# Dairy Cattle Auction Sales: Preparation, Marketing, and Buyer Considerations


## Key Takeaways

- **Pre-sale health testing is critical and time-sensitive;** sellers must verify testing timelines, as some diagnostics (e.g., Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus persistent infection screening) require results within 30 days of sale, and accurate record-keeping with laboratory accession numbers is essential for buyer confidence and regulatory compliance.
- **Body condition scoring (BCS) 30-60 days pre-sale allows for management adjustments;** extreme BCS scores (over or underconditioned) can indicate metabolic issues or health concerns, and rapid weight gain pre-sale can lead to digestive upset and reduced transport fitness.
- **Temperament assessment and low-stress handling are paramount;** reactive animals may pose handling risks and sell for less, necessitating acclimation to facilities and loading ramps to minimize stress during transport, which can impact meat quality in cull cows and milk production in breeding stock.
- **Transport fitness assessment is non-negotiable;** animals exhibiting non-ambulatory status, severe lameness, emaciation, or open wounds are unfit for auction and should be evaluated for on-farm euthanasia or veterinary consultation, as per expert consultation on end-of-life decision-making.
- **Buyers must conduct thorough on-site evaluations and implement strict biosecurity;** this includes assessing body condition, udder conformation, locomotion, and signs of respiratory or systemic disease, followed by a minimum 30-day quarantine period with appropriate diagnostic testing (e.g., for Johne's disease, BVDV-PI) to mitigate disease introduction to the home herd.
- **Accurate record-keeping and genetic evaluation are vital for both parties;** sellers must provide comprehensive health, production, and breeding records, while buyers should request sire summaries or genomic data to assess genetic merit and complement existing herd genetics, aligning with market demands for responsible production practices.

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Dairy cattle auctions serve as a primary marketplace for transferring breeding stock, replacement heifers, and cull cows between farms and processing channels. For sellers, auction preparation directly affects sale price and animal welfare outcomes. For buyers, auction evaluation determines genetic investment and herd health risk. This guide covers pre-sale preparation, health testing, cataloging, pricing strategies, and buyer evaluation criteria for breeding stock and cull cows, drawing on evidence from animal science, [veterinary medicine](/blog/careers/veterinary-medicine-careers-from-clinical-practice-to-public-health), and agricultural economics.

## At a Glance: Dairy Cattle Auction Decision Framework

| Factor | Seller Action | Buyer Consideration |
|--------|---------------|---------------------|
| Health testing | Complete required tests before sale date, maintain records with laboratory accession numbers | Request test results and vaccination history, verify against animal identification |
| Body condition | Assess and document condition scores 30 to 60 days before sale, allow time for adjustment | Evaluate condition relative to production stage, avoid animals with extreme scores |
| Temperament | Acclimate cattle to handling facilities and loading ramps before sale day | Observe behavior in pen and chute, reactive animals may pose handling risk |
| Records | Provide lactation, breeding, and health records with dates and veterinarian signatures | Verify records against animal identification, request sire summaries or genomic test results |
| Transport fitness | Assess ability to stand, walk, and tolerate transport, separate compromised animals | Assess transport condition upon arrival, quarantine new animals for at least 30 days |
| Pricing strategy | Set realistic reserve based on market data and animal value, consider lot order effects | Compare sale price to local market reports, avoid emotional bidding |

## Pre-Sale Preparation for Sellers

### Health Testing and Certification

Health testing requirements vary by sale type, destination state, and buyer specifications. Sellers must verify testing timelines because some tests require results within 30 days of sale. Common tests include brucellosis, tuberculosis, and [bovine viral diarrhea virus](/knowledge/viruses/livestock-viruses/bovine-viral-diarrhea-virus) persistent infection screening. The USDA National Agricultural Library provides resources on animal health and welfare standards that apply to interstate movement of cattle (Animal Health and Welfare, USDA National Agricultural Library). Sellers should contact their state veterinarian or accredited veterinarian to confirm required tests for each sale.

Record keeping is essential. Maintain a file for each animal that includes test dates, results, laboratory accession numbers, and veterinarian signatures. Buyers increasingly request documentation of vaccination protocols, including modified live virus vaccines and killed vaccines used on the farm. Without complete records, animals may be discounted or rejected at sale. Keep records for at least three years after sale to protect against disputes and provide documentation for regulatory compliance.

### [Body Condition Scoring](/knowledge/animal-farming/farm-management/body-condition-scoring-a-tool-for-feed-management) and Presentation

Body condition score at sale time influences buyer perception and price. Overconditioned animals may appear healthy but can indicate metabolic problems or excessive feeding costs. Underconditioned animals raise concerns about health, nutrition management, or chronic disease. Score animals 30 to 60 days before sale to allow time for adjustment if needed. Do not attempt rapid weight gain immediately before sale because this can cause digestive upset and reduce animal comfort during transport.

Presentation matters. Clean, well-groomed animals with trimmed hooves and clean udders sell better. However, do not use products that mask health problems or alter natural appearance. Buyers and sale barns may reject animals that appear washed or treated with conditioners that hide lameness, injury, or poor body condition. The Merck Veterinary Manual provides guidance on management and nutrition practices that affect body condition and overall animal health (Management and Nutrition, Merck Veterinary Manual).

### Temperament and Handling

Cattle temperament affects sale price and buyer satisfaction. Animals that are excitable or difficult to handle during auction may sell for less because buyers perceive handling risk and potential injury. The relationship between reaction to sudden, intermittent movements and sounds and temperament has been studied in cattle, showing that animals with reactive temperaments experience more stress during handling (The relationship between reaction to sudden, intermittent movements and sounds and temperament, Journal of Animal Science, 2000). Sellers should acclimate cattle to handling facilities, loading ramps, and human presence before sale day.

Use low-stress handling techniques. Move cattle calmly, avoid electric prods, and allow time for animals to settle before loading. Stress during loading and transport can reduce meat quality in cull cows and affect milk production in lactating animals being sold for dairy purposes. Train employees to recognize signs of agitation and avoid placing themselves in dangerous positions.

### Transport Fitness Assessment

Not all animals are fit for transport to auction. The decision to send an animal to sale must include an assessment of its ability to stand, walk, and tolerate transport without suffering. Expert consultation on end-of-life decision-making for dairy cattle across the United States supply chain identifies factors that influence whether an animal is fit for transport or should be euthanized on farm (Expert Consultation: Factors Influencing End-of-Life Decision-Making for Dairy Cattle Across the United States Supply Chain, Animals, 2024). Animals that are nonambulatory, severely lame, emaciated, or have open wounds should not be loaded for auction.

Sellers should have a written protocol for assessing transport fitness. Train employees to recognize signs of compromise. If an animal fails the fitness assessment, consult a veterinarian to determine whether treatment, on-farm euthanasia, or delayed transport is appropriate. Do not send compromised animals to auction because they may be condemned at slaughter or cause welfare violations during transport. The welfare of culled dairy cattle sent to market and its impact on economic return documents that market animals experience stress that can affect both welfare and economic outcomes (The welfare of culled dairy cattle sent to market and its impact on economic return, Animal Welfare, 2020).

## Cataloging and Marketing

### Catalog Preparation

Sale catalogs provide buyers with essential information about each animal. Include the following for each lot:

- Animal identification (ear tag number, registration number, or RFID)
- Breed and registration status
- Date of birth
- Lactation number and current production records
- Breeding status (pregnant, open, or bred)
- Sire and dam information
- Health test results and dates
- Vaccination history
- Any known health problems or treatments

Accuracy is critical. Errors in catalog information can lead to buyer disputes, returns, or legal action. Verify all data against farm records before submission to the sale manager. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations provides resources on animal production practices that support accurate record keeping and traceability (FAO Animal Production and Health, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations).

### Pricing Strategies

Setting a reserve price requires understanding current market conditions. Auction prices for dairy cattle fluctuate based on milk price, cull cow beef value, and regional supply and demand. Sellers should review recent sale results from similar auctions in their area. The calibration of a model of declining prices in cattle auctions provides a framework for understanding how prices change during the course of a sale (Calibration of a model of declining: Prices in cattle auctions, Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 1999). Early lots may sell at different prices than later lots, and sellers should consider lot order when setting reserves.

For breeding stock, price should reflect genetic value, production records, and health status. For cull cows, price is primarily determined by weight, body condition, and beef value. Do not set unrealistic reserves that result in no sale. Animals that fail to sell may need to be transported home or to another sale, adding stress and cost.

### Marketing Channels

Auction sales are one of several marketing channels for dairy cattle. Other options include private treaty sales, online auctions, and direct sales to other dairy farms. Each channel has different costs, buyer pools, and price outcomes. Sellers should evaluate which channel best matches their animals and goals. For herd dispersal sales, a dedicated auction with a professional sale manager may attract more buyers and achieve higher prices than consigning animals to a regular weekly sale.

## Buyer Evaluation Criteria

### Pre-Sale Research

Buyers should obtain the sale catalog before auction day and review it carefully. Identify animals that meet your production goals, genetic requirements, and health standards. Contact the seller or sale manager with questions about test results, breeding dates, or health history. Do not rely solely on catalog information, verify critical details before bidding.

Consider asking sellers about herd health status, including Johne's disease, bovine leukosis, and salmonella. Some sale barns offer pre-sale testing or health certifications. Buyers may choose to pay more for animals with documented health status to reduce risk. The responsible antibiotic use labeling and consumers' willingness to buy and pay for fluid milk study shows that consumers value responsible antibiotic use in dairy production (Responsible antibiotic use labeling and consumers' willingness to buy and pay for fluid milk, Journal of Dairy Science, 2023). Buyers should consider how purchased animals align with market demands for responsible production practices.

### On-Site Evaluation

On sale day, arrive early to inspect animals. Evaluate the following:

- Body condition score and overall appearance
- Udder conformation and teat placement for milking animals
- Feet and leg structure, including hoof health and gait
- Eye and nasal discharge that may indicate respiratory disease
- Skin condition and hair coat
- Behavior and temperament in the pen

Use a consistent evaluation system. Develop a checklist or scoring system to compare animals objectively. Do not make decisions based on emotion or pressure from auctioneers. Document your observations for each animal you consider bidding on.

### Health Risk Assessment

Buying cattle at auction introduces disease risk to your herd. Animals from multiple farms commingle at sale barns, increasing exposure to respiratory pathogens, digestive infections, and external parasites. The welfare of culled dairy cattle sent to market and its impact on economic return highlights that market animals may have higher disease prevalence than animals sold directly (The welfare of culled dairy cattle sent to market and its impact on economic return, Animal Welfare, 2020). Buyers should have a biosecurity plan for new animals, including quarantine facilities and testing protocols.

Quarantine new animals for at least 30 days and monitor for signs of disease before introducing them to your herd. Test for contagious diseases such as bovine viral diarrhea virus persistent infection, Johne's disease, and bovine leukosis if herd status is unknown. The epidemiological and molecular identification of Trypanosoma vivax diagnosed in cattle during outbreaks in central Brazil demonstrates that infectious diseases can spread through animal movement and commingling (Epidemiological and molecular identification of Trypanosoma vivax diagnosed in cattle during outbreaks in central Brazil, Parasitology, 2020). Buyers should be aware of regional disease risks and test accordingly.

### Genetic Evaluation

For breeding stock, evaluate genetic merit using available records. Request sire summaries, expected progeny differences, or genomic test results if available. Consider how the animal's genetics complement your existing herd. For commercial dairy operations, production traits such as milk yield, fat and protein percentage, and [somatic cell](/blog/guides/somatic-cell) score are important. For seedstock operations, conformation traits and genetic defects may be more relevant.

The survey of male and female dairy calf care practices and opportunities for change highlights that management practices affect calf health and future productivity (A survey of male and female dairy calf care practices and opportunities for change, Journal of Dairy Science, 2023). Buyers should consider the management background of purchased animals and how it may affect their transition to a new farm.

## Records and Measurements

### Seller Records to Maintain

Sellers should keep the following records for each animal sold at auction:

- Pre-sale health test results and dates
- Vaccination records with product names, serial numbers, and administration dates
- Treatment records for any medications, including withdrawal times
- Body condition scores at time of sale
- Transport fitness assessment results
- Sale date, lot number, and final sale price
- Buyer contact information

These records protect sellers in case of disputes and provide documentation for regulatory compliance. Keep records for at least three years after sale. The USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service provides resources on record keeping systems for livestock operations (NRCS, USDA).

### Buyer Records to Maintain

Buyers should document the following for each animal purchased:

- Animal identification and sale lot number
- Purchase date and price
- Seller name and contact information
- Health test results provided at sale
- Any observed health problems at time of purchase
- Quarantine dates and health monitoring results

These records support herd health management and traceability. If a purchased animal introduces disease to your herd, records help identify the source and prevent future problems. Maintain a herd health calendar that tracks vaccinations, treatments, and testing for all purchased animals.

## Common Failure Patterns

### Seller Failures

- Incomplete or inaccurate health testing leads to rejected animals or buyer disputes. Verify testing timelines and results before sale day.
- Poor body condition or lameness reduces sale price and may result in animal welfare violations. Score animals 30 to 60 days before sale and adjust management as needed.
- Inadequate transport fitness assessment results in animals becoming nonambulatory during transport or at sale barn. Use a written protocol and consult a veterinarian when uncertain.
- Unrealistic reserve prices cause animals to go unsold, increasing stress and cost. Review recent market data and set reserves accordingly.
- Failure to provide records reduces buyer confidence and sale price. Maintain complete health and production records for each animal.

### Buyer Failures

- Bidding without pre-sale research leads to overpaying for animals that do not meet herd goals. Review catalogs and contact sellers with questions before sale day.
- Failure to inspect animals on site results in purchasing animals with health problems or poor conformation. Arrive early and use a consistent evaluation system.
- Lack of biosecurity planning introduces disease to the home herd. Have quarantine facilities ready before purchasing animals.
- Ignoring genetic information leads to poor breeding decisions. Request sire summaries or genomic test results when available.
- Purchasing animals without health records increases disease risk. Ask for documentation of test results and vaccination history.

## Welfare and Safety Context

### Animal Welfare During Auction

The auction process involves multiple stressors for cattle: loading, transport, commingling with unfamiliar animals, handling in sale barn facilities, and unloading at destination. The welfare of culled dairy cattle sent to market and its impact on economic return documents that market animals experience stress that can affect both welfare and economic outcomes (The welfare of culled dairy cattle sent to market and its impact on economic return, Animal Welfare, 2020). Sellers and buyers share responsibility for minimizing stress.

Sellers should ensure animals are fit for transport and provide adequate space, ventilation, and water during loading. Buyers should arrange prompt transport after purchase and provide appropriate facilities at the destination. Both parties should report welfare concerns to sale management or regulatory authorities. The Culling Decisions and Dairy Cattle Welfare During Transport to Slaughter in the United States study provides context on factors that influence end-of-life decisions for dairy cattle (Culling Decisions and Dairy Cattle Welfare During Transport to Slaughter in the United States, Frontiers in [Veterinary Science](/blog/news/veterinary-science), 2018).

### Worker Safety

Handling cattle at auction facilities presents safety risks. Cattle may be frightened, aggressive, or unpredictable in unfamiliar surroundings. Workers should use proper handling techniques, wear appropriate footwear, and maintain clear escape routes. The relationship between reaction to sudden, intermittent movements and sounds and temperament research indicates that cattle with reactive temperaments may be more dangerous to handle (The relationship between reaction to sudden, intermittent movements and sounds and temperament, Journal of Animal Science, 2000). Train workers to recognize signs of agitation and avoid placing themselves in dangerous positions.

Sale facilities should have well-maintained handling equipment, non-slip flooring, and adequate lighting. Workers should never work alone with cattle in confined spaces. Establish clear communication protocols for moving animals through sale facilities.

### [Food Safety](/knowledge/bacteria/livestock-bacteria/cooking-chicken-bacteria-prevention) Considerations

Cull cows sold at auction may enter the food supply. Sellers must ensure that all medications have been administered according to label directions and that withdrawal times have been observed. The responsible antibiotic use labeling and consumers' willingness to buy and pay for fluid milk study shows that consumers value responsible antibiotic use in dairy production (Responsible antibiotic use labeling and consumers' willingness to buy and pay for fluid milk, Journal of Dairy Science, 2023). Sellers who cannot document withdrawal times should not send animals to slaughter channels.

Buyers who purchase cull cows for slaughter should verify that animals have not been treated with prohibited substances or that withdrawal times have been met. If there is any doubt, test animals before slaughter or divert them to non-slaughter channels. The Baccharis coridifolia poisoning in livestock in Uruguay study illustrates that plant toxins and other contaminants can affect food safety (Baccharis coridifolia poisoning in livestock in Uruguay, Toxicon, 2020). Sellers should be aware of potential contaminants on their farm and disclose any known exposures.

## Professional Escalation Criteria

### When to Consult a Veterinarian

Sellers should consult a veterinarian in the following situations:

- An animal fails transport fitness assessment and you are unsure whether treatment or euthanasia is appropriate.
- Health test results are positive for a reportable disease and you need guidance on quarantine or depopulation.
- Multiple animals show signs of disease before sale and you need to determine whether the sale should proceed.
- You are unsure about withdrawal times for medications administered to animals destined for slaughter.

Buyers should consult a veterinarian in the following situations:

- A purchased animal shows signs of disease during quarantine.
- You need to develop a biosecurity plan for new animals entering your herd.
- You suspect that a purchased animal has a contagious disease that could affect your herd.
- You need guidance on testing protocols for purchased animals.

### When to Consult a Sale Manager or Auctioneer

Sellers should consult the sale manager in the following situations:

- You are unsure about catalog requirements or deadlines.
- You need advice on lot order or reserve pricing.
- You have a dispute with a buyer about animal condition or records.
- You need to withdraw an animal from sale due to health or welfare concerns.

Buyers should consult the sale manager in the following situations:

- You have questions about animal health records or test results.
- You need assistance with transport arrangements.
- You have a dispute with a seller about animal condition or records.
- You need information about sale terms and conditions.

### When to Consult Regulatory Authorities

Both sellers and buyers should contact regulatory authorities in the following situations:

- You suspect that an animal has a reportable disease.
- You observe animal welfare violations at a sale facility.
- You suspect that animals are being sold with falsified health records.
- You need information about interstate movement requirements.

## Frequently Asked Questions

### What health tests are typically required for dairy cattle sold at auction?

Required health tests vary by state and destination. Common tests include brucellosis, tuberculosis, and bovine viral diarrhea virus persistent infection screening. Contact your state veterinarian or accredited veterinarian to confirm requirements for each sale. The USDA National Agricultural Library provides resources on animal health and welfare standards for interstate movement (Animal Health and Welfare, USDA National Agricultural Library). Some sale barns offer pre-sale testing or health certifications that may increase buyer confidence and sale price.

### How should I prepare my dairy cattle for auction to get the best price?

Prepare animals 30 to 60 days before sale. Assess body condition and adjust feeding if needed. Complete required health tests and gather records. Acclimate animals to handling facilities and loading ramps. Ensure animals are fit for transport. Clean animals and trim hooves, but do not use products that mask health problems. The Merck Veterinary Manual provides guidance on management practices that affect body condition and overall animal health (Management and Nutrition, Merck Veterinary Manual).

### What records should I provide when selling dairy cattle at auction?

Provide animal identification, breed, date of birth, lactation number, production records, breeding status, sire and dam information, health test results and dates, vaccination history, and any known health problems or treatments. Verify all information against farm records before submission to the sale manager. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations provides resources on record keeping systems that support traceability and animal production management (FAO Animal Production and Health, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations).

### How do I evaluate a dairy cow at auction before bidding?

Arrive early to inspect animals. Evaluate body condition, udder conformation, feet and leg structure, eye and nasal discharge, skin condition, and behavior. Use a consistent evaluation system or checklist. Do not make decisions based on emotion or pressure from auctioneers. Document your observations for each animal you consider bidding on. Ask sellers about herd health status and request documentation of test results.

### What is the best way to set a reserve price for dairy cattle at auction?

Review recent sale results from similar auctions in your area. Consider current milk price, cull cow beef value, and regional supply and demand. Set a realistic reserve that reflects the animal's genetic value, production records, and health status. The calibration of a model of declining prices in cattle auctions provides a framework for understanding how prices change during the course of a sale (Calibration of a model of declining: Prices in cattle auctions, Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 1999). Do not set unrealistic reserves that result in no sale.

### How can I reduce disease risk when buying dairy cattle at auction?

Have a biosecurity plan that includes quarantine facilities and testing protocols. Ask sellers about herd health status. Consider paying more for animals with documented health status. Quarantine new animals for at least 30 days and monitor for signs of disease before introducing them to your herd. Test for contagious diseases such as bovine viral diarrhea virus persistent infection, Johne's disease, and bovine leukosis if herd status is unknown.

### What should I do if a dairy cow I purchased at auction becomes sick?

Isolate the animal immediately and consult your veterinarian. Document the animal's identification, purchase date, seller information, and any health records provided at sale. Notify the sale manager if you suspect the animal had a pre-existing condition that was not disclosed. The epidemiological and molecular identification of Trypanosoma vivax diagnosed in cattle during outbreaks in central Brazil demonstrates that infectious diseases can spread through animal movement (Epidemiological and molecular identification of Trypanosoma vivax diagnosed in cattle during outbreaks in central Brazil, Parasitology, 2020). Early detection and isolation can prevent disease spread to your herd.

### When should I not send a dairy cow to auction?

Do not send animals that are nonambulatory, severely lame, emaciated, or have open wounds. Animals that cannot stand, walk, or tolerate transport without suffering should not be loaded for auction. Expert consultation on end-of-life decision-making for dairy cattle across the United States supply chain identifies factors that influence whether an animal is fit for transport or should be euthanized on farm (Expert Consultation: Factors Influencing End-of-Life Decision-Making for Dairy Cattle Across the United States Supply Chain, Animals, 2024). Consult your veterinarian if you are unsure about an animal's fitness for transport.

## Related Farming Guides

- [Dairy Cow Cooling System Management](/knowledge/animal-farming/dairy-cattle/dairy-cow-cooling-system-management)
- [Beef Cattle Water Quality Testing](/knowledge/animal-farming/beef-cattle/beef-cattle-water-quality-testing)
- [Dairy Cow Culling Decisions And Records](/knowledge/animal-farming/dairy-cattle/dairy-cow-culling-decisions-and-records)
- [How To Design A Comfortable Dairy Cow Barn](/knowledge/animal-farming/dairy-cattle/how-to-design-a-comfortable-dairy-cow-barn)
- [Dairy Cattle Farming Nutrition Housing Health Signals And Herd Management](/knowledge/animal-farming/dairy-cattle/dairy-cattle-farming-nutrition-housing-health-signals-and-herd-management)

## Related Clinical & Scientific Guides

* [Evaluating Feed Additives for Dairy Cow Performance](/knowledge/animal-farming/dairy-cattle/evaluating-feed-additives-for-dairy-cow-performance)
* [Dairy Barn Fire Safety: Design and Prevention Measures](/knowledge/animal-farming/dairy-cattle/dairy-barn-fire-safety-design-prevention)
* [Dairy Cow Pregnancy Loss Records and Review](/knowledge/animal-farming/dairy-cattle/dairy-cow-pregnancy-loss-records-and-review)


## References and Further Reading

- [www.nrcs.usda.gov](https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/)
- [www.merckvetmanual.com](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition)
- [FAO Animal Production and Health](https://www.fao.org/animal-production/en). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
- [Animal Health and Welfare](https://www.nal.usda.gov/animal-health-and-welfare). USDA National Agricultural Library.
- [Culling Decisions and Dairy Cattle Welfare During Transport to Slaughter in the United States.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30713846). Frontiers in [veterinary science](/blog/news/veterinary-science), 2018.
- [A survey of male and female dairy calf care practices and opportunities for change.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36333146). Journal of dairy science, 2023.
- [Responsible antibiotic use labeling and consumers' willingness to buy and pay for fluid milk.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36333136). Journal of dairy science, 2023.
- [Baccharis coridifolia poisoning in livestock in Uruguay.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33049244). Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology, 2020.
- [The relationship between reaction to sudden, intermittent movements and sounds and temperament.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10875628). Journal of animal science, 2000.
- [Epidemiological and molecular identification of Trypanosoma vivax diagnosed in cattle during outbreaks in central Brazil.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32624014). Parasitology, 2020.
- [Expert Consultation: Factors Influencing End-of-Life Decision-Making for Dairy Cattle Across the United States Supply Chain](https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14223311). Animals, 2024.
- [The welfare of culled dairy cattle sent to market and its impact on economic return](https://doi.org/10.7120/09627286.29.4.359). Animal Welfare, 2020.
- [Calibration of a model of declining: Prices in cattle auctions](https://doi.org/10.1016/s1062-9769%2899%2980007-6). Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 1999.

> This article is educational and is not a substitute for veterinary diagnosis, treatment, public-health guidance, or regulatory reporting.