# Feeding Turkeys: Nutrition for Growth and Meat Quality ## Key Takeaways - Turkey poults require significantly higher protein levels (26-28% initially, potentially up to 30%) than chickens, with critical amino acids like lysine (1.6-1.7%) and methionine (0.65%) being paramount for rapid muscle and feather development in the first 4 weeks. - Feed form is crucial; crumbles are essential for young poults due to their small beaks and tendency to waste mash, while pellets are suitable for older birds to minimize waste and improve intake efficiency. - Protein requirements decrease with age, dropping to 20-22% for growers and 14-16% for finishers, with energy content increasing in finisher diets to support fat deposition for meat quality. - Never feed medicated chicken feed to turkeys, as certain medications, such as some coccidiostats (e.g., monensin, salinomycin), are toxic and potentially fatal to turkeys. - Consistent monitoring of weekly body weight, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (target 2.5-3.0 overall for commercial breeds) is vital for early detection of growth issues, nutritional imbalances, or health problems. --- Raising turkeys for meat or breeding requires a feeding program that changes as the birds grow. Unlike chickens, turkeys have specific protein requirements that shift dramatically from hatch to market weight. This guide covers the full turkey feeding timeline, from starter feed through finisher rations, with practical guidance on protein levels, feed forms, feeding schedules, and common nutritional problems. It is written for small farm operators, backyard turkey raisers, and commercial producers who want to improve growth rates and meat quality through better nutrition. ## At a Glance - Turkeys need higher protein feed than chickens at every life stage. Starter feed for turkeys should contain 26 to 28 percent protein for the first 6 to 8 weeks. - Feed form matters. Use crumbles or pellets for turkeys, not mash, because turkeys waste mash feed and do not eat enough of it. - Protein requirements decrease as turkeys age. Grower feed drops to 20 to 22 percent protein, and finisher feed drops to 14 to 16 percent protein. - Turkeys need a separate feeding program from chickens. Turkey feed contains higher protein and different medication levels than [chicken feed](/knowledge/animal-farming/poultry/chicken-feed-options-types-nutrition-and-feeding-strategies). - Always provide fresh, clean water. Turkeys drink more water than chickens, especially in hot weather or when eating high protein feed. - Never feed medicated chicken feed to turkeys. Some medications that are safe for chickens are toxic to turkeys. - Monitor body weight weekly during the first 8 weeks. Growth problems show up early and are easier to correct when caught quickly. - Call a veterinarian or extension agent if you see poor growth, leg problems, or unusual mortality despite correct feeding. ## Understanding Turkey Nutrition Basics Turkeys are not simply large chickens. Their digestive systems, growth patterns, and nutrient needs differ from chickens in ways that matter for feeding programs. Understanding these differences helps you avoid costly mistakes and produces healthier, faster growing birds. Turkeys grow at an extraordinary rate. A day old poult weighs about 0.1 pounds. By 20 weeks, a commercial tom can weigh 35 to 40 pounds. That is a 350 to 400 fold increase in body weight in less than 5 months. This rapid growth demands a dense, precisely balanced diet at every stage. The digestive system of a turkey is shorter than that of a chicken relative to body size. This means feed passes through faster, so turkeys need highly digestible feed ingredients. They also have a higher body temperature and faster metabolic rate than chickens, which increases their energy needs. Protein is the single most important nutrient in turkey feed, but it is not the only one. Turkeys also need the right balance of amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and energy. A feed that has enough protein but lacks essential amino acids will still produce poor growth. Amino acids are the building blocks of protein. Turkeys need specific amino acids in specific amounts. Lysine and methionine are the two most critical amino acids for turkey growth. A feed can test high in crude protein but be deficient in these key amino acids, leading to poor growth and feathering. Energy is the other major component of turkey feed. Corn is the primary energy source in most turkey rations. The energy content of the feed affects how much feed the bird eats. If the feed is too low in energy, turkeys eat more to meet their energy needs, which can throw off their protein intake. If the feed is too high in energy, turkeys may eat less and not get enough protein. Vitamins and minerals round out the turkey diet. Calcium and phosphorus are critical for bone development. Turkeys grow fast, and their bones must keep pace. A deficiency in these minerals causes leg problems that can cripple a bird. Vitamin D is also essential for calcium utilization. B vitamins support metabolism and nervous system function. ## Turkey Starter Feed: The First 8 Weeks The starter phase is the most critical period in turkey nutrition. Poults hatch with a yolk sac that provides nutrients for the first few days, but they must transition to feed quickly. Getting the starter feed right sets the foundation for the entire growout. ### Protein Levels in Starter Feed Turkey starter feed should contain 26 to 28 percent protein. Some commercial starters go as high as 30 percent for the first 2 weeks. This high protein level supports the rapid muscle development and feather growth that happens in the first weeks of life. The protein in starter feed must come from high quality sources. Soybean meal is the standard protein source in turkey starter feed because it has a good amino acid profile. Animal byproduct meals such as meat and bone meal or poultry meal are also used in some rations. These ingredients provide the essential amino acids that turkeys need. Amino acid levels matter more than crude protein percentage. A good starter feed should contain at least 1.6 percent lysine and 0.6 percent methionine. These are the minimum levels for the first 4 weeks. Some nutritionists recommend higher levels for maximum growth. ### Feed Form for Poults Poults should receive feed in crumble form, not mash or pellets. Crumble is a pellet that has been broken into smaller pieces. Poults have small beaks and cannot easily pick up large pellets. Mash is too dusty and wasteful for turkeys. The crumble size should match the age of the poult. Very young poults need fine crumbles. As they grow, the crumble size can increase. Most commercial turkey starter feeds come in a crumble form that works for the entire starter phase. Feed particles should be uniform in size. If the crumble is too fine, poults will sort through it and leave the larger pieces. If it is too coarse, they cannot eat it. Good commercial crumble feed has consistent particle size that poults can consume easily. ### Feeding Schedule for Starter Phase Offer starter feed immediately when poults arrive. Do not wait for them to find it on their own. Scatter feed on paper or cardboard in the brooder for the first 2 to 3 days. This makes it easy for poults to find and eat. After a few days, switch to shallow feed trays or turkey feeders. Poults should have access to feed at all times during the starter phase. Do not restrict feed for the first 8 weeks. Turkeys are not prone to overeating at this age, and they need constant access to nutrients to support rapid growth. Check feeders twice daily during the starter phase. Empty feeders mean poults are going without nutrition. Clean feeders prevent mold and bacteria growth. Refill feeders to about half full rather than filling to the top. This reduces waste and keeps feed fresh. A good rule of thumb is that poults will eat about 1 pound of starter feed per bird per week in the first week, increasing to about 3 pounds per bird per week by week 8. These numbers vary by breed and environmental conditions, but they give you a baseline for planning feed purchases. ### Water During the Starter Phase Water is as important as feed during the starter phase. Poults need clean, fresh water at all times. Dehydration is a leading cause of early mortality in poults. Use chick waterers for the first few days. These are small enough for poults to reach into without drowning. As poults grow, switch to larger turkey waterers or nipple drinkers. Check waterers twice daily. Clean and refill them each time. Poults will walk through waterers, so they need frequent cleaning to prevent disease. Place waterers away from feeders to encourage movement and reduce moisture around feed. Water temperature matters for young poults. Water that is too cold can chill poults. Water that is too warm can discourage drinking. Aim for water around 65 to 70 degrees Fahrenheit during the first week. ## Turkey Grower Feed: Weeks 8 to 16 The grower phase is a transition period. Turkeys are past the fragile poult stage and are putting on muscle and frame. Protein levels drop, but the feed still needs to be dense enough to support steady growth. ### Protein Levels in Grower Feed Turkey grower feed should contain 20 to 22 percent protein. The exact level depends on the breed and the target market weight. Meat type turkeys need the higher end of this range. Lighter breeds can do well on the lower end. The amino acid requirements also shift during the grower phase. Lysine levels should be around 1.2 to 1.3 percent. Methionine levels should be around 0.5 percent. These levels support continued muscle development without the extreme density of starter feed. Energy content of grower feed is important. Grower feed should contain about 1,300 to 1,400 calories of metabolizable energy per pound. This energy supports the rapid weight gain that happens during this phase. ### Feed Form for Grower Turkeys Grower turkeys can handle pellets. Pellets are more efficient than crumbles for older birds because they reduce waste and allow turkeys to eat faster. A 3/16 inch pellet works well for turkeys in this age range. Some producers switch to a 5/32 inch pellet during the grower phase. This size is easier for younger birds in this phase to eat. As turkeys approach 12 weeks, they can handle a larger pellet if your feed supplier offers different sizes. Pellet quality matters. Poor quality pellets break into fines and dust, which turkeys waste. Look for feed with minimal fines. If you buy feed in bulk, check the bottom of the bin for accumulated dust and fines. ### Feeding Schedule for Grower Phase Continue offering feed free choice during the grower phase. Turkeys at this age are efficient converters of feed to muscle. Restricting feed during this phase can slow growth and delay market readiness. Monitor feed intake during the grower phase. A 10 week old turkey eats about 0.5 pounds of feed per day. This increases to about 0.75 pounds per day by 16 weeks. Sudden drops in feed intake can signal health problems or feed palatability issues. Adjust feeder height as turkeys grow. Feeders should be at the level of the turkey's back. Feeders that are too low cause turkeys to waste feed. Feeders that are too high are difficult for turkeys to reach. ### Grower Phase Management The grower phase is when leg problems often appear. Rapid weight gain puts stress on developing bones. Proper nutrition helps prevent these problems, but management also matters. Do not let turkeys become overweight during the grower phase. Excess weight stresses legs and joints. If turkeys are gaining too fast, reduce the energy content of the feed rather than restricting the amount of feed. Provide adequate floor space during the grower phase. Crowding increases stress and can lead to feather picking and cannibalism. Turkeys need about 2 to 3 square feet per bird during this phase, depending on the housing system. ## Turkey Finisher Feed: Weeks 16 to Market The finisher phase is the final stage before processing. The goal shifts from growth to finishing, meaning the bird is putting on the right kind of weight and developing good meat quality. Protein levels drop further, and the focus shifts to energy and fat deposition. ### Protein Levels in Finisher Feed Turkey finisher feed should contain 14 to 16 percent protein. This lower protein level slows muscle growth and allows the bird to put on fat. The fat is what gives turkey meat its flavor and tenderness. Amino acid levels in finisher feed are lower but still important. Lysine should be around 0.8 to 0.9 percent. Methionine should be around 0.35 to 0.4 percent. These levels maintain muscle while allowing the finishing process to proceed. Energy content of finisher feed is higher than grower feed. Finisher feed should contain about 1,450 to 1,500 calories per pound. This higher energy supports fat deposition and gives the meat the marbling that consumers expect. ### Feed Form for Finisher Turkeys Finisher turkeys should receive a larger pellet. A 7/32 inch or 1/4 inch pellet works well for birds in this weight range. The larger pellet reduces feeding time and allows turkeys to consume more feed per hour. Some producers add whole grains to the finisher ration. Whole corn can be mixed with the pellet to increase energy intake and improve gizzard function. If you do this, introduce the whole grain gradually over a week to prevent digestive upset. ### Feeding Schedule for Finisher Phase Continue free choice feeding through the finisher phase. Turkeys are still growing during this phase, and feed restriction will reduce final body weight. The exception is if you are trying to manage weight gain for a specific market window. Monitor feed intake carefully during the finisher phase. A 20 week old tom can eat 1 to 1.25 pounds of feed per day. Hens eat less, about 0.75 to 1 pound per day. Track intake against expected consumption to identify problems early. Remove feed 8 to 12 hours before processing. This clears the digestive tract and makes processing cleaner. Turkeys should have access to water until processing time. ### Finisher Phase Management The finisher phase is when meat quality is determined. Nutrition during this phase affects tenderness, juiciness, and flavor. Getting the finisher ration right is essential for producing a quality product. Do not add medications to finisher feed unless directed by a veterinarian. Withdrawal periods for medications must be observed before processing. Using medicated feed too close to processing can result in drug residues in the meat. Consider the breed and target market when designing the finisher program. Broad breasted turkeys need more energy than heritage breeds. Turkeys destined for whole bird markets may need a different finisher program than turkeys destined for further processing. ## Protein Requirements for Turkeys by Age Protein requirements for turkeys change dramatically from hatch to market. Understanding these changes helps you select the right feed at each stage and avoid both underfeeding and overfeeding protein. ### Week 0 to 4 Poults need the highest protein level of their lives during the first 4 weeks. Starter feed should contain 28 percent protein. Some hatcheries recommend 30 percent for the first 2 weeks. This high protein supports the rapid development of muscles, feathers, and internal organs. Lysine requirements are highest during this period. Poults need about 1.7 percent lysine in the first 2 weeks, dropping to 1.6 percent by weeks 3 and 4. Methionine needs are about 0.65 percent during this period. ### Week 4 to 8 Protein levels can drop slightly after 4 weeks. Starter feed with 26 percent protein is appropriate for this period. If you started on a 30 percent feed, you can transition to a 26 to 28 percent feed at 4 weeks. Lysine requirements drop to about 1.5 percent during this period. Methionine requirements drop to about 0.6 percent. These levels still support rapid growth but are slightly lower than the first 4 weeks. ### Week 8 to 12 The transition from starter to grower feed happens around 8 weeks. Grower feed with 22 percent protein is appropriate for this period. Make the transition gradually over 5 to 7 days to prevent digestive upset. Lysine requirements drop to about 1.3 percent during this period. Methionine requirements drop to about 0.52 percent. Turkeys are still growing rapidly, but the rate of muscle development is slowing. ### Week 12 to 16 Protein levels continue to decline during this period. Grower feed with 20 percent protein is appropriate. Some producers use a single grower feed from 8 to 16 weeks with 20 to 22 percent protein. Lysine requirements drop to about 1.15 percent during this period. Methionine requirements drop to about 0.48 percent. The growth rate is slowing, and turkeys are starting to put on more fat. ### Week 16 to Market The finisher phase begins at 16 weeks. Finisher feed with 14 to 16 percent protein is appropriate from this point to market. The exact protein level depends on the breed and target market weight. Lysine requirements drop to about 0.85 percent during this period. Methionine requirements drop to about 0.38 percent. The turkeys are putting on fat and finishing, not building muscle. ### Breed Differences in Protein Requirements Heritage breed turkeys have lower protein requirements than commercial broad breasted turkeys. Heritage breeds grow more slowly and have a different body composition. A heritage breed might do well on feed with 2 to 4 percent less protein than a commercial breed at the same age. Commercial broad breasted turkeys have been selected for rapid growth and heavy muscle development. They need the higher end of the protein ranges listed above. Feeding them lower protein feed will result in slower growth and lighter market weights. If you are raising turkeys for breeding, protein requirements differ from meat birds. Breeding turkeys need a diet that supports reproduction, not rapid growth. Breeder rations are formulated specifically for this purpose and should be used for breeding stock. ## Complete Turkey Feeding Program A complete turkey feeding program coordinates feed types, feeding schedules, and management practices across the entire life of the bird. The following program works well for most small to medium scale turkey operations. ### Week 1 Start poults on a 28 percent protein starter crumble. Offer feed on paper for the first 2 to 3 days. Provide fresh water in chick waterers. Check feeders and waterers at least twice daily. Expect poults to eat about 1 pound of feed per bird during the first week. Weight gain should be steady, with poults reaching about 0.3 pounds by day 7. ### Week 2 to 4 Continue on starter crumble. Switch from paper feeding to feeders by day 4 or 5. Raise feeders gradually as poults grow. Clean waterers daily. Poults should eat about 1.5 to 2 pounds of feed per bird per week during this period. By 4 weeks, poults should weigh about 1.5 to 2 pounds. ### Week 5 to 8 Continue on starter crumble or switch to a slightly lower protein starter if your feed supplier offers one. Many producers use a single starter feed from hatch to 8 weeks. Poults should eat about 2.5 to 3.5 pounds of feed per bird per week during this period. By 8 weeks, turkeys should weigh about 6 to 8 pounds. ### Week 9 to 12 Transition to grower feed with 20 to 22 percent protein. Mix starter and grower feed for 5 to 7 days to make the transition gradual. Switch to pellet form if you have been using crumbles. Turkeys should eat about 3.5 to 4.5 pounds of feed per bird per week during this period. By 12 weeks, turkeys should weigh about 12 to 15 pounds. ### Week 13 to 16 Continue on grower feed. Monitor body weight and adjust feed intake if turkeys are gaining too fast or too slow. Provide adequate floor space to prevent crowding. Turkeys should eat about 4.5 to 5.5 pounds of feed per bird per week during this period. By 16 weeks, turkeys should weigh about 18 to 22 pounds. ### Week 17 to Market Transition to finisher feed with 14 to 16 percent protein. Mix grower and finisher feed for 5 to 7 days. Continue free choice feeding until processing. Turkeys should eat about 5 to 7 pounds of feed per bird per week during this period. Market weight depends on breed and sex. Toms typically reach 30 to 40 pounds by 20 to 24 weeks. Hens typically reach 15 to 20 pounds by 18 to 20 weeks. ### Total Feed Consumption A commercial broad breasted turkey will eat about 50 to 60 pounds of feed over a 20 week growout. Heritage breeds eat less, about 30 to 40 pounds over a 24 to 28 week growout. These numbers help you budget for feed costs. ## Feeding Turkeys vs Chickens Many new turkey producers assume they can feed chicken feed to turkeys. This is a costly mistake. Turkeys have different nutritional needs than chickens, and feeding chicken feed to turkeys can cause serious health problems. ### Protein Differences Turkeys need more protein than chickens at every life stage. Chicken starter feed typically contains 18 to 20 percent protein. Turkey starter feed contains 26 to 28 percent protein. Feeding chicken starter to poults results in slow growth and poor feathering. The amino acid requirements also differ. Turkeys need more lysine and methionine than chickens. A chicken feed might meet the amino acid needs of chickens but be deficient for turkeys. ### Medication Differences This is the most dangerous difference between chicken and turkey feed. Some medications that are safe for chickens are toxic to turkeys. The most common example is coccidiostats. Certain coccidiostats, such as monensin and salinomycin, can be fatal to turkeys. Always read the feed label carefully. If the feed is labeled for chickens only, do not feed it to turkeys. Look for feed specifically labeled for turkeys or for all poultry. When in doubt, ask your feed supplier. ### Calcium and Phosphorus Turkeys need different calcium and phosphorus levels than chickens. Turkey bones grow faster and need more minerals. Layer chicken feed is especially dangerous for turkeys because it contains very high calcium levels that can damage turkey kidneys. ### Feed Form Turkeys waste mash feed more than chickens do. Turkeys have a habit of scratching and scattering feed. Crumble and pellet forms reduce this waste. If you feed mash to turkeys, expect higher feed costs due to waste. ### Separate Feeding Areas If you raise turkeys and chickens together, feed them separately. Turkeys will eat chicken feed if given the chance, and chickens will eat turkey feed. The wrong feed can cause health problems in both species. Use separate feeders or feed turkeys in a separate area. ## Common Turkey Feeding Mistakes Even experienced producers make feeding mistakes. Recognizing these common errors helps you avoid them and produce healthier, faster growing turkeys. ### Feeding Chicken Feed to Turkeys This is the most common and most costly mistake. Chicken feed does not have enough protein for turkeys, and some chicken feeds contain medications that are toxic to turkeys. Always use feed specifically formulated for turkeys. ### Switching Feeds Too Quickly Sudden feed changes cause digestive upset. Turkeys may stop eating for a day or two, which sets back their growth. Always transition between feeds gradually over 5 to 7 days. Mix the old feed with the new feed, gradually increasing the proportion of new feed. ### Feeding Mash Instead of Crumble or Pellets Mash is dusty and easy for turkeys to waste. Turkeys will sort through mash and leave the less palatable ingredients. This leads to imbalanced nutrition and wasted feed. Use crumble for young poults and pellets for older birds. ### Ignoring Water Quality Water is the most important nutrient. Turkeys drink a lot of water, especially when eating high protein feed. Dirty water reduces intake and slows growth. Clean waterers daily and provide fresh water at all times. ### Overcrowding Feeders Turkeys need adequate feeder space. If feeders are overcrowded, smaller birds cannot access feed and fall behind in growth. Provide at least 1.5 to 2 inches of feeder space per turkey during the starter phase, increasing to 3 to 4 inches as they grow. ### Not Monitoring Body Weight You cannot manage what you do not measure. Weigh turkeys weekly during the starter phase and every 2 weeks during the grower and finisher phases. Compare weights to breed standards to identify problems early. ### Feeding Too Much Protein in Finisher High protein finisher feed is expensive and can cause problems. Excess protein is converted to uric acid, which can damage kidneys. Use the correct protein level for each phase of growth. ### Ignoring Feed Quality Feed that is moldy, stale, or contaminated can make turkeys sick. Check feed for signs of mold or insect infestation. Store feed in a cool, dry place in rodent proof containers. Use feed within 4 to 6 weeks of purchase. ## Monitoring Turkey Growth and Feed Efficiency Monitoring is essential for a successful turkey feeding program. Regular checks help you identify problems early and make adjustments before they become costly. ### Weekly Weighing Weigh a sample of turkeys weekly during the starter phase. Weigh at least 10 birds or 10 percent of the flock, whichever is greater. Weigh the same birds each week if possible, marking them with leg bands or wing tags. Compare weights to breed standards. Your hatchery or breed association can provide expected weight ranges. If birds fall below the expected range, check feed intake and look for health problems. ### Feed Intake Records Track how much feed the flock consumes each week. Divide total feed consumed by the number of birds to get average feed per bird. Compare this to expected intake for the age and breed. Sudden drops in feed intake are early warning signs of disease, stress, or feed problems. Investigate any drop of more than 10 percent from expected intake. ### [Feed Conversion Ratio](/knowledge/animal-farming/poultry/feed-conversion-ratio-measuring-improving-poultry-efficiency) Feed conversion ratio is the pounds of feed needed to produce one pound of gain. Calculate it by dividing total feed consumed by total weight gained. Commercial turkeys typically have a feed conversion ratio of 2.5 to 3.0 over the full growout. Track feed conversion by phase. Starter phase conversion is typically 1.5 to 2.0. Grower phase conversion is typically 2.5 to 3.0. Finisher phase conversion is typically 3.5 to 4.5. Poor conversion indicates feed waste, health problems, or nutritional imbalances. ### [Body Condition Scoring](/knowledge/animal-farming/farm-management/body-condition-scoring-a-tool-for-feed-management) Body condition scoring is a hands on assessment of the turkey's flesh and fat cover. Run your hand over the breastbone and feel the muscle cover. A well conditioned turkey has a full, rounded breast. A thin turkey has a prominent, sharp breastbone. Body condition scoring helps you adjust the feeding program before weight problems become severe. Learn what good condition looks like for your breed and adjust feed accordingly. ### Feather Condition Feathers reflect nutritional status. Poor feathering can indicate protein or amino acid deficiency. Feather picking can indicate stress or overcrowding. Check feathers regularly and investigate any abnormalities. ### Droppings Observation Droppings tell you about digestive health. Normal turkey droppings are firm and brown with a white cap of uric acid. Loose, watery droppings can indicate digestive upset or disease. Bloody droppings are a serious concern and warrant immediate veterinary attention. ## Adjusting the Feeding Program A feeding program is not static. You must adjust it based on bird performance, environmental conditions, and market goals. Here are common situations that require adjustments. ### Slow Growth If turkeys are below expected weight, first check feed intake. Are feeders empty? Is feed being wasted? Is water available and clean? Address these basics before changing the ration. If feed intake is normal but growth is slow, the feed may not be meeting nutritional needs. Check the protein level and compare it to the requirements for the bird's age. Consider moving to a higher protein feed or supplementing with a protein source. ### Rapid Growth Rapid growth sounds good, but it can cause leg problems in turkeys. If turkeys are gaining too fast, especially between 8 and 16 weeks, reduce the energy content of the feed. Do not restrict feed intake, as this can cause other problems. ### Hot Weather Turkeys eat less in hot weather. This reduces nutrient intake and slows growth. Provide extra feeder space during hot weather so all birds can access feed. Feed during the cooler parts of the day. Ensure plenty of cool, clean water. ### Cold Weather Turkeys eat more in cold weather to maintain body temperature. This increases feed costs but does not necessarily increase growth. Provide adequate shelter and bedding to help turkeys stay warm. Consider increasing the energy content of the feed during cold weather. ### Feather Picking Feather picking often indicates a nutritional deficiency or management problem. Check protein and amino acid levels in the feed. Ensure adequate floor space and reduce stress. If feather picking continues, consult a veterinarian or extension agent. ### Cannibalism Cannibalism is a serious problem that can cause mortality. It often starts with feather picking. Address the underlying cause, which may be nutritional, environmental, or behavioral. In severe cases, debeaking may be necessary, but this should be a last resort. ## When to Call a Veterinarian or Extension Agent Most turkey feeding problems can be resolved with adjustments to the feeding program. However, some situations require professional help. Contact a veterinarian or extension agent if you see any of the following. ### Poor Growth Despite Correct Feeding If turkeys are not growing well even though you are providing the correct feed, there may be an underlying health problem. Parasites, bacterial infections, and viral diseases can all cause poor growth. A veterinarian can run diagnostic tests to identify the cause. ### High Mortality Some mortality is normal in turkey production, especially in the first week. However, mortality above 5 percent in the starter phase or above 2 percent in the grower and finisher phases warrants investigation. A veterinarian can help identify the cause and recommend treatment. ### Leg Problems Leg problems can have nutritional causes, but they can also indicate disease. If multiple birds develop leg problems, especially if they are unable to stand or walk, contact a veterinarian. Early intervention improves the chances of recovery. ### Neurological Signs Tremors, twisted necks, and other neurological signs can indicate nutritional deficiencies or diseases. These signs warrant immediate veterinary attention. Some neurological diseases in turkeys are reportable to state or federal authorities. ### Sudden Feed Intake Changes If turkeys suddenly stop eating or dramatically increase feed intake, there may be a problem. Check feed quality and palatability first. If the feed is fine, contact a veterinarian to rule out disease. ### Suspected Toxicity If you suspect turkeys have been poisoned by feed, water, or environmental contaminants, contact a veterinarian immediately. Save samples of the suspected contaminant for testing. Early treatment improves the chances of recovery. ## [Feed Storage and Quality Control](/knowledge/animal-farming/aquaculture/feed-storage-and-quality-control-preventing-mold-and-nutrient-loss) Proper feed storage is essential for maintaining feed quality and preventing health problems. Poor storage can lead to mold, insect infestation, and nutrient degradation. ### Storage Conditions Store feed in a cool, dry place. Heat and humidity degrade vitamins and promote mold growth. The ideal storage temperature is below 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Keep feed off the floor on pallets or shelves to prevent moisture absorption. ### Rodent Control Rodents contaminate feed and spread disease. Store feed in rodent proof containers or in a room that rodents cannot enter. Check for signs of rodent activity regularly. Use traps or bait stations as needed, but keep them away from feed and birds. ### Feed Rotation Use older feed before newer feed. Mark bags with the purchase date and use the oldest feed first. Do not buy more feed than you can use in 4 to 6 weeks. Stale feed loses nutritional value and may develop mold. ### Inspecting Feed Inspect feed for signs of mold, insects, or unusual odor before feeding. Moldy feed can contain toxins that make turkeys sick. If you suspect feed quality problems, contact your feed supplier and consider having the feed tested. ### Cleaning Feeders Clean feeders regularly to prevent mold and bacteria growth. Empty feeders completely and wash with soap and water. Allow them to dry before refilling. How often you clean depends on the feeder type and environmental conditions, but weekly cleaning is a good minimum. ## Feeding Turkeys for Meat Quality Meat quality is influenced by nutrition throughout the turkey's life, but the finisher phase is especially important. The right feeding program produces meat that is tender, juicy, and flavorful. ### Fat Deposition Fat is what makes turkey meat tender and flavorful. Turkeys need adequate energy in the finisher phase to deposit fat. The fat is stored between muscle fibers, which creates marbling. Marbled meat is more tender and juicy than lean meat. ### Protein and Muscle The protein level in finisher feed affects muscle development. Too little protein results in small, underdeveloped muscles. Too much protein results in tough, dry meat. The 14 to 16 percent protein range is optimal for most turkeys. ### Flavor Development Flavor is influenced by the diet. Turkeys that eat a varied diet with access to forage may have different flavor than those fed a complete ration. Some producers add herbs or other flavorings to the feed to influence meat flavor, but this is not common practice. ### Processing Considerations Feed management before processing affects meat quality. Remove feed 8 to 12 hours before processing to clear the digestive tract. This makes processing cleaner and reduces the risk of contamination. Provide water until processing time to keep birds hydrated. ### Aging and Tenderness Aging improves tenderness. After processing, carcasses should be aged at 35 to 40 degrees Fahrenheit for 12 to 24 hours before cutting or freezing. This allows natural enzymes to break down muscle tissue, improving tenderness. ## Special Feeding Situations Some turkey operations have special feeding needs. Here are common situations and how to handle them. ### Raising Heritage Breeds Heritage breeds grow more slowly than commercial breeds. They need less protein and less energy. A feeding program designed for commercial turkeys can cause health problems in heritage breeds, including leg problems and heart issues. Adjust the feeding program for heritage breeds. Use a lower protein feed and extend the grower phase. Heritage breeds may take 24 to 28 weeks to reach market weight. Monitor body condition and adjust feed accordingly. ### Raising Turkeys on Pasture Pasture raised turkeys eat grass and insects in addition to feed. This can reduce feed costs, but it also makes nutrition less predictable. Provide a complete feed free choice so turkeys can meet their nutritional needs even if pasture quality is poor. Rotate pasture to prevent overgrazing and parasite buildup. Move feeders and waterers regularly to distribute manure and reduce disease pressure. Provide shade and protection from predators. ### Organic Turkey Production Organic turkey production requires organic feed. Organic feed is more expensive than conventional feed and may have different nutrient levels. Work with a nutritionist to ensure organic rations meet the turkey's needs. Organic standards require access to pasture and prohibit certain medications. This makes health management more challenging. Focus on prevention through good nutrition, biosecurity, and management. ### Breeding Turkeys Breeding turkeys have different nutritional needs than meat birds. Breeder rations are formulated to support egg production and fertility. These rations are lower in energy and higher in certain vitamins and minerals than meat bird rations. Breeder turkeys should not be fed the same feed as meat birds. Excess weight reduces fertility and causes leg problems. Work with a nutritionist to develop a breeder ration that meets the specific needs of your breeding flock. ### Small Flocks Small flocks have different challenges than large operations. Feed is more expensive per bird when buying in small quantities. Store feed properly to maintain quality. Buy from a reputable supplier and check feed freshness. Small flock owners may have trouble finding turkey specific feed. Many feed stores carry turkey feed, especially during the spring and summer. If you cannot find turkey feed locally, consider ordering from a specialty supplier or having feed shipped. ## Frequently Asked Questions ### How much protein does a turkey need? Protein requirements change with age. Poults need 26 to 28 percent protein in starter feed for the first 8 weeks. Grower feed should contain 20 to 22 percent protein from 8 to 16 weeks. Finisher feed should contain 14 to 16 percent protein from 16 weeks to market. These levels support rapid growth without causing health problems. ### Can I feed chicken feed to turkeys? No. Chicken feed does not have enough protein for turkeys, and some chicken feeds contain medications that are toxic to turkeys. Always use feed specifically formulated for turkeys. Feeding chicken feed to turkeys can cause slow growth, poor feathering, and even death. ### How often should I feed turkeys? Turkeys should have free access to feed at all times. They do not need scheduled feedings. Check feeders at least twice daily to ensure they are not empty and that feed is clean and dry. Free choice feeding allows turkeys to eat when they need to, which supports steady growth. ### What is the best feed form for turkeys? Crumble feed is best for poults under 8 weeks. Pellets are best for older turkeys. Both forms reduce waste compared to mash. Turkeys waste mash feed by scratching and scattering it. Crumble and pellet forms also ensure turkeys get a balanced diet rather than sorting through ingredients. ### How much feed does a turkey eat per day? Feed intake increases as turkeys grow. A poult eats about 0.15 pounds per day in the first week. A 10 week old turkey eats about 0.5 pounds per day. A 20 week old tom eats about 1 to 1.25 pounds per day. Hens eat less than toms at the same age. ### Why are my turkeys not growing? Poor growth usually has a nutritional or health cause. Check feed intake and water availability first. Ensure you are feeding the correct protein level for the bird's age. Check for signs of disease or parasites. If growth problems continue, contact a veterinarian or extension agent for help. ### Do turkeys need grit? Turkeys that eat only commercial feed do not need grit. Commercial feed is highly digestible and does not require grinding in the gizzard. Turkeys that eat whole grains or forage may benefit from grit to help grind these foods. Offer grit free choice if you feed whole grains. ### Can I mix my own turkey feed? You can mix your own turkey feed, but it is difficult to get the formulation right. Turkeys need precise levels of protein, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. A mistake in formulation can cause serious health problems. If you mix your own feed, work with a poultry nutritionist to develop a balanced ration. ## Related Farming Guides This section will be populated with links to related farming guides on similar topics. Check back for updated content on [poultry nutrition](/knowledge/animal-farming/poultry/poultry-nutrition-essentials-balancing-feed-for-optimal-health-and-growth), turkey health, and other animal farming topics. ## Related Clinical & Scientific Guides * [Poultry Farm Fencing: Materials, Design, and Predator Exclusion](/knowledge/animal-farming/poultry/poultry-farm-fencing-materials-design-predator-exclusion) * [Broiler House Wind Speed and Airflow Measurement](/knowledge/animal-farming/poultry/broiler-house-wind-speed-airflow-measurement) * [Broiler House Heating Systems: Types and Efficiency](/knowledge/animal-farming/poultry/broiler-house-heating-systems-types-efficiency) ## References - FAO Poultry Production: https://www.fao.org/poultry-production-products/en/ - USDA APHIS Poultry Health: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian - WOAH [Avian Influenza](/knowledge/bacteria/avian-bacteria/avian-influenza-cdc-global-surveillance): https://www.woah.org/en/disease/avian-influenza/ - FAO Animal Production and Health: https://www.fao.org/animal-production/en/ - WOAH (World Organisation for Animal Health): https://www.woah.org/en/home/ > This article is educational and is not a substitute for veterinary diagnosis, treatment, public-health guidance, or regulatory reporting.