Step 3: Select the lease type from the decision matrix that matches the combined scores. If the matrix recommends multiple options, discuss which terms each party prefers and why. Step 4: Draft the lease with specific terms that reflect the selected lease type. Include the assessment scores as an appendix to the lease so both parties have a written record of the decision rationale. Step 5: Schedule a mid-season review to reassess forage conditions and adjust stocking rates if needed. The lease should specify who conducts the review and how adjustments are made. ### Common Failure Patterns in Lease Type Selection Selecting a lease type that does not match the forage base or management capacity leads to disputes and financial losses. The most common failure pattern is using a seasonal flat fee lease on unstable forage base. When drought reduces forage production, the landowner receives full payment but the lessee faces overgrazing or must buy supplemental feed. The lease should include a drought clause that reduces the flat fee or allows the lessee to reduce stocking rates without penalty. Another common failure pattern is using a per-head lease on highly mobile operations. The lessee pays the same fee per animal regardless of how much forage each animal consumes, which discourages intensive rotation and efficient forage use. AUM-based leases better align incentives for mobile operations. A third failure pattern is using an AUM-based lease without accurate forage measurement. If the landowner overestimates carrying capacity, the lessee pays for forage that does not exist and overgrazing occurs. The lease should specify who measures forage, what method is used, and how disputes about measurements are resolved. The NRCS provides standardized forage measurement protocols (www.nrcs.usda.gov). ### Records and Measurements for Lease Type Selection Both parties should document the assessment scores and the rationale for lease type selection. Essential records include: - Forage production history (at least five years if available) - NRCS ecological site description and forage production estimates - Precipitation records for the property location - Lessee's grazing records showing rotation frequency and stocking rates - Infrastructure inspection checklist with photographs - Written statement of each party's financial risk preference The lease should reference these records and state that both parties agreed to the lease type based on the documented assessments. If conditions change during the lease term, the parties should reassess and adjust terms as needed. ### Professional Escalation Criteria If the parties cannot agree on the lease type after completing the decision framework, they should seek assistance from a neutral third party. An agricultural extension agent or NRCS specialist can facilitate the assessment process and provide objective data on forage production and infrastructure condition. The FAO provides resources on participatory land use planning that can inform this process (www.fao.org/animal-production/en). If mediation does not resolve the disagreement, the parties should consult an attorney familiar with agricultural leases before proceeding. The attorney can review the assessment scores and decision matrix to ensure the selected lease type is appropriate and legally enforceable. ## Frequently Asked Questions ### What is an AUM and how is it calculated for sheep? An Animal Unit Month (AUM) is the amount of forage required to sustain one animal unit for one month. One animal unit is typically a 1,000-pound cow with a calf. For sheep, a mature ewe is generally considered 0.2 AUM, meaning five ewes equal one AUM. The lease should specify the conversion factor used and how it applies to different classes of sheep. ### Who is responsible for fence maintenance in a sheep grazing lease? The lease should specify who maintains fences and how quickly repairs are made. Typically, the landowner maintains perimeter fences, and the lessee maintains interior fences for rotational grazing. Both parties should inspect fences together at the start and end of the lease and document condition. ### What insurance is needed for a sheep grazing lease? The lessee should carry liability insurance that names the landowner as an additional insured. The landowner should maintain property insurance for the land and infrastructure. The lease should specify minimum coverage amounts and require proof of insurance before grazing begins. ### How do I set a fair grazing rate for sheep? Grazing rates depend on forage quality, location, lease type, and market conditions. AUM-based rates are common and can be adjusted for forage quality. Local agricultural extension offices and NRCS offices can provide rate surveys for your area. The lease should include a method for adjusting rates if forage production varies. ### What happens if the sheep overgraze the pasture? The lease should include pasture condition benchmarks and a monitoring schedule. If overgrazing is detected, the lessee should reduce stocking rates or move animals to fresh pasture. The landowner should have the right to terminate the lease if overgrazing continues after notice. Both parties should document pasture condition with photographs and measurements. ### Can I graze sheep on land enrolled in conservation programs? Some conservation programs allow grazing under specific conditions. The landowner should check program rules before signing a lease. The NRCS can provide guidance on conservation program requirements (www.nrcs.usda.gov). The lease should require the lessee to follow all program rules. ### What biosecurity measures should be in a sheep grazing lease? The lease should require health certificates for all sheep entering the property, vaccination and deworming records, quarantine protocols for new animals, and reporting of notifiable diseases. The USDA National Agricultural Library provides resources on biosecurity (www.nal.usda.gov/animal-health-and-welfare). ### How do I resolve a dispute with the landowner or lessee? The lease should specify a mediation process before legal action. Mediation can be conducted by an agricultural extension agent, NRCS specialist, or other neutral third party. The lease should include a timeline for mediation and cost sharing. If mediation fails, binding arbitration or court action may be necessary. ## Related Farming Guides - [Rotational Grazing Plans For Sheep Flocks](/knowledge/animal-farming/sheep/rotational-grazing-plans-for-sheep-flocks) - [Bale Grazing With Sheep Site Selection And Nutrient Management](/knowledge/animal-farming/sheep/bale-grazing-with-sheep-site-selection-and-nutrient-management) - [Sheep Farming Flock Nutrition Grazing Lambing Parasite Risk And Welfare](/knowledge/animal-farming/sheep/sheep-farming-flock-nutrition-grazing-lambing-parasite-risk-and-welfare) - [Finishing Lambs On Pasture Forage Or Concentrate Systems](/knowledge/animal-farming/sheep/finishing-lambs-on-pasture-forage-or-concentrate-systems) - [Trout Farming Water Flow Temperature Feeding And Welfare](/knowledge/animal-farming/aquaculture/trout-farming-water-flow-temperature-feeding-and-welfare) ## Related Clinical & Scientific Guides * [Sheep Breed Selection for Meat, Wool, Dairy, and Low-Input Systems](/knowledge/animal-farming/sheep/sheep-breed-selection-for-meat-wool-dairy-and-low-input-systems) * [Sheep Barn Flooring for Hoof Health: Best Materials and Practices](/knowledge/animal-farming/sheep/sheep-barn-flooring-hoof-health-materials-practices) * [Rotational Grazing Plans for Sheep Flocks](/knowledge/animal-farming/sheep/rotational-grazing-plans-for-sheep-flocks) ## References and Further Reading - [www.ars.usda.gov](https://www.ars.usda.gov/) - [www.nrcs.usda.gov](https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/) - [www.merckvetmanual.com](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition) - [FAO Animal Production and Health](https://www.fao.org/animal-production/en). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. - [Animal Health and Welfare](https://www.nal.usda.gov/animal-health-and-welfare). USDA National Agricultural Library. - [Contribution of herd management, biosecurity, and environmental factors to the risk of bovine tuberculosis in a historically low prevalence region.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38417216). Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience, 2024. - [Integration of sheep grazing for cover crop termination into market gardens: Agronomic consequences of an ecologically based management strategy](https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742170516000326). Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 2017. - [Effects of sheep grazing exclusion on alpine tall tussock grasslands](https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.40.19). New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 2015. - [Cultural grazing in the Western Carpathians’ national parks - organizational and institutional aspects](https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/85126378114). Roczniki Naukowe Zootechniki, 2021. - [Pastoral cultural landscapes, working the country for stock grazing: An Australian case study](https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315203119-37). Routledge Handbook of Cultural Landscape Practice, 2023. - [The eradication of ungulates (sheep and goats) from Dirk Hartog Island, Shark Bay World Heritage Area, Australia](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-019-01937-7). Biological Invasions, 2019. > This article is educational and is not a substitute for veterinary diagnosis, treatment, public-health guidance, or regulatory reporting.