# Dairy Cattle Show Preparation: Fitting, Grooming, and Showmanship ## Key Takeaways - Dairy cattle preparation for shows requires a phased approach, with foundation training (halter breaking, leading, stance) commencing 4-8 weeks prior, followed by grooming and fitting (washing, hoof trimming) 2-4 weeks out, and final clipping 3-7 days before the event. - Judges evaluate dairy cattle on breed characteristics, mammary system, dairy strength, body capacity, and feet/legs, with fitting and grooming aiming to accentuate strengths and minimize faults, while showmanship assesses the exhibitor's control and knowledge. - Hoof trimming should be completed at least two weeks before the show to allow for adjustment, and clipping requires specific blade numbers (e.g., #10 for body, #40 for udder) with extreme caution around teats to prevent mastitis, referencing meta-analyses on vaccination efficacy. - Animal welfare is paramount, necessitating monitoring of body condition score (BCS) to avoid overconditioning (linked to fatty cow syndrome) and underconditioning, alongside maintaining current health records due to emerging disease risks like avian influenza in dairy cattle. - A systematic "Three-Phase Readiness Check" (pre-wash inspection, post-grooming assessment, final ring-readiness verification) is crucial for identifying health issues (e.g., udder abnormalities, lameness, skin lesions), grooming errors, and behavioral stress before entering the show ring. - Biosecurity measures, including isolation of show animals and disinfection of equipment, are critical to prevent disease transmission, as highlighted by studies on fecal bacterial microbiota changes in dairy cattle. --- Preparing dairy cattle for exhibition requires a systematic approach to fitting, grooming, clipping, and showmanship that begins weeks before the show date. This guide covers the equipment, training schedules, and judge expectations that youth and adult exhibitors need to present dairy cattle effectively in the show ring. The content focuses on practical management decisions, record-keeping, and welfare considerations throughout the preparation process. ## At a Glance | Preparation Phase | Key Activities | Timeframe Before Show | Primary Equipment Needed | |-------------------|----------------|----------------------|--------------------------| | Foundation training | Halter breaking, leading practice, stance training | 4 to 8 weeks | Halter, lead rope, show stick, non-slip footing | | Grooming and fitting | Washing, brushing, conditioning hair coat, hoof trimming | 2 to 4 weeks | Grooming brushes, hoof knife, clippers, blower, show sheen products | | Final clipping and detailing | Body clipping, udder clipping, tail head shaping, switch preparation | 3 to 7 days | Clippers with variable blades, scissors, tail wrap, adhesive | | Show day preparation | Final wash, touch-up clipping, application of show products, transport | 1 day | Show box with all grooming tools, clean towels, milk-out equipment | ## Understanding Show Ring Objectives Judges evaluate dairy cattle based on breed characteristics, mammary system, dairy strength, body capacity, and feet and legs. The goal of fitting and grooming is to present the animal in a way that highlights these strengths while minimizing visible faults. Showmanship evaluates the exhibitor's ability to present the animal effectively, demonstrating control, knowledge, and confidence. The preparation process must balance aesthetic presentation with animal welfare. Overconditioning or excessive restraint causes stress and can reduce milk production. The Merck Veterinary Manual emphasizes that proper management and nutrition are foundational to animal health and performance in any production system, including exhibition (www.merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition). Exhibitors should prioritize the animal's comfort and health throughout the preparation period. ## Equipment and Supplies ### [Essential Grooming Tools](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/behavior/essential-grooming-tools) A complete show box should contain brushes of varying stiffness, including a soft finishing brush, a medium curry comb, and a stiff dandy brush for removing dirt and loose hair. A rubber grooming mitt works well for removing loose hair during shedding seasons. A blower or forced-air dryer is necessary for drying animals after washing and for fluffing the hair coat before clipping. Clippers must be maintained with sharp blades appropriate for the task. A wide blade (number 10 or 30) works for body clipping, while a narrow trimmer blade (number 40) allows precision work around the udder, head, and tail head. Scissors with rounded tips are safer for trimming around sensitive areas such as the udder and eyes. ### Hoof Care Equipment Hoof knives, nippers, and a hoof rasp are necessary for trimming feet before the show. Hoof trimming should occur at least two weeks before the show to allow the animal to adjust to the corrected stance. A hoof block or stand helps support the leg during trimming. ### Show Day Supplies Clean towels, sponges, and buckets are needed for the final wash. Show sheen products, adhesive for tail switches, and tail wraps should be packed in a waterproof container. A show halter that fits properly and a show stick for stance training complete the essential equipment. ## Fitting and Grooming Workflow ### Washing and Drying Begin washing the animal one to two weeks before the show to remove dirt, manure stains, and loose hair. Use a mild livestock shampoo that does not strip natural oils. Rinse thoroughly to prevent skin irritation. Dry the animal completely using a blower or towels, paying attention to the udder and between the rear legs where moisture can cause skin problems. Repeat washing two to three times during the final week, depending on the animal's coat condition and the weather. Overwashing can dry the skin and dull the hair coat. Observe the animal's skin condition after each wash and adjust frequency if irritation appears. ### Clipping Strategy Clip the animal in stages to avoid fatigue and stress. Begin with the body clipping three to seven days before the show. Clip against the direction of hair growth for a smooth finish. Use a number 10 blade for the body and a number 30 blade for the head, ears, and tail head. Clip the udder on the day before or the morning of the show to maintain a clean appearance. Use a number 40 blade for the udder and around the teats. Be extremely careful around the teat ends to avoid nicks that can lead to mastitis. The meta-analysis of mastitis vaccination efficacy in dairy cattle highlights the importance of preventing teat injuries that can introduce pathogens (Open veterinary journal, 2023, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37073239). ### Tail Preparation The tail switch should be washed, conditioned, and wrapped several days before the show. Use a tail wrap to protect the switch and encourage it to lie flat. Trim the tail head with clippers to create a smooth transition from the back to the tail. Some exhibitors prefer to leave a small tuft of hair at the end of the tail head for aesthetic purposes. ### Hoof Trimming Trim hooves two to three weeks before the show to allow the animal to adjust to the corrected stance. Remove excess growth, balance the hoof angle, and shape the toe. Overtrimming causes lameness and should be avoided. If you are not experienced in hoof trimming, seek assistance from a professional hoof trimmer or veterinarian. ## Training for Showmanship ### Halter Breaking and Leading Start halter training at least four weeks before the show. Use a properly fitted halter that does not rub or cause pressure points. Lead the animal in a controlled environment with non-slip footing. Practice stopping, standing, and turning in both directions. Young animals may resist leading initially. Use patience and consistent pressure on the lead rope. Reward calm behavior with rest and gentle praise. The inter- and intra-observer reliability of Qualitative Behaviour Assessment in dairy cattle demonstrates that trained observers can reliably assess animal behavior and welfare (Animal Welfare, 2012, www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ufaw/aw/2012/00000021/00000003/art00001). Exhibitors should learn to read their animal's behavior and adjust training accordingly. ### Stance Training Teach the animal to stand squarely with all four feet placed correctly. Use a show stick to gently tap the legs into position. Practice setting up the animal repeatedly until it responds consistently to the stick cues. The ideal stance varies by breed but generally involves a wide base with the rear legs slightly back and the front legs straight. Practice stance training for short sessions of 10 to 15 minutes, two to three times daily. Prolonged sessions cause fatigue and resistance. Observe the animal for signs of stress such as tail swishing, head tossing, or bracing against the halter. ### Show Ring Movement Practice walking at the judge's pace, which is typically a brisk walk. The animal should move freely without pulling or lagging. Practice stopping on command and standing still while the judge examines the animal. The exhibitor should maintain eye contact with the judge and position the animal to show its best angles. ## Records and Measurements ### Training Log Maintain a daily log of training sessions including duration, behaviors observed, and any problems encountered. Record the animal's response to different handling techniques. This log helps identify patterns and adjust training methods. ### Grooming Schedule Document each grooming session including washing dates, clipping areas, and products used. Note the animal's skin condition, hair coat quality, and any signs of irritation. This record helps track the effectiveness of grooming practices and identify when adjustments are needed. ### [Body Condition Scoring](/knowledge/animal-farming/farm-management/body-condition-scoring-a-tool-for-feed-management) Monitor body condition score (BCS) throughout the preparation period. The ideal BCS for show animals varies by breed and age but generally falls between 3.0 and 3.5 on a 5-point scale. Overconditioning can lead to fatty cow syndrome, which has been evaluated clinicopathologically in dairy cattle (Indian Veterinary Journal, 2017, api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/85032458854). Underconditioning results in poor appearance and reduced milk production. ### Health Records Keep current health records including vaccination dates, deworming schedules, and any treatments administered. Show officials may require proof of health status. The genomic characterization of highly pathogenic [avian influenza](/knowledge/bacteria/avian-bacteria/avian-influenza-cdc-global-surveillance) A H5N1 virus newly emerged in dairy cattle underscores the importance of monitoring for emerging diseases and maintaining biosecurity (Emerging microbes & infections, 2024, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39008278). ## Common Failure Patterns ### Poor Hair Coat Condition A dull, dry, or patchy hair coat results from inadequate nutrition, overwashing, or underlying health problems. Adjust the diet to include adequate protein, fat, and minerals. Reduce washing frequency and use conditioning products designed for livestock. If the coat does not improve, consult a veterinarian to rule out metabolic or parasitic causes. ### Lameness or Reluctance to Move Lameness can result from overtrimmed hooves, joint injuries, or hoof infections. Examine the feet for heat, swelling, or discharge. Provide soft bedding and reduce training intensity. If lameness persists, seek veterinary evaluation. The association between serum selenium level and subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle indicates that nutritional deficiencies can contribute to health problems that affect mobility (Biological Trace Element Research, 2021, doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02261-1). ### Resistance to Handling Animals that resist leading, stance training, or grooming may be experiencing pain, fear, or discomfort. Review handling techniques and ensure equipment fits properly. Reduce session duration and increase positive reinforcement. If resistance continues, consult an experienced handler or veterinarian to assess for underlying health issues. ### Udder Edema or Swelling Udder edema can occur in recently fresh cows or those with poor circulation. Reduce salt intake and provide exercise. If swelling persists, consult a veterinarian. Never clip or wash an edematous udder aggressively, as this can cause tissue damage and increase mastitis risk. ## Welfare and Safety Considerations ### Animal Comfort Provide clean, dry bedding throughout the preparation period. Animals should have access to fresh water and a balanced diet at all times. Avoid prolonged standing on concrete or hard surfaces, which causes hoof and joint stress. Turn animals out for exercise daily to maintain muscle tone and circulation. ### Heat Stress Management Show preparation often occurs during warm months. Provide shade, fans, and access to water. Wash animals during the cooler parts of the day. Monitor for signs of heat stress including panting, drooling, and lethargy. The relationships among behavior, climate, and milk production in dairy cattle demonstrate that environmental conditions directly affect animal welfare and performance (2020 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Agriculture and Forestry, 2020, doi.org/10.1109/MetroAgriFor50201.2020.9277654). ### Biosecurity Isolate show animals from the main herd for at least two weeks before and after shows. Clean and disinfect all equipment between animals. Do not share halters, brushes, or clippers with other exhibitors. The dynamic changes in fecal bacterial microbiota of dairy cattle across the production line highlight the importance of biosecurity in preventing disease transmission (BMC microbiology, 2022, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35568809). ### [Food Safety](/knowledge/bacteria/livestock-bacteria/cooking-chicken-bacteria-prevention) If the animal is lactating, follow all milk withholding times for any treatments administered. Do not show animals that have been treated with drugs that have not cleared withdrawal periods. The rotavirus subunit vaccines research demonstrates the importance of vaccination programs in preventing disease that could affect milk quality (Archives of virology. Supplementum, 1996, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9015116). ## Professional Escalation Criteria Consult a veterinarian if any of the following occur during the preparation period: - Lameness that does not improve within 24 hours of rest - Udder swelling, heat, or abnormal milk - Skin lesions, hair loss, or persistent scratching - Coughing, nasal discharge, or elevated temperature - Reduced appetite or water intake - Diarrhea or abnormal manure consistency - Any injury that requires sutures or bandaging Consult an experienced showman or fitting professional if: - The animal consistently resists stance training after two weeks of practice - Clipping results in uneven or patchy hair removal - Hoof trimming does not improve stance or movement - The animal shows fear or aggression during handling ## Decision Framework for Show-Day Preparation: The Three-Phase Readiness Check A systematic decision framework helps exhibitors avoid last-minute problems and ensures the animal is presented in optimal condition. The Three-Phase Readiness Check divides show-day preparation into distinct evaluation points: the pre-wash inspection, the post-grooming assessment, and the final ring-readiness verification. Each phase includes specific criteria that must be met before proceeding to the next phase. This framework reduces the risk of presenting an animal with unresolved health issues, grooming errors, or behavioral problems that could affect judge evaluation. ### Phase One: Pre-Wash Inspection Conduct the pre-wash inspection 12 to 18 hours before the show. This phase focuses on identifying health and structural issues that require immediate attention. Begin by evaluating the animal's general demeanor and appetite. A dairy cow that is dull, off-feed, or showing signs of respiratory distress should not proceed to the show ring. The genomic characterization of highly pathogenic [avian influenza](/knowledge/bacteria/avian-bacteria/avian-influenza-cdc-guidelines-poultry-pandemic-preparedness) A H5N1 virus newly emerged in dairy cattle emphasizes the importance of monitoring for emerging diseases that can present with nonspecific clinical signs (Emerging microbes & infections, 2024, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39008278). Examine the udder for symmetry, heat, swelling, or abnormal milk. Strip each teat and observe the milk for clots, flakes, or watery appearance. The association between serum selenium level and subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle indicates that nutritional status can influence mastitis risk, making udder health evaluation particularly important before exhibition (Biological Trace Element Research, 2021, doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02261-1). If any udder abnormality is detected, consult a veterinarian immediately and do not proceed with show preparation. Inspect the feet and legs for lameness, swelling, or heat. Observe the animal walking on a level surface. Any head bob, shortened stride, or reluctance to bear weight on a limb warrants veterinary evaluation. Hoof trimming errors, such as overtrimming the toe or leaving the heel too high, can cause lameness that becomes apparent only after the animal has been standing for extended periods. If lameness is detected, the animal should be withdrawn from the show. Check the skin and hair coat for lesions, lumps, or areas of hair loss. Ringworm, warts, and other contagious conditions can disqualify an animal from exhibition and pose a biosecurity risk to other animals. The dynamic changes in fecal bacterial microbiota of dairy cattle across the production line highlight the importance of maintaining skin and mucosal barrier integrity to prevent pathogen entry (BMC microbiology, 2022, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35568809). Isolate any animal with suspicious skin lesions and consult a veterinarian for diagnosis. ### Phase Two: Post-Grooming Assessment Complete the post-grooming assessment immediately after washing, drying, and final clipping, typically 6 to 10 hours before the show. This phase evaluates the quality of grooming work and identifies any areas that need correction before the animal is loaded for transport. Inspect the clipping lines for smoothness and uniformity. Uneven clipping often results from dull blades, incorrect blade angle, or rushing through the process. Use a soft brush to remove loose hair from the clipped areas. Check for nicks or cuts, particularly around the udder, teats, and sensitive areas. Any open wound should be cleaned and treated with an approved wound dressing. Do not apply show sheen products over open wounds, as this can cause irritation and delay healing. Evaluate the hair coat for cleanliness and luster. A dull or dusty coat indicates inadequate rinsing or drying. Rewash and dry any areas that appear soiled. Pay particular attention to the underline, between the rear legs, and around the tail head where manure stains are most common. The hair coat should lie flat and reflect light evenly. If the coat appears greasy or sticky, the animal may have been overconditioned with show products, which can attract dust and create an unnatural appearance. Assess the tail switch for proper preparation. The switch should be clean, free of tangles, and wrapped securely. The tail head should have a smooth transition from the back to the tail. If the tail wrap has shifted or become loose, rewrap it to maintain the desired shape. Some exhibitors prefer to leave the tail switch unwrapped for the final hours before the show to allow it to dry completely and lie naturally. Check the hooves for cleanliness and proper shape. Hooves should be free of manure and bedding material. Apply a light coating of hoof dressing if desired, but avoid excessive product that can attract dirt. The hooves should appear balanced with the toe length appropriate for the breed and the animal's conformation. ### Phase Three: Final Ring-Readiness Verification Perform the final ring-readiness verification 30 to 60 minutes before entering the show ring. This phase focuses on the animal's behavior, the exhibitor's preparedness, and the overall presentation quality. Observe the animal's behavior in the holding area. A calm animal that stands quietly and chews its cud is likely well-prepared and comfortable. An animal that is pacing, sweating excessively, or showing signs of distress may be experiencing stress from transport, unfamiliar surroundings, or underlying health issues. The inter- and intra-observer reliability of Qualitative Behaviour Assessment in dairy cattle demonstrates that behavioral observations can provide reliable indicators of animal welfare status (Animal Welfare, 2012, www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ufaw/aw/2012/00000021/00000003/art00001). If the animal appears excessively stressed, consider withdrawing from the class to prioritize welfare. Check the exhibitor's appearance and equipment. The exhibitor should wear clean, professional attire appropriate for the show. The show halter should fit snugly without rubbing or causing pressure points. The lead rope should be clean and free of fraying. The show stick should be clean and in good condition. All grooming tools should be organized in the show box for quick access during touch-ups. Perform a final visual inspection of the animal from all angles. Walk around the animal and evaluate the overall symmetry and balance. Look for any manure or bedding material on the coat, particularly on the back, rump, and tail head. Check the udder for cleanliness and ensure the teats are free of debris. Verify that the tail switch is positioned correctly and that the tail head clip is smooth. Test the animal's response to the show stick. Gently tap each leg to ensure the animal moves into position without resistance. Practice setting up the animal once or twice to confirm it responds consistently. If the animal resists or shows signs of discomfort, review the stance training approach and consider whether the animal is fatigued or in pain. ### Record System for Readiness Checks Maintain a written record of each readiness check for every show. Use a simple checklist format that includes the following items: - Pre-wash inspection date and time - Udder health evaluation results - Feet and legs assessment - Skin and hair coat condition - Grooming quality notes - Behavioral observations - Any corrective actions taken - Final ring-readiness verification This record system helps exhibitors identify patterns in animal health and behavior across multiple shows. For example, if an animal consistently shows udder edema before shows, the exhibitor can adjust the preparation schedule or consult a veterinarian about preventive measures. The clinicopathological evaluation of fatty cow syndrome in dairy cattle demonstrates that systematic health monitoring can identify metabolic conditions that affect show performance (Indian Veterinary Journal, 2017, api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/85032458854). ### Common Failure Patterns in Readiness Checks Failure to detect health problems during the pre-wash inspection is the most common error exhibitors make. Rushing through the inspection or conducting it in poor lighting can result in missed signs of illness or injury. Always perform the pre-wash inspection in a well-lit area and allow sufficient time for a thorough evaluation. Overgrooming during the post-grooming assessment is another frequent problem. Exhibitors who continue to brush, clip, or apply products after the animal is already clean can cause skin irritation, hair breakage, and an unnatural appearance. Stop grooming once the animal meets the cleanliness and presentation standards. Additional grooming does not improve the animal's appearance and may cause harm. Neglecting the final ring-readiness verification is a common mistake among inexperienced exhibitors. The holding area environment can introduce new stressors and soiling that were not present during earlier preparation. Always perform the final check even if the animal appeared perfect during the post-grooming assessment. A quick visual inspection and behavior check can prevent embarrassing and costly errors in the show ring. ## Frequently Asked Questions ### How far in advance should I start preparing my dairy animal for a show? Start halter training and basic leading at least four to six weeks before the show. Begin grooming and washing two to three weeks before the show. Final clipping should occur three to seven days before the show to allow the hair to settle and look natural. ### What type of clipper blade should I use for body clipping? A number 10 blade works well for body clipping on most dairy breeds. Use a number 30 blade for the head, ears, and tail head. A number 40 blade is appropriate for the udder and around the teats. Always ensure blades are sharp and properly lubricated to prevent pulling or skin irritation. ### How do I train my animal to stand still for the judge? Practice stance training in short sessions of 10 to 15 minutes, two to three times daily. Use a show stick to gently tap the legs into position. Reward calm behavior with rest and praise. Consistency and patience are more effective than force. ### What should I do if my animal develops lameness before the show? Examine the feet for heat, swelling, or discharge. Provide soft bedding and reduce training intensity. If lameness does not improve within 24 hours, consult a veterinarian. Do not show a lame animal, as this compromises welfare and may result in disqualification. ### How often should I wash my animal before the show? Wash the animal two to three times during the final week before the show. Overwashing can dry the skin and dull the hair coat. Adjust frequency based on the animal's coat condition and the weather. Always rinse thoroughly and dry completely. ### What products should I use on the hair coat for the show ring? Use a mild livestock shampoo for washing and a conditioning product designed for show animals. Avoid products that contain oils or silicones that can attract dust. Apply show sheen products sparingly on the day of the show to enhance the coat's natural luster. ### How do I prepare the tail switch for the show? Wash and condition the tail switch several days before the show. Wrap the switch in a tail wrap to protect it and encourage it to lie flat. Trim the tail head with clippers to create a smooth transition. Some exhibitors leave a small tuft of hair at the end of the tail head. ### What should I include in my show box for the day of the show? Include a show halter, lead rope, show stick, grooming brushes, clippers with extra blades, scissors, towels, sponges, show sheen products, tail wrap, adhesive, hoof pick, and a first aid kit. Pack all items in a waterproof container to protect them from moisture and dirt. ## Related Farming Guides - [Dairy Cow Cooling System Management](/knowledge/animal-farming/dairy-cattle/dairy-cow-cooling-system-management) - [Dairy Cow Culling Decisions And Records](/knowledge/animal-farming/dairy-cattle/dairy-cow-culling-decisions-and-records) - [How To Design A Comfortable Dairy Cow Barn](/knowledge/animal-farming/dairy-cattle/how-to-design-a-comfortable-dairy-cow-barn) - [Dairy Cattle Farming Nutrition Housing Health Signals And Herd Management](/knowledge/animal-farming/dairy-cattle/dairy-cattle-farming-nutrition-housing-health-signals-and-herd-management) - [Transition Cow Management From Dry Off To Freshening](/knowledge/animal-farming/dairy-cattle/transition-cow-management-from-dry-off-to-freshening) ## Related Clinical & Scientific Guides * [Evaluating Feed Additives for Dairy Cow Performance](/knowledge/animal-farming/dairy-cattle/evaluating-feed-additives-for-dairy-cow-performance) * [Dairy Barn Fire Safety: Design and Prevention Measures](/knowledge/animal-farming/dairy-cattle/dairy-barn-fire-safety-design-prevention) * [Dairy Cow Pregnancy Loss Records and Review](/knowledge/animal-farming/dairy-cattle/dairy-cow-pregnancy-loss-records-and-review) ## References and Further Reading - [www.nrcs.usda.gov](https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/) - [www.merckvetmanual.com](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition) - [Genomic characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 virus newly emerged in dairy cattle.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39008278). Emerging microbes & infections, 2024. - [A meta-analysis of the mastitis vaccination efficacy in dairy cattle.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37073239). Open veterinary journal, 2023. - [Rotavirus subunit vaccines.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9015116). Archives of virology. Supplementum, 1996. - [Avian influenza overview March-June 2024.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39036773). EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority, 2024. - [Dynamic changes in fecal bacterial microbiota of dairy cattle across the production line.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35568809). BMC microbiology, 2022. - [Genetic Variation and Composition of Two Commercial Estonian Dairy Cattle Breeds Assessed by SNP Data.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38612340). Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 2024. - [Clinicopathological evaluation of fatty cow syndrome in dairy cattle](https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/85032458854). Indian Veterinary Journal, 2017. - [Relationships among behavior, climate and milk production in a dairy cattle farm in Northern Italy](https://doi.org/10.1109/MetroAgriFor50201.2020.9277654). 2020 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Agriculture and Forestry Metroagrifor 2020 Proceedings, 2020. - [A SEVEN-YEAR STUDY ON THE PREVALENCE AND INTENSITY OF CRYPTOSPORIDIUM SPP. INFECTIONS IN DAIRY CATTLE IN LATVIA: REGIONAL AND AGE-RELATED VARIATIONS](https://doi.org/10.59893/abud.24%282%29.008). Acta Biologica Universitatis Daugavpiliensis, 2024. - [Association Between Serum Selenium Level and Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Cattle](https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02261-1). Biological Trace Element Research, 2021. - [Inter- and intra-observer reliability of experienced and inexperienced observers for the Qualitative Behaviour Assessment in dairy cattle](https://doi.org/10.7120/09627286.21.3.307). Animal Welfare, 2012. > This article is educational and is not a substitute for veterinary diagnosis, treatment, public-health guidance, or regulatory reporting.