# Chicken Farm Profit Margin: Revenue Streams and Cost Analysis ## Key Takeaways - Feed constitutes the largest operating expense (50-70% of total costs), with Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) being a critical profitability metric; a lower FCR (e.g., 1.5-2.0 for broilers) indicates greater efficiency, and deviations from breed targets necessitate investigation into factors like feed quality, disease, or environmental stress. - Startup capital decisions, particularly housing systems (controlled-environment vs. open-sided) and automation levels, significantly impact both initial investment and ongoing operational efficiency, with controlled environments potentially improving FCR and reducing mortality despite higher upfront costs. - Disease prevention through robust biosecurity measures and targeted vaccination programs is more cost-effective than treatment, as outbreaks can lead to substantial losses from mortality, reduced performance, and market restrictions, with coccidiosis being a notable example impacting profitability in small-scale farms. - Revenue streams are primarily derived from meat sales in broiler operations and egg sales in layer operations, with market price fluctuations, carcass yield, egg grade, and production rates being key determinants; contract farming reduces price risk but limits profit potential compared to independent operations. - Accurate record-keeping of both financial data (income, expenses) and production metrics (mortality rate, FCR, eggs per hen housed) is paramount for profitability analysis, enabling benchmarking against industry standards and identification of inefficiencies for targeted improvement. - Common failure patterns include underestimating feed costs, neglecting biosecurity leading to recurring disease, inadequate market research, overexpansion without sufficient management capacity, and ignoring welfare indicators which negatively impact performance and increase costs. --- Prospective and current poultry farmers evaluating business profitability need a clear breakdown of the financial components that determine whether a chicken farm generates sustainable returns. This article examines the major cost categories including startup expenses, feed, labor, veterinary care, and housing, then compares revenue streams from meat, eggs, and manure. The analysis draws on published research and official sources to provide a framework for assessing your own operation's financial viability. ## At a Glance: Chicken Farm Profitability Overview The table below summarizes the primary cost and revenue categories that determine chicken farm profit margins. Each row represents a major financial component with its typical impact on profitability. | Financial Component | Cost or Revenue Category | Key Factors Affecting Margin | |---------------------|-------------------------|------------------------------| | Feed | Largest operating cost (50-70% of total) | Ingredient prices, [feed conversion ratio](/knowledge/animal-farming/poultry/feed-conversion-ratio-measuring-improving-poultry-efficiency), flock health | | Day-old chicks or pullets | Startup and replacement cost | Breed selection, hatchery quality, mortality rate | | Housing and equipment | Capital investment | Building type, ventilation system, automation level | | Labor | Ongoing operating cost | Flock size, mechanization, worker efficiency | | Veterinary and medications | Health management cost | Biosecurity practices, disease prevalence, vaccination program | | Meat sales | Primary revenue for broiler operations | Market price per kg, carcass weight, processing yield | | Egg sales | Primary revenue for layer operations | Egg grade, production rate, market demand | | Manure | Secondary revenue stream | Nutrient content, local fertilizer demand, drying cost | ## Startup Capital and Infrastructure Decisions Initial investment in housing, equipment, and stock forms the foundation of any chicken farm. The scale and quality of infrastructure directly affect ongoing operating costs and bird welfare. ### Housing Systems and Their Cost Implications The choice between open-sided sheds, controlled-environment houses, and free-range systems determines both capital outlay and production efficiency. Controlled-environment houses with tunnel ventilation and evaporative cooling require higher upfront investment but can improve feed conversion and reduce mortality during heat stress. Open-sided housing costs less to build but exposes birds to greater temperature fluctuations and disease challenges. Flooring type also matters. Deep litter systems require regular bedding material purchases, while slatted or wire floors reduce litter costs but increase initial construction expense. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations provides guidance on [poultry housing design](/knowledge/animal-farming/alternative-livestock/poultry-housing-design-flock-health) through its animal production resources, which can help farmers match housing type to local climate and market conditions (FAO Animal Production and Health). ### Equipment and Automation Tradeoffs Feeders, drinkers, brooders, and ventilation equipment represent significant capital costs. Automated feeding and drinking systems reduce labor requirements but increase initial expenditure. For small-scale operations, manual systems may be more appropriate, while larger farms typically justify automation through labor savings. Incubation equipment for hatchery operations adds another layer of cost. Farmers who purchase day-old chicks avoid this expense but pay a premium per bird. The decision to hatch or buy chicks depends on scale, biosecurity considerations, and local availability of quality stock. ### Scale Considerations for New Farmers Starting too large without proven management skills increases financial risk. Research on small-scale commercial poultry farms in Central Ethiopia examined production performance and profitability, showing that farms with moderate flock sizes and good management achieved better returns than those that overexpanded without adequate resources (Production Performance and Profitability of Small-scale Commercial Poultry Farms in Arsi and East-Showa Zones, Central Ethiopia). New farmers should begin at a scale they can manage effectively and expand only after demonstrating consistent profitability. ## Feed Costs and Feed Conversion Ratio Management Feed represents the largest single operating expense in chicken farming, typically accounting for 50 to 70 percent of total production costs. Managing feed efficiency is therefore the most important factor in maintaining healthy profit margins. ### Feed Conversion Ratio as a Profitability Metric Feed conversion ratio (FCR) measures the amount of feed required to produce one kilogram of live weight gain. A lower FCR means better efficiency. Broiler chickens typically achieve FCR values between 1.5 and 2.0 under good management, meaning 1.5 to 2.0 kilograms of feed produce one kilogram of bird weight. Factors that worsen FCR include poor feed quality, disease, heat stress, overcrowding, and inadequate nutrition. Research published in [Poultry Science](/knowledge/animal-farming/poultry/poultry-science-research-key-institutions-and-current-directions) examined the economic impact of decreasing stocking densities in broiler production in Belgium, finding that density adjustments affect both bird performance and profitability (Economic impact of decreasing stocking densities in broiler production in Belgium). Farmers should track FCR for each flock and investigate any deviation from expected values. ### Feed Formulation and Ingredient Cost Control Commercial feed mills produce balanced rations that meet the nutritional requirements of different bird types and ages. Farmers who mix their own feed can potentially reduce costs but must ensure proper nutrient balance. Ingredient prices fluctuate with global commodity markets, making feed cost management an ongoing challenge. Alternative feed ingredients may offer cost savings. Research in the Journal of Economic Entomology explored the use of black soldier fly larvae meal in laying hen diets, indicating interest in novel protein sources for poultry feed (Big opportunities for tiny bugs: rush to boost laying hen performance using black soldier fly larvae meal). Farmers should evaluate alternative ingredients based on local availability, nutritional value, and cost per unit of protein or energy. ### Practical Feed Management Steps Implement these feed management practices to control costs: 1. Weigh feed deliveries and verify quantities against invoices 2. Store feed in clean, dry, rodent-proof containers 3. Adjust feeder height as birds grow to minimize spillage 4. Clean feeders regularly to prevent mold and waste 5. Calculate FCR within 24 hours of flock depletion 6. Compare FCR to breed targets and previous flocks 7. Investigate any FCR increase of more than 0.1 between flocks ## Labor Costs and Management Labor requirements vary significantly by farm size, automation level, and production system. Small farms may rely primarily on family labor, while larger operations need hired workers with specific skills. ### Labor Tasks in Chicken Farming Daily tasks include feeding, watering, egg collection (for layers), cleaning, health checks, and mortality removal. Periodic tasks include vaccination, beak trimming (where permitted), litter management, and flock depopulation. Record keeping, marketing, and regulatory compliance also require time. Labor efficiency improves with scale and automation. A farm with 10,000 broilers may require one full-time worker, while a farm with 50,000 birds might need three to four workers. The relationship between labor cost and flock size is not linear, so farmers should calculate labor cost per bird or per kilogram of meat produced. ### Worker Safety and Welfare Poultry farm workers face hazards including dust, ammonia, musculoskeletal strain from repetitive tasks, and potential injuries from equipment. Proper training, protective equipment, and work rotation reduce injury risk. The USDA National Agricultural Library provides resources on animal health and welfare that include worker safety considerations in livestock operations (Animal Health and Welfare). ### Labor Cost Records Track these labor metrics for each flock: - Total labor hours per flock - Labor cost per bird placed - Labor cost per kilogram of meat or per dozen eggs - Tasks that consume the most time - Overtime hours and costs Compare labor costs across flocks to identify inefficiencies. If labor cost per bird increases without a corresponding improvement in bird performance, investigate the cause. ## Veterinary and Health Management Costs Disease prevention is more cost-effective than treatment. A well-designed health program includes vaccination, biosecurity, and regular monitoring. ### Vaccination Program Costs Vaccination costs vary by disease risk, vaccine type, and administration method. Common vaccines for chickens include those against Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, Marek's disease, and Gumboro disease. Spray, drinking water, and injection methods each have different labor and material costs. The Merck Veterinary Manual provides comprehensive information on [poultry diseases](/knowledge/bacteria/avian-bacteria/common-poultry-diseases-veterinary-overview-bacterial-viral) and vaccination protocols, which farmers should consult when designing their health programs (Merck Veterinary Manual). ### Biosecurity Investments and Returns Biosecurity measures include footbaths, changing clothes, visitor restrictions, and pest control. These investments reduce disease introduction risk and associated treatment costs. The USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service monitors avian disease outbreaks and provides biosecurity guidance for poultry operations (USDA APHIS). Record biosecurity compliance for each flock. Note any breaches such as visitors without protective clothing, shared equipment between farms, or wild bird access to housing. Address recurring breaches immediately. ### Disease Outbreak Financial Impact A disease outbreak can devastate profit margins through mortality, reduced performance, treatment costs, and market restrictions. Research on Eimeria species parasites on small-scale commercial chicken farms in Africa demonstrated that coccidiosis affects both bird health and farm profitability (Occurrence of Eimeria species parasites on small-scale commercial chicken farms in Africa and indication of economic profitability). Farmers should budget for preventive measures and have contingency plans for disease events. ### Health Record Keeping Maintain these health records for each flock: - Vaccination dates, products, and routes - Mortality numbers and causes (record daily) - Medication treatments including dose and withdrawal period - Post-mortem findings from any submitted samples - Feed and water consumption patterns Review health records before each new flock arrives. Adjust vaccination or management protocols based on previous flock performance. ## Revenue Streams from Meat Production Broiler operations generate revenue primarily from meat sales. The selling price depends on market conditions, bird weight, carcass quality, and processing method. ### Live Weight vs. Processed Weight Pricing Farmers may sell birds live, as whole carcasses, or as cut-up parts. Live weight sales typically yield lower prices per kilogram but avoid processing costs. Processed sales require investment in processing equipment or contracts with processing facilities. Market demand varies by region and season. Some markets prefer heavier birds for further processing, while others want smaller birds for whole-roasting. Farmers should align production with market preferences to maximize revenue. ### Contract vs. Independent Production Many broiler farmers operate under contract with integrated poultry companies. The company provides chicks, feed, and veterinary support, while the farmer provides housing, labor, and utilities. Contract production reduces price risk but limits profit potential. Independent farmers bear more risk but can capture higher margins when market prices are favorable. Research on profit efficiency of broiler farms in Ondo State, Nigeria, examined factors affecting profitability in independent operations, highlighting the importance of management practices and resource allocation (Econometric analysis of profit efficiency of broiler farms in Ondo state, Nigeria). ### Market Price Fluctuations and Risk Management Chicken prices respond to supply and demand dynamics, feed costs, and external shocks. Research on the impact of foot-and-mouth disease on pork and chicken prices in Central Luzon, Philippines, showed how disease events in one livestock sector can affect prices in another (Impact of foot-and-mouth disease on pork and chicken prices in Central Luzon, Philippines). Farmers should monitor local and regional market conditions and consider price risk in their financial planning. ## Revenue Streams from Egg Production Layer operations generate revenue from egg sales, with potential additional income from spent hen meat and manure. ### Table Egg Production Economics Egg prices fluctuate with supply and demand, seasonal patterns, and production costs. Grade, size, and shell quality affect selling price. Farmers must balance production costs against market prices to determine optimal flock size and replacement schedule. Research on production performance and profitability of small-scale commercial poultry farms in Central Ethiopia showed that egg production efficiency directly influences farm income (Production Performance and Profitability of Small-scale Commercial Poultry Farms in Arsi and East-Showa Zones, Central Ethiopia). Farmers should track eggs per hen housed, feed per dozen eggs, and mortality rates. ### Hatching Egg Production Some farms produce hatching eggs for sale to hatcheries. This market requires specific breeds, careful handling, and strict biosecurity. Hatching eggs typically command higher prices than table eggs but require more intensive management. ### Spent Hen Revenue After the laying cycle, spent hens can be sold for meat processing, pet food, or rendering. Revenue from spent hens is typically low but contributes to overall farm income. ## Revenue from Manure and Byproducts Poultry manure has value as a fertilizer and soil amendment. Revenue from manure sales depends on nutrient content, moisture level, and local demand. ### Manure Management and Marketing Fresh manure contains nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium that crops can use. Dried or composted manure has higher value per unit weight and is easier to transport. Farmers should test manure nutrient content and market it based on fertilizer replacement value. Manure sales typically represent a small percentage of total farm revenue, but they offset waste management costs and provide environmental benefits. The Food and Agriculture Organization addresses manure management in its poultry production resources, emphasizing proper storage and application to avoid nutrient runoff (FAO Poultry Production and Products). ### Other Byproduct Revenue Feathers, offal, and dead birds can be rendered into protein meals for animal feed or pet food. These byproducts generate minor revenue but require proper handling and processing arrangements. ## Records and Measurements for Profitability Analysis Accurate records are essential for understanding and improving profit margins. Farmers should track both financial and production data for each flock. ### Financial Record Keeping Record all income and expenses by category. Include feed purchases, chick costs, labor, utilities, veterinary expenses, and capital improvements. Track revenue from meat, eggs, manure, and other sources. Calculate profit per bird, per kilogram, and per square meter of housing. ### Production Record Keeping Track these key performance indicators for every flock: - Mortality rate (percentage of birds that die before market) - Feed conversion ratio (feed consumed divided by weight gain) - Average daily gain (grams per bird per day) - Eggs per hen housed (for layers) - Condemnation rate at processing (percentage of carcasses rejected) Compare these metrics to industry benchmarks and your own historical data. Any significant deviation warrants investigation. ### Benchmarking and Goal Setting Use published research and industry data to set realistic targets. Research on the economic potential of reducing broiler lameness showed that improving bird health can increase profitability (Exploring the economic potential of reducing broiler lameness). Set specific, measurable goals for each production parameter and review progress after each flock. ## Common Failure Patterns in Chicken Farm Profitability Understanding why chicken farms fail financially helps farmers avoid similar mistakes. ### Underestimating Feed Costs Many new farmers underestimate feed costs or fail to account for price fluctuations. Feed represents the largest expense, and even small changes in FCR or ingredient prices significantly affect margins. Farmers should budget for feed cost increases and maintain cash reserves. ### Poor Biosecurity Leading to Recurring Disease Disease outbreaks cause mortality, reduced performance, and treatment costs. Farms that neglect biosecurity often experience recurring health problems that erode profitability. The USDA APHIS provides resources on avian disease prevention that farmers should implement consistently (USDA APHIS). ### Inadequate Market Research Before Production Producing birds or eggs without confirmed market access leads to forced sales at low prices. Farmers should secure buyers or contracts before starting production. Research on the impact of foot-and-mouth disease on chicken prices in Central Luzon, Philippines, demonstrated how market disruptions affect poultry prices (Impact of foot-and-mouth disease on pork and chicken prices in Central Luzon, Philippines). ### Overexpansion Without Management Capacity Growing too quickly strains management, labor, and finances. Farmers should expand only when they have proven profitability at current scale and can maintain management quality. ### Ignoring Welfare Indicators Poor welfare reduces performance and increases costs. Lameness, respiratory disease, and heat stress reduce feed conversion and increase mortality. Research on pasture-raised broiler chickens showed that environmental enrichment can improve health and growth rates (The Benefit of Hedgerow Access on the Health and Growth Rate of [Pasture Raised Broiler Chickens](/knowledge/animal-farming/poultry/pasture-raised-broiler-production-management-and-marketing)). Farmers who monitor and improve welfare typically see better financial results. ## Welfare and Safety Context Bird welfare and worker safety are not separate from profitability. Poor welfare reduces performance and increases costs, while unsafe working conditions lead to labor turnover and injury expenses. ### Welfare Indicators to Monitor Track these welfare indicators for each flock: - Lameness scores (observe birds walking) - Footpad dermatitis prevalence - Respiratory signs (coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge) - Feather condition - Mortality pattern (acute vs. chronic losses) Address welfare problems promptly. A lameness problem that persists for days reduces feed intake and weight gain. ### [Food Safety](/knowledge/bacteria/livestock-bacteria/cooking-chicken-bacteria-prevention) Considerations Food safety failures can destroy a farm's market access. Proper vaccination, medication withdrawal periods, and hygiene practices protect both consumers and farm reputation. The USDA National Agricultural Library provides resources on animal health and welfare that include food safety guidance (Animal Health and Welfare). ### Worker Safety Practices Implement these worker safety measures: - Provide dust masks or respirators for tasks with high dust exposure - Ensure proper ventilation to control ammonia levels - Train workers on safe equipment operation - Establish protocols for handling aggressive birds - Maintain first aid supplies and emergency contact information ## Professional Escalation Criteria Farmers should seek professional help when they encounter situations beyond their expertise. ### When to Consult a Veterinarian Consult a poultry veterinarian when: - Mortality exceeds 1 percent per week in broilers or 0.5 percent per week in layers - Feed consumption drops unexpectedly by more than 10 percent - Birds show signs of respiratory distress, diarrhea, or neurological symptoms - Post-mortem findings are unclear or inconclusive - Vaccination failures occur despite proper administration ### When to Consult an Agricultural Economist Consult an agricultural economist or extension specialist when: - Profit margins decline for three or more consecutive flocks - Feed costs rise significantly above historical averages - Market prices fall below total production costs - Expansion decisions require detailed financial analysis - Loan applications need professional business plan support ### When to Consult a Nutritionist Consult a poultry nutritionist when: - Feed conversion ratio exceeds breed targets by more than 0.2 - Birds show signs of nutritional deficiency (poor feathering, leg problems, reduced eggshell quality) - Alternative feed ingredients are being considered for cost reduction - Custom feed formulations are needed for specific market requirements ## Frequently Asked Questions ### What is the typical profit margin for a small-scale chicken farm? Profit margins vary widely based on scale, management efficiency, and market conditions. Small-scale farms often operate on thin margins, with net profit ranging from 5 to 15 percent of revenue under good management. Feed costs, mortality rates, and selling prices are the primary determinants of margin. Farmers should calculate their own margins using accurate records instead of relying on industry averages. ### How much does it cost to start a chicken farm? Startup costs depend on scale and housing type. A small backyard flock may require a few hundred dollars for housing and equipment, while a commercial operation with controlled-environment housing can cost tens of thousands of dollars. Farmers should develop a detailed business plan that includes all capital and operating costs before starting. Include a contingency fund for unexpected expenses. ### Can you make money selling chicken manure? Manure sales typically generate minor revenue compared to meat or egg sales. However, manure can offset waste management costs and provide additional income, especially in areas with high fertilizer demand. Dried or composted manure commands higher prices than fresh material. Test manure nutrient content to determine its fertilizer value for local buyers. ### What is the most profitable type of chicken farming? Profitability depends on local market conditions, input costs, and management skill. Broiler production offers faster turnover and potentially higher margins per bird, while layer production provides steady egg income over a longer period. Some farmers diversify with both meat and egg production to spread risk. Research on small-scale commercial poultry farms in Central Ethiopia showed that both systems can be profitable with good management (Production Performance and Profitability of Small-scale Commercial Poultry Farms in Arsi and East-Showa Zones, Central Ethiopia). ### How important is feed conversion ratio for profitability? Feed conversion ratio is the most important technical factor affecting profitability because feed represents the largest operating cost. A 0.1 improvement in FCR can significantly increase profit per bird. Farmers should track FCR for every flock and investigate any deviation from targets. Research on broiler production in Belgium demonstrated that management decisions affecting bird performance directly impact economic returns (Economic impact of decreasing stocking densities in broiler production in Belgium). ### What are the biggest risks to chicken farm profitability? The biggest risks include disease outbreaks, feed price increases, market price declines, and mortality events. Biosecurity, financial reserves, and market diversification help manage these risks. Farmers should have contingency plans for each major risk. Research on Eimeria parasites in African chicken farms showed that parasitic diseases can significantly reduce profitability (Occurrence of Eimeria species parasites on small-scale commercial chicken farms in Africa and indication of economic profitability). ### How many chickens do you need to make a full-time income? The number depends on profit per bird, local costs, and income goals. A farmer targeting a modest income might need several thousand broilers per year or several hundred laying hens. Accurate record keeping and financial analysis are essential to determine the scale needed for your specific situation. Research on profit efficiency of broiler farms in Nigeria showed that management practices and resource allocation are as important as scale (Econometric analysis of profit efficiency of broiler farms in Ondo state, Nigeria). ### Do contract broiler farms make more money than independent farms? Contract farms have lower price risk and guaranteed markets but limited profit potential. Independent farms can earn higher margins when market conditions are favorable but bear more risk. The choice depends on the farmer's risk tolerance, access to capital, and management capability. Both models can be profitable with good management and accurate cost control. ## Related Farming Guides - [Mycoplasma Management In Commercial Poultry](/knowledge/animal-farming/poultry/mycoplasma-management-in-commercial-poultry) - [Broiler Chicken Farming Flock Management From Placement To Processing](/knowledge/animal-farming/poultry/broiler-chicken-farming-flock-management-from-placement-to-processing) - [Layer Chicken Farming Pullet Development Egg Production Nutrition And Flock Health](/knowledge/animal-farming/poultry/layer-chicken-farming-pullet-development-egg-production-nutrition-and-flock-health) - [Carp Farming Pond Production Feeding And Harvest Management](/knowledge/animal-farming/aquaculture/carp-farming-pond-production-feeding-and-harvest-management) - [Farm Data Governance And Record Security](/knowledge/animal-farming/farm-management/farm-data-governance-and-record-security) ## Related Clinical & Scientific Guides * [Poultry Farm Fencing: Materials, Design, and Predator Exclusion](/knowledge/animal-farming/poultry/poultry-farm-fencing-materials-design-predator-exclusion) * [Broiler House Wind Speed and Airflow Measurement](/knowledge/animal-farming/poultry/broiler-house-wind-speed-airflow-measurement) * [Broiler House Heating Systems: Types and Efficiency](/knowledge/animal-farming/poultry/broiler-house-heating-systems-types-efficiency) ## References and Further Reading - [www.fao.org](https://www.fao.org/poultry-production-products/en) - [www.aphis.usda.gov](https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian) - [www.merckvetmanual.com](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/poultry) - [FAO Animal Production and Health](https://www.fao.org/animal-production/en). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. - [Animal Health and Welfare](https://www.nal.usda.gov/animal-health-and-welfare). USDA National Agricultural Library. - [Big opportunities for tiny bugs: rush to boost laying hen performance using black soldier fly larvae meal.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38156672). Journal of economic entomology, 2024. - [Occurrence of Eimeria species parasites on small-scale commercial chicken farms in Africa and indication of economic profitability.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24391923). PloS one, 2013. - [Exploring the economic potential of reducing broiler lameness.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28294637). British poultry science, 2017. - [Impact of foot-and-mouth disease on pork and chicken prices in Central Luzon, Philippines.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24433637). Preventive [veterinary medicine](/blog/careers/veterinary-medicine-careers-from-clinical-practice-to-public-health), 2014. - [Livestock and livelihoods of smallholder cattle-owning households in Cambodia: the contribution of on-farm and off-farm activities to income and food security.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29796792). Tropical animal health and production, 2018. - [Economic impact of decreasing stocking densities in broiler production in Belgium.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21753224). Poultry science, 2011. - [Production Performance and Profitability of Small-scale Commercial Poultry Farms in Arsi and East-Showa Zones, Central Ethiopia](https://doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2024.5). Journal of World S [Poultry Research](/knowledge/animal-farming/poultry/poultry-research-how-to-find-and-evaluate-scientific-studies), 2024. - [Econometric analysis of profit efficiency of broiler farms in Ondo state, Nigeria](https://doi.org/10.14710/JITAA.48.3.232-240). Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture, 2023. - [The Benefit of Hedgerow Access on the Health and Growth Rate of Pasture Raised Broiler Chickens](https://doi.org/10.3389/fanim.2021.649924). Frontiers in Animal Science, 2021. > This article is educational and is not a substitute for veterinary diagnosis, treatment, public-health guidance, or regulatory reporting.