# Goose Farming: Breeds, Housing, and Production Systems ## Key Takeaways - Goose farming requires specialized management distinct from chicken or duck production, emphasizing breed selection based on production goals (meat, egg, or dual-purpose), appropriate housing (pasture-based with 10 sq m/bird or confined with 0.5-1 sq m/bird), and tailored nutrition, including specific protein and calcium levels for goslings and laying birds. - Key diseases impacting goose health include goose astrovirus, causing mortality in goslings, and avian influenza (HPAI), for which geese can serve as sentinel species; biosecurity protocols, such as visitor restriction, dedicated footwear, and quarantine of new birds, are critical for prevention. - Pasture-based systems leverage geese's high grazing efficiency, requiring rotational grazing every 7-14 days to manage parasite loads and promote pasture regrowth, while confined systems necessitate strict ventilation control to mitigate ammonia and humidity, preventing respiratory diseases. - Economic viability hinges on matching breed selection to market demand, with meat breeds like Embden and Toulouse targeting holiday markets, and careful record-keeping of production, financial, and health data is essential for profitability and disease management. - Biosecurity risk assessment is crucial, categorizing operations into low, moderate, or high risk based on flock size and geographic disease pressure, dictating the intensity of measures like shower-in/shower-out protocols and vehicle disinfection stations to prevent pathogen introduction. - Health monitoring should be systematic, including weekly observation for clinical signs, monthly fecal flotation for parasites, and quarterly serological testing, with defined response protocols for suspected disease outbreaks, including immediate isolation and veterinary consultation. --- Goose farming is a specialized poultry enterprise that differs from chicken or duck production in key management areas including breed selection, grazing behavior, lower stocking densities, and seasonal laying patterns. This article provides farmers with breed comparisons, housing specifications, feeding programs, and economic considerations for starting or expanding goose production. The content draws on official poultry production resources from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and veterinary references from the Merck Veterinary Manual and USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. ## At a Glance | Factor | Meat Breeds (e.g., Embden, Toulouse) | Egg/Layer Breeds (e.g., Chinese, African) | Dual-Purpose Breeds (e.g., Pilgrim, Sebastopol) | |--------|--------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------| | Typical adult weight (male) | 10-14 kg | 5-7 kg | 6-9 kg | | Annual egg production | 20-40 eggs | 40-60 eggs | 25-45 eggs | | Grazing efficiency | High | Moderate | Moderate to high | | Broodiness tendency | Low | Moderate | Moderate | | Market age for meat | 10-14 weeks | 16-20 weeks | 14-18 weeks | | Temperament | Calm, docile | Active, vocal | Variable, generally calm | ## Breed Selection for Goose Production ### Meat Breeds Embden geese are the most common commercial meat breed, known for rapid growth and large mature size. Toulouse geese produce a heavy carcass with a deep breast, though they grow more slowly than Embden. Both breeds require careful feed management to prevent obesity, especially in confined systems. Farmers targeting the holiday market should plan hatches so that birds reach market weight by November or December. ### Egg and Layer Breeds Chinese geese are prolific layers, producing 40 to 60 eggs per year under good management. They are lighter bodied and more active than meat breeds, requiring secure fencing to prevent roaming. African geese lay fewer eggs but produce a larger egg size suitable for hatching or specialty markets. Layer breeds benefit from supplemental lighting during winter months to maintain egg production, though geese are naturally photoperiodic and respond less predictably than chickens. ### Dual-Purpose and Specialty Breeds Pilgrim geese are auto-sexing (males are white, females are grey) and suitable for small farms where both meat and eggs are desired. Sebastopol geese have curled feathers and are kept primarily for ornamental or exhibition purposes, though they can produce a moderate meat yield. Breed selection should match the farm's primary output goal, available grazing area, and local market demand. ## Housing Systems for Geese ### Pasture-Based Housing Geese are efficient grazers and thrive on pasture with access to shelter. Provide a minimum of 10 square meters per bird on pasture, with rotational grazing to prevent overgrazing and parasite buildup. Portable shelters or arks allow birds to be moved to fresh grass regularly. The FAO notes that poultry production systems vary widely by region and resource availability, and pasture-based systems require more land but lower feed costs. The study "Characteristics of commercial and traditional village poultry farming in Mali with a focus on practices influencing the risk of transmission of [avian influenza](/knowledge/bacteria/avian-bacteria/avian-influenza-cdc-global-surveillance) and Newcastle disease" documents that extensive poultry systems face distinct disease transmission risks that must be managed through biosecurity. ### Confined Housing Intensive goose housing requires 0.5 to 1 square meter per bird indoors, with deep litter bedding of straw or wood shavings. Ventilation is critical to control humidity and ammonia levels. The Merck Veterinary Manual provides guidance on poultry housing and environmental management, emphasizing that poor ventilation leads to respiratory disease and reduced performance. Concrete floors with drainage prevent wet litter and foot problems. The study "A Hybrid Medium and Long-Term Relative Humidity Point and Interval Prediction Method for Intensive Poultry Farming" addresses environmental monitoring in intensive poultry operations, which is relevant for managing litter moisture and ammonia levels. ### Brooder Facilities for Goslings Goslings require brooder temperatures of 30-32°C for the first week, reduced by 3°C per week until they are fully feathered at 4-5 weeks. Provide 0.1 square meters per gosling in the brooder, with heat lamps or radiant heaters positioned to allow birds to move away from heat if needed. Clean water must be available at all times, but waterers should be shallow to prevent drowning. ## Feeding and Nutrition ### Starter and Grower Diets Goslings need a starter feed with 20-22% crude protein for the first 3 weeks, then a grower feed with 16-18% protein until market age. Commercial waterfowl feeds are preferred, but chicken starter can be used if supplemented with niacin (500 mg per kg of feed) to prevent leg deformities. Feed should be offered ad libitum for the first 4 weeks, then restricted to prevent obesity in meat breeds. ### Adult Maintenance and Layer Diets Adult geese on pasture require minimal supplemental feed during the growing season, typically 100-150 grams of grain per bird per day. Layer geese need a diet with 15-16% protein and 2.5-3.5% calcium. Oyster shell or limestone should be provided free-choice for laying birds. During winter or when pasture is limited, increase grain feeding to maintain body condition. ### Grazing Management Geese consume 0.5-1 kg of fresh grass per day and can be used for weed control in orchards or vineyards. Rotate pastures every 7-14 days to allow regrowth and reduce parasite exposure. The study "Importance of Parasitological Screening in Extensive Poultry Farming Based on Organic Production" highlights that extensive systems require regular fecal monitoring for parasites, especially in flocks with access to pasture. ## Health Management and Biosecurity ### Common Diseases in Geese [Goose astrovirus](/knowledge/viruses/avian-viruses/goose-astrovirus) causes gout and mortality in goslings, with outbreaks reported in major goose-producing regions. The review "Current Situation of Goose Astrovirus in China: A Review" documents the ongoing impact of this virus on goose production. Adenosine deaminase has been shown to promote goose astrovirus genotype II replication in cell studies, indicating a potential target for intervention. [Avian influenza](/knowledge/bacteria/avian-bacteria/avian-influenza-cdc-guidelines-poultry-pandemic-preparedness) is a significant concern for all poultry, including geese. The USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service monitors highly pathogenic [avian influenza](/knowledge/bacteria/avian-bacteria/avian-influenza-climate-change-impact-cdc-surveillance-and-global-mapping) (HPAI) outbreaks in poultry flocks. The study "Clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses from birds in China replicate effectively in bovine cells and pose potential public health risk" underscores the zoonotic potential of circulating strains. Geese are susceptible to HPAI and can serve as sentinel species for virus detection. [Porcine deltacoronavirus](/knowledge/viruses/livestock-viruses/porcine-deltacoronavirus) has been studied in waterfowl, with research showing that ducks are more vulnerable than geese. The study "Differential Susceptibility to Porcine Deltacoronavirus: Ducks Show Greater Vulnerability Than Geese" provides comparative susceptibility data relevant to farms raising multiple waterfowl species. Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease that can affect poultry, including geese raised outdoors. The study "Update on toxoplasmosis in poultry farming" reviews the risks associated with [Toxoplasma gondii](/knowledge/parasites/protozoa/toxoplasma-gondii-lifecycle-neurological-infection) in poultry production systems. ### Biosecurity Protocols Implement the following biosecurity measures based on USDA APHIS guidelines for avian disease prevention: 1. Restrict visitor access to poultry areas and maintain a visitor log. 2. Use dedicated footwear and clothing for each poultry house, or use disposable boot covers. 3. Provide footbaths with disinfectant at all entry points to poultry facilities. 4. Quarantine new birds for 30 days before introducing them to the main flock. 5. Monitor flock daily for signs of illness, including lethargy, respiratory distress, or sudden death. 6. Report any unusual mortality or disease signs to the state veterinarian or USDA APHIS. ### Parasite Control Geese on pasture are exposed to internal parasites, including coccidia and worms. The study "Importance of Parasitological Screening in Extensive Poultry Farming Based on Organic Production" emphasizes the need for regular fecal examinations in extensive systems. Conduct fecal flotation tests every 3 months and treat based on results. Rotate pastures and avoid overstocking to reduce parasite burdens. ## Breeding and Reproduction ### Flock Composition Maintain one gander for every 3-5 geese for natural mating. Ganders should be at least 1 year old for breeding, while geese can begin laying at 6-8 months of age. Breeding flocks should be kept separate from growing birds to reduce stress and improve fertility. ### Egg Collection and Storage Collect eggs at least twice daily to prevent contamination and breakage. Store eggs at 12-15°C with 70-75% relative humidity, and turn them daily if held for more than 7 days. Goose eggs remain viable for up to 10 days after laying, but hatchability declines after 7 days. ### Incubation Goose eggs require 28-30 days of incubation, depending on breed. Temperature should be 37.5°C with 55-60% relative humidity for the first 25 days, then increased to 65-70% for the final 3 days. Turn eggs at least 4 times daily until day 25. Natural incubation under a broody goose is possible but less efficient for large-scale production. The study "Domestication and the comparative embryology of birds" provides background on developmental differences among domesticated bird species, which informs incubation management. ## Economic Considerations ### Startup Costs Initial investment includes housing, fencing, feeders, waterers, brooder equipment, and purchase of breeding stock or day-old goslings. Pasture-based systems have lower housing costs but require more land. Confined systems have higher infrastructure costs but allow higher stocking densities. ### Revenue Streams Primary revenue sources include meat sales, egg sales, hatching egg sales, and live bird sales for breeding stock. Specialty markets for goose down, feathers, and foie gras exist but require additional processing and regulatory compliance. The study "Entrepreneurship Development through Fish-Poultry Based Integrated Farming System" describes integrated farming models that combine goose production with fish farming, where goose manure fertilizes fish ponds. ### Market Considerations Goose meat is seasonal in many markets, with peak demand during holiday periods. Farmers should secure contracts or pre-sell birds before committing to large-scale production. Direct-to-consumer sales through farmers markets or online platforms can capture higher prices but require marketing effort. ## Records and Measurements ### Production Records Maintain the following records for each flock: - Date of hatch or purchase - Number of birds started - Daily mortality and culls - Feed consumption (kg per day) - Body weight at 4, 8, and 12 weeks (sample 10% of flock) - Egg production (daily count per breeding flock) - Fertility and hatchability rates (for breeding flocks) - Veterinary treatments and withdrawal periods ### Financial Records Track all expenses including feed, bedding, veterinary costs, labor, utilities, and marketing. Record income from sales of meat, eggs, and live birds. Calculate cost per kg of live weight or per dozen eggs to assess profitability. ### Health Records Document all disease outbreaks, treatments, and mortality events. Record vaccination dates and products used. Maintain biosecurity logs including visitor entries and quarantine periods. ## Common Failure Patterns ### High Mortality in Goslings Causes include chilling, poor nutrition, drowning in waterers, and disease. Prevent by maintaining proper brooder temperatures, using shallow waterers, and providing starter feed with adequate niacin. ### Poor Egg Production Causes include inadequate nutrition, insufficient daylight, stress from overcrowding, and disease. Provide 14-16 hours of light per day during laying season and ensure layer feed contains adequate calcium. ### Obesity in Meat Breeds Overfeeding adult birds leads to reduced fertility, lameness, and poor meat quality. Restrict feed intake after 4 weeks of age and provide ample space for exercise. ### Parasite Overload Overstocking pasture and failure to rotate grazing areas leads to high parasite burdens. Conduct regular fecal testing and rotate pastures every 7-14 days. ### Biosecurity Breaches Failure to quarantine new birds or control visitor access can introduce disease. Implement strict biosecurity protocols and train all workers on procedures. ## Welfare and Safety Context ### Welfare Considerations Geese require access to water for drinking and bathing. Provide water deep enough for them to submerge their heads, as this is important for preening and eye health. Overcrowding causes stress, feather pecking, and increased disease susceptibility. The FAO emphasizes that poultry welfare is integral to sustainable production systems. ### Worker Safety Geese can be aggressive, especially ganders during breeding season. Provide protective footwear and gloves when handling birds. Use proper lifting techniques to avoid back injury when carrying heavy birds. Ensure adequate lighting and non-slip flooring in processing areas. ### Food Safety The study "Processing and preparation of slaughtered poultry" covers unit operations for poultry processing, including scalding, defeathering, and evisceration. Maintain clean processing facilities and chill carcasses to 4°C within 4 hours of slaughter. Follow local regulations for on-farm slaughter and direct sales. ### Environmental Management Goose manure is high in nitrogen and phosphorus. Manage manure through composting or application to cropland at agronomic rates. The study "A Hybrid Medium and Long-Term Relative Humidity Point and Interval Prediction Method for Intensive Poultry Farming" addresses environmental monitoring in intensive poultry operations, which is relevant for managing litter moisture and ammonia levels. ## Professional Escalation Criteria Contact a veterinarian or poultry extension specialist when: - Mortality exceeds 2% per week in growing birds or 1% per week in adults - Egg production drops by more than 20% within one week - Birds show neurological signs such as tremors, head twisting, or paralysis - Respiratory signs (coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge) affect more than 5% of the flock - Diarrhea or abnormal droppings persist for more than 3 days - Lameness or leg deformities affect more than 2% of the flock - Suspected [avian influenza](/knowledge/bacteria/avian-bacteria/avian-influenza-global-surveillance-and-pandemic-preparedness) or other reportable disease (contact state veterinarian immediately) ## Biosecurity Risk Assessment and Response Framework for Goose Operations Biosecurity planning for goose farms requires a structured approach that accounts for the specific disease risks documented in waterfowl production. Unlike chicken operations, geese spend significant time on pasture, interact with wild waterfowl, and show variable susceptibility to different pathogens. The study "Characteristics of commercial and traditional village poultry farming in Mali with a focus on practices influencing the risk of transmission of [avian influenza](/knowledge/bacteria/avian-bacteria/avian-influenza-global-surveillance-cdc-world-map) and Newcastle disease" documents that extensive poultry systems face distinct disease transmission risks that require tailored biosecurity measures. This section provides a practical decision framework for assessing biosecurity risk levels, implementing response protocols, and maintaining records that support both daily management and regulatory compliance. ### Biosecurity Risk Level Classification Classify your operation into one of three risk levels based on flock size, production system, and geographic disease pressure. Use this classification to determine the intensity of biosecurity measures required. **Low Risk Operations** include flocks under 100 birds raised on pasture with no recent disease outbreaks in the region. These operations should implement basic biosecurity including restricted visitor access, dedicated footwear for poultry areas, and a 30-day quarantine for new birds. The USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service recommends that all poultry operations, regardless of size, maintain a visitor log and report unusual mortality. **Moderate Risk Operations** include flocks of 100 to 500 birds, operations near wetlands or wild waterfowl habitat, or farms in regions with confirmed avian influenza cases within 50 kilometers. Add the following measures: footbaths with disinfectant at all entry points, separate equipment for each poultry house, and weekly visual health inspections of all birds. The study "Clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses from birds in China replicate effectively in bovine cells and pose potential public health risk" underscores that circulating HPAI strains can infect multiple species, making cross-species biosecurity essential on mixed-species farms. **High Risk Operations** include flocks over 500 birds, commercial hatcheries, or farms in areas with active HPAI outbreaks. Implement full biosecurity including shower-in/shower-out protocols for workers, dedicated clothing for each building, vehicle disinfection stations, and no contact between domestic geese and wild waterfowl. The Merck Veterinary Manual provides guidance on biosecurity for commercial poultry operations, emphasizing that high-density flocks require the most stringent protocols. ### Disease Surveillance and Monitoring Schedule Establish a routine monitoring schedule that matches the disease risks documented for geese. The review "Current Situation of Goose Astrovirus in China: A Review" highlights that goose astrovirus causes significant mortality in goslings, making early detection critical. The study "Importance of Parasitological Screening in Extensive Poultry Farming Based on Organic Production" emphasizes the need for regular fecal examinations in extensive systems. **Weekly Monitoring Tasks:** - Observe flock for 15 minutes at feeding time, noting any birds that are lethargic, isolated, or showing respiratory signs - Check water consumption (a 20% drop in 24 hours warrants investigation) - Record daily mortality and remove dead birds immediately for disposal or necropsy - Inspect droppings for abnormal color, consistency, or blood **Monthly Monitoring Tasks:** - Collect fecal samples from 10% of the flock for flotation testing - Weigh a sample of 10 birds to track growth rates and detect stunting - Check body condition scores using a 1-5 scale (1=emaciated, 5=obese) - Inspect feet and legs for bumblefoot, swelling, or lameness **Quarterly Monitoring Tasks:** - Submit blood samples from 5-10 birds for serological testing for reportable diseases - Review and update biosecurity protocols with all workers - Conduct a facility audit for biosecurity breaches (gaps in fencing, damaged feeders, standing water) ### Response Protocols for Suspected Disease When disease is suspected, follow a graded response based on the severity of clinical signs and the known disease risks for geese. The study "Differential Susceptibility to Porcine Deltacoronavirus: Ducks Show Greater Vulnerability Than Geese" indicates that disease susceptibility varies among waterfowl species, so response protocols should account for species-specific risks. **Level 1 Response (Mild Signs):** Isolate affected birds in a separate pen or building. Collect samples for diagnostic testing. Increase monitoring frequency to twice daily. Do not move birds or equipment out of the affected area until test results are available. **Level 2 Response (Moderate Signs):** Quarantine the affected building or pasture area. Stop all bird movements on and off the farm. Notify your veterinarian and submit samples for testing. Implement enhanced biosecurity including footbaths at all building entrances and dedicated clothing for workers in affected areas. **Level 3 Response (Severe Signs or Reportable Disease):** Immediately contact the state veterinarian or USDA APHIS if you suspect avian influenza, Newcastle disease, or other reportable diseases. The USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service provides emergency contact information for reportable disease reporting. Do not move any birds, equipment, or manure off the farm until cleared by regulatory authorities. Implement full quarantine and follow all instructions from animal health officials. ### Biosecurity Record System Maintain a biosecurity log that documents all activities related to disease prevention and response. This record supports both management decisions and regulatory compliance during disease investigations. **Daily Biosecurity Log Fields:** - Date and time of entry to poultry areas - Names of all persons entering poultry areas - Purpose of visit (routine care, maintenance, veterinary, visitor) - Footwear disinfection performed (yes/no) - Any unusual observations (birds, equipment, or environmental conditions) **Weekly Biosecurity Checklist:** - Footbath disinfectant changed (record concentration and date) - Feed storage area inspected for pests and moisture - Perimeter fencing checked for damage or breaches - Dead bird disposal completed and recorded - Water lines checked for leaks or contamination **Incident Report Fields:** - Date and time of incident - Description of clinical signs or abnormal findings - Number of birds affected - Samples collected and laboratory submitted to - Actions taken (isolation, quarantine, treatment) - Outcome (recovery, mortality, diagnosis) ### Common Biosecurity Failure Patterns **Failure to Recognize Wild Waterfowl Contact:** Geese on pasture frequently contact wild waterfowl at ponds, streams, or during migration. The study "Clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses from birds in China replicate effectively in bovine cells and pose potential public health risk" documents that wild birds can carry HPAI strains that infect domestic poultry. Prevent contact by fencing off ponds and water sources, covering outdoor feed and water stations, and avoiding pasture use during peak waterfowl migration periods. **Inadequate Quarantine Procedures:** New birds introduced without proper quarantine can introduce diseases including goose astrovirus and parasites. The review "Current Situation of Goose Astrovirus in China: A Review" documents that this virus causes significant losses in goslings and can be introduced through infected breeding stock. Quarantine new birds for a minimum of 30 days in a separate building at least 50 meters from the main flock. Use dedicated equipment and footwear for quarantined birds, and test for common diseases before release. **Cross-Contamination Between Species:** Farms raising multiple poultry species face increased disease transmission risk. The study "Differential Susceptibility to Porcine Deltacoronavirus: Ducks Show Greater Vulnerability Than Geese" shows that disease susceptibility varies among waterfowl species, meaning one species can carry pathogens without showing signs. House different species in separate buildings with dedicated equipment. Clean and disinfect equipment between species. Manage manure separately for each species. **Lapses in Visitor Control:** Visitors including feed delivery drivers, veterinarians, and neighbors can introduce pathogens on footwear, clothing, or vehicles. The study "Characteristics of commercial and traditional village poultry farming in Mali with a focus on practices influencing the risk of transmission of avian influenza and Newcastle disease" documents that human movement is a major risk factor for disease introduction in extensive poultry systems. Require all visitors to wear farm-provided boots and coveralls. Disinfect vehicle tires before entry. Maintain a visitor log with contact information for traceback purposes. ### Professional Escalation Criteria for Biosecurity Events Contact a veterinarian or poultry extension specialist when: - A disease outbreak is confirmed in a neighboring poultry operation within 10 kilometers - Wild waterfowl mortality is observed on or near the farm - Biosecurity protocols have been breached (e.g., unauthorized visitor entry, equipment shared with infected farm) - Quarantine procedures have failed (e.g., quarantined birds escape or equipment is moved between areas) - Regulatory authorities request documentation of biosecurity practices or disease monitoring records ## Frequently Asked Questions ### What is the best goose breed for meat production? Embden geese are the most common commercial meat breed due to rapid growth and large mature size. Toulouse geese also produce heavy carcasses but grow more slowly. Both breeds reach market weight at 10-14 weeks under good management. ### How much space do geese need in housing? Geese require 0.5-1 square meter per bird indoors and at least 10 square meters per bird on pasture. More space reduces stress, aggression, and disease transmission. ### Can geese be raised with chickens or ducks? Geese can be raised with other poultry but require separate housing due to different space and water requirements. Geese are more susceptible to some diseases carried by chickens, so biosecurity between species is important. The study "Differential Susceptibility to Porcine Deltacoronavirus: Ducks Show Greater Vulnerability Than Geese" indicates that disease susceptibility varies among waterfowl species. ### How many eggs do geese lay per year? Egg production varies by breed. Chinese geese lay 40-60 eggs per year, while Embden and Toulouse geese lay 20-40 eggs per year. Layer breeds produce more eggs but have lighter body weights. ### What do geese eat? Geese eat grass, grains, and commercial poultry feed. Goslings need starter feed with 20-22% protein, while adult geese on pasture require minimal supplemental feed. Layer geese need calcium supplementation. ### How long does it take to raise geese for meat? Meat breeds reach market weight at 10-14 weeks. Dual-purpose breeds take 14-18 weeks, and layer breeds take 16-20 weeks. Faster growth requires higher quality feed and good management. ### Do geese need water for swimming? Geese need water deep enough to submerge their heads for drinking and preening, but they do not require a pond. Provide clean water in troughs or pools that are refreshed daily. ### What diseases affect geese? Common diseases include goose astrovirus, avian influenza, and parasitic infections. Biosecurity, vaccination where available, and regular health monitoring reduce disease risk. Reportable diseases must be reported to the state veterinarian. ## Related Farming Guides - [Lentivirus Production](/blog/guides/plaque-assays-planning-controls-and-reporting-viral-titer) - [Systems Biology](/blog/news/systems-biology) - [Carp Farming Pond Production Feeding And Harvest Management](/knowledge/animal-farming/aquaculture/carp-farming-pond-production-feeding-and-harvest-management) - [Tilapia Farming Production Planning For Pond Cage And Tank Systems](/knowledge/animal-farming/aquaculture/tilapia-farming-production-planning-for-pond-cage-and-tank-systems) - [Layer Chicken Farming Pullet Development Egg Production Nutrition And Flock Health](/knowledge/animal-farming/poultry/layer-chicken-farming-pullet-development-egg-production-nutrition-and-flock-health) ## Related Clinical & Scientific Guides * [Poultry Farm Fencing: Materials, Design, and Predator Exclusion](/knowledge/animal-farming/poultry/poultry-farm-fencing-materials-design-predator-exclusion) * [Broiler House Wind Speed and Airflow Measurement](/knowledge/animal-farming/poultry/broiler-house-wind-speed-airflow-measurement) * [Broiler House Heating Systems: Types and Efficiency](/knowledge/animal-farming/poultry/broiler-house-heating-systems-types-efficiency) ## References and Further Reading - [www.fao.org](https://www.fao.org/poultry-production-products/en) - [www.aphis.usda.gov](https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian) - [www.merckvetmanual.com](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/poultry) - [[Update on toxoplasmosis in poultry farming].](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34983737). Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde, 2022. - [Domestication and the comparative embryology of birds.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35604321). Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution, 2022. - [Current Situation of Goose Astrovirus in China: A Review.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39861873). Viruses, 2025. - [Clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses from birds in China replicate effectively in bovine cells and pose potential public health risk.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40353570). Emerging microbes & infections, 2025. - [Differential Susceptibility to Porcine Deltacoronavirus: Ducks Show Greater Vulnerability Than Geese.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40503219). Transboundary and emerging diseases, 2025. - [Adenosine deaminase promotes goose astrovirus genotype II replication in GEF cells.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40305933). Poultry science, 2025. - [Importance of Parasitological Screening in Extensive Poultry Farming Based on Organic Production](https://doi.org/10.2478/s11686-019-00042-y). Acta Parasitologica, 2019. - [Entrepreneurship Development through Fish-Poultry Based Integrated Farming System](https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/105031461578). Integrated Farming System Models Development and Implementation, 2024. - [Characteristics of commercial and traditional village poultry farming in Mali with a focus on practices influencing the risk of transmission of avian influenza and Newcastle disease](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.06.015). Acta Tropica, 2015. - [Processing and preparation of slaughtered poultry](https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818572-8.00006-1). Postharvest and Postmortem Processing of Raw Food Materials Unit Operations and Processing Equipment in the Food Industry, 2021. - [A Hybrid Medium and Long-Term Relative Humidity Point and Interval Prediction Method for Intensive Poultry Farming](https://doi.org/10.3390/math11143247). Mathematics, 2023. > This article is educational and is not a substitute for veterinary diagnosis, treatment, public-health guidance, or regulatory reporting.