# Working Equid Emergency and First Aid: Common Injuries and Response ## Key Takeaways - Working equids (horses, donkeys, mules) are susceptible to injuries from harness pressure, kicks, falls, and environmental hazards; prompt recognition of common signs like bleeding, swelling, lameness, or signs of abdominal pain (colic) is crucial for initiating appropriate first aid. - Basic wound care involves cleaning with clean water or sterile saline, applying direct pressure for bleeding, and bandaging with a three-layer system (contact, absorbent, securing); veterinary consultation is mandatory for wounds deeper than skin, involving joints/tendons, with uncontrolled bleeding, or signs of infection. - Colic requires immediate intervention including feed removal and quiet walking if safe, with critical escalation criteria including pain unresolved within 30 minutes, repeated rolling, heart rate > 60 bpm, or no manure for 12 hours, necessitating prompt veterinary assessment. - Lameness assessment involves observing gait, palpating for heat/swelling, and examining the hoof for foreign bodies or abscesses; non-weight-bearing lameness, visible deformity, or lameness persisting beyond 24 hours necessitates veterinary attention. - A well-stocked first aid kit should include wound care supplies (gauze, saline, antiseptic), assessment tools (thermometer, stethoscope), and basic bandaging materials, but should *not* contain medications without veterinary prescription due to potential toxicity or interference with diagnosis. - Donkeys and mules may exhibit more subtle pain responses than horses, requiring owners to be vigilant for behavioral changes such as reduced appetite, head-down posture, or quiet withdrawal, in addition to physical signs of injury or illness. --- Working equids-horses, donkeys, and mules-routinely face injury risks from harness pressure, kicks, falls, and environmental hazards. Owners who can recognize common injuries, apply basic first aid, and decide when to call a veterinarian reduce suffering and improve recovery outcomes. This article covers wound cleaning, bandaging, colic recognition, lameness assessment, first aid kit contents, and professional escalation criteria for working equids. ## At a Glance: Common Working Equid Injuries and Initial Response | Injury Type | Typical Signs | Immediate Owner Action | Escalation Criteria | |-------------|---------------|------------------------|---------------------| | Skin cuts and abrasions | Bleeding, swelling, hair loss, visible wound edges | Clean with clean water, apply pressure if bleeding, cover with clean bandage | Wound deeper than skin, involves joint or tendon, uncontrolled bleeding, signs of infection after 24 hours | | Kick injuries | Swelling, heat, pain on palpation, lameness | Cold water or ice pack application, rest, monitor for worsening | Non-weight-bearing lameness, open wound, swelling that increases rapidly, suspected fracture | | Colic (abdominal pain) | Pawing, rolling, looking at flank, reduced manure output, sweating | Remove feed, walk quietly if safe, monitor manure and vital signs | Pain not resolving within 30 minutes, repeated rolling, heart rate above 60 beats per minute, no manure for 12 hours | | Lameness (non-kick) | Head bob, shortened stride, reluctance to move, heat in hoof or joint | Examine hoof for stones or abscess, cold water on affected limb, rest | Non-weight-bearing lameness, visible deformity, wound with discharge, lameness lasting more than 24 hours | ## Understanding Working Equid Anatomy and Injury Risk Working equids carry loads, pull carts, and travel on variable terrain. Their musculoskeletal system, skin, and digestive tract are vulnerable to specific injury patterns. Horses, donkeys, and mules share basic anatomy but differ in pain expression and healing rates. Donkeys, for example, may show subtle signs of pain and require careful observation. The World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) emphasizes that animal welfare includes freedom from injury and disease, and owners have a responsibility to provide prompt care (www.woah.org/en/what-we-do/animal-health-and-welfare/animal-welfare). Common injury mechanisms include: - Harness or collar rubs that progress to open wounds - Kicks from other equids during feeding or handling - Falls on hard or uneven ground - Wire cuts, fence injuries, and sharp object penetration - Overloading leading to muscle strain and tendon injury Owners should inspect working equids daily before and after work. Record any new wounds, swellings, or changes in gait. Early detection allows simpler treatment and reduces the risk of infection or chronic lameness. ## First Aid Kit Contents for Working Equids A well-stocked first aid kit allows owners to manage minor injuries immediately. Keep supplies in a clean, dry container and check expiration dates monthly. The following list covers essential items for field and stable use. ### Wound Care Supplies - Clean water source or sterile saline in sealed containers - Clean cotton gauze pads (non-stick preferred) - Rolled cotton or combine roll for padding - Adhesive bandage material (elastic or cohesive wrap) - Bandage scissors with blunt tip - Clean bucket for water - Mild antiseptic solution (chlorhexidine or povidone-iodine, diluted per label) - Sterile lubricant for eye examination ### Assessment Tools - Digital thermometer (equine normal range 37.5 to 38.5 degrees Celsius) - Stethoscope for heart rate and gut sounds - Clean cloth or towel - Flashlight for wound inspection - Notebook and pen for recording findings ### Additional Items - Clean leg wraps or standing bandages - Cotton or sheet cotton for padding under wraps - Duct tape for securing bandage ends - Clean plastic bag for ice or cold pack - Electrolyte powder or paste for dehydration - Clean syringe (without needle) for flushing wounds Do not include medications, ointments, or powders unless prescribed by a veterinarian for a specific animal. Improper use of topical products can delay healing or cause tissue damage. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration provides guidance on animal drug use and cautions against using human medications without veterinary direction (www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary). ## Wound Assessment and Cleaning Wounds in working equids range from superficial abrasions to deep punctures involving joints, tendons, or bone. Proper assessment determines whether first aid is sufficient or veterinary care is needed. ### Initial Assessment Steps 1. Approach the animal calmly and secure it with a halter or in a safe enclosure. 2. Observe the wound from a distance: note size, location, bleeding severity, and any foreign material. 3. Assess the animal's overall condition: heart rate, respiratory rate, mucous membrane color, and capillary refill time. 4. If bleeding is severe, apply direct pressure with a clean cloth or gauze for at least five minutes before inspecting further. 5. Do not probe deep wounds or attempt to remove embedded objects. Stabilize the object with bandage material and call a veterinarian. ### Cleaning Protocol for Minor Wounds - Use clean water or sterile saline to flush the wound. Pour from a clean container or use a syringe without needle. - Remove loose dirt, hair, and debris with gentle irrigation. Do not scrub the wound bed. - Apply diluted antiseptic only to the wound edges, not the open tissue. Concentrated antiseptics damage healing cells. - Pat the surrounding skin dry with clean gauze. - Apply a clean bandage if the wound is on a limb or in an area prone to contamination. The Veterinary Clinics of North America Equine Practice publication "[Equine Wound Management](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/equine-care/equine-wound-management-assessment-treatment): Bandages, Casts, and External Support" provides detailed guidance on wound care techniques (doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2018.07.010). Owners should understand that wound healing in equids is slower than in many other species, and infection risk is high in working environments. ### Wounds Requiring Veterinary Attention - Wounds over joints, tendons, or bone - Puncture wounds, especially on the sole of the foot or lower limb - Wounds with visible foreign material that cannot be flushed out - Wounds that continue to bleed after 15 minutes of pressure - Wounds with swelling, heat, or discharge that develops within 24 hours - Wounds in donkeys or mules that appear small but may be deep The publication "Management of severely infected wounds in the equine patient" emphasizes that early intervention reduces the risk of sepsis and chronic infection (doi.org/10.1053/j.ctep.2004.08.007). Owners should not delay veterinary consultation for wounds that meet any of the above criteria. ## Bandaging Techniques for Working Equids Bandages protect wounds from contamination, reduce swelling, and provide support. Improper bandaging can cause pressure sores, restrict circulation, or trap moisture and bacteria. ### Principles of Effective Bandaging - Use three layers: a primary contact layer (non-stick gauze), a secondary absorbent layer (cotton or combine roll), and a tertiary securing layer (elastic or cohesive bandage). - Apply even pressure: too tight restricts blood flow, too loose allows bandage to slip. - Start bandaging below the wound and work upward to encourage fluid drainage. - Change bandages daily or whenever they become wet or soiled. - Monitor the limb below the bandage for swelling, coldness, or changes in sensation. ### Leg Bandage Application Steps 1. Clean and dry the wound as described above. 2. Apply non-stick gauze directly over the wound. 3. Wrap rolled cotton or combine roll evenly around the limb, extending several inches above and below the wound. 4. Apply elastic or cohesive bandage from bottom to top, overlapping each layer by half. 5. Secure the end with tape or bandage clip. Do not apply adhesive tape directly to skin. 6. Check bandage tension: you should be able to slide one finger under the top edge. The publication "A REVIEW ON [EQUINE WOUND MANAGEMENT](/knowledge/veterinary-medicine/equine-care/equine-wound-management-assessment-treatment) AND HEALING PROCESS" notes that bandage selection depends on wound type, location, and stage of healing (api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/85149701444). Owners should have multiple bandage sizes available and practice application on a non-injured limb before an emergency occurs. ### Bandage Failure Patterns - Bandage slipping down: caused by insufficient padding or incorrect tension. Rewrap with more padding and tighter turns. - Swelling above or below bandage: indicates bandage is too tight. Remove immediately and reapply with less tension. - Moisture or discharge soaking through: change bandage more frequently or use additional absorbent material. - Skin irritation or rub marks: pad bony prominences with extra cotton before bandaging. ## Recognizing and Responding to Colic Colic refers to abdominal pain in equids and is a medical emergency. Working equids may colic due to dehydration, poor-quality feed, parasite burden, or sudden changes in diet. Early recognition and appropriate response improve survival. ### Signs of Colic - Pawing at the ground - Looking back at the flank - Rolling or lying down more than usual - Kicking at the belly - Reduced or absent manure production - Sweating without exercise - Elevated heart rate (above 48 beats per minute at rest) - Reduced or absent gut sounds on auscultation ### Owner Response to Colic 1. Remove all feed and water immediately. 2. Walk the animal quietly if it is safe to do so. Do not force walking if the animal is lying down quietly. 3. Monitor heart rate, respiratory rate, and manure output every 15 minutes. 4. Record findings in a notebook for the veterinarian. 5. Do not administer any medications, including pain relievers, unless directed by a veterinarian. ### Escalation Criteria for Colic - Pain not resolving within 30 minutes of removing feed - Repeated rolling or thrashing - Heart rate above 60 beats per minute - Mucous membranes that are dark red or purple - No manure passed in the last 12 hours - Signs of shock: weak pulse, cold extremities, depression The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations provides resources on animal health management that include colic prevention through proper feeding and parasite control (www.fao.org/animal-production/en). Owners should establish a relationship with a veterinarian before emergencies occur and have transport arrangements ready for colic cases that require referral. ## Lameness Assessment and Initial Management Lameness in working equids reduces work capacity and indicates pain or injury. Common causes include hoof abscesses, joint sprains, tendon strains, and hoof cracks. Donkeys and mules may show lameness differently than horses, often with subtle changes in behavior or work performance. ### Lameness Observation Protocol 1. Watch the animal walk on a firm, level surface from the front, side, and behind. 2. Note which limb appears to bear less weight or has a shortened stride. 3. Look for head bob: the head rises when the sore limb lands. 4. Observe the animal at rest: does it point a foot, shift weight, or refuse to bear weight on a limb? 5. Examine the hoof for heat, cracks, or foreign objects. Use a hoof pick to clean the sole and frog. 6. Palpate the limb from hoof to shoulder or hip, feeling for heat, swelling, or pain response. ### Initial Management of Lameness - If a hoof abscess is suspected (heat in hoof, increased digital pulse, pain on hoof tester pressure), soak the foot in warm water with Epsom salts for 15 to 20 minutes twice daily. Do not cut into the sole unless directed by a veterinarian. - For joint or tendon swelling, apply cold therapy (ice pack or cold water hose) for 15 minutes every 2 to 4 hours during the first 24 hours. - Rest the animal from work until lameness resolves or a veterinarian examines the limb. - Do not administer anti-inflammatory drugs without veterinary guidance, as they can mask pain and delay diagnosis. ### Lameness Requiring Veterinary Attention - Non-weight-bearing lameness (animal refuses to place any weight on the limb) - Visible deformity or abnormal limb position - Open wound over a joint or tendon - Lameness that does not improve after 24 hours of rest - Lameness accompanied by fever, swelling, or discharge - Lameness in a donkey or mule that persists despite rest The USDA National Agricultural Library provides resources on animal health and welfare that include lameness prevention through proper hoof care and working conditions (www.nal.usda.gov/animal-health-and-welfare). Owners should schedule regular farrier visits and inspect hooves daily. ## Kicks and Blunt Trauma Kicks from other equids are a common cause of injury in working herds. The force of a kick can cause soft tissue damage, fractures, and internal injuries. Donkey bites, while less common, can cause severe wounds, particularly in children who may be near working animals. The publication "Domestic donkey (Equus africanus asinus) bites: An unusual aetiology of severe scalp injuries in Morocco" describes cases where donkey bites caused significant scalp trauma requiring surgical care (doi.org/10.1016/J.AFJEM.2014.05.007). Owners should supervise children around working equids and maintain safe handling practices. ### Immediate Response to Kick Injuries 1. Move the injured animal to a safe, quiet area. 2. Assess for open wounds, swelling, and lameness. 3. Apply cold therapy to swollen areas for 15 minutes every 2 hours during the first 24 hours. 4. If an open wound is present, clean and bandage as described above. 5. Monitor for signs of internal injury: pale mucous membranes, rapid heart rate, depression, or reluctance to move. ### Kick Injury Escalation Criteria - Suspected fracture: deformity, non-weight-bearing lameness, crepitus (grating sensation on movement) - Open fracture: bone visible through the wound - Swelling that continues to increase despite cold therapy - Signs of shock or internal bleeding - Wound over the chest or abdomen - Animal unable to stand or walk The publication "Paediatric open tibiofibular fractures following a donkey bite. A report of two cases" highlights that animal bites can cause severe fractures requiring emergency wound care, immobilization, and antibiotics (doi.org/10.1016/j.otsr.2009.04.010). Owners should treat all bite wounds as contaminated and seek veterinary care promptly. ## Records and Measurements for Emergency Response Keeping accurate records helps owners track injury patterns, treatment responses, and recovery progress. Record keeping also supports communication with veterinarians and helps identify recurring problems in the working environment. ### Essential Records to Maintain - Daily health check log: note any wounds, swellings, lameness, or changes in appetite and manure output - First aid treatment log: date, time, injury description, treatment applied, and animal response - Veterinary visit records: diagnosis, treatment plan, medications prescribed, and follow-up instructions - Work history: hours worked, load weight, terrain type, and any incidents during work ### Measurements to Monitor During Emergencies - Heart rate: normal range 28 to 48 beats per minute for horses, 36 to 52 for donkeys - Respiratory rate: normal range 8 to 16 breaths per minute for horses, 12 to 24 for donkeys - Rectal temperature: normal range 37.5 to 38.5 degrees Celsius for horses, 36.5 to 38.0 for donkeys - Capillary refill time: normal less than 2 seconds - Mucous membrane color: normal pink, moist Record these measurements every 15 to 30 minutes during an emergency and share them with the veterinarian. Trends are more informative than single readings. ## Common Failure Patterns in Working Equid First Aid Owners may encounter several common problems when providing first aid. Recognizing these patterns allows corrective action before complications develop. ### Failure Pattern 1: Delayed Wound Care Owners may postpone cleaning and bandaging a wound because the animal is working or because the wound appears small. Delayed care allows bacteria to multiply and increases infection risk. Clean and bandage all wounds within two hours of injury. ### Failure Pattern 2: Overuse of Topical Products Applying ointments, powders, or sprays without veterinary guidance can irritate tissues, delay healing, or mask infection. Use only clean water or sterile saline for wound flushing. Avoid home remedies such as sugar, honey, or herbal pastes unless specifically recommended by a veterinarian for a particular wound. ### Failure Pattern 3: Improper Bandage Tension Bandages applied too tightly restrict blood flow and cause swelling below the bandage. Bandages applied too loosely slip down and fail to protect the wound. Practice bandaging on a non-injured limb and check tension regularly. ### Failure Pattern 4: Ignoring Subtle Signs in Donkeys and Mules Donkeys and mules may show pain differently than horses. They may become quiet, refuse to eat, or stand with their head down instead of pawing or rolling. Owners familiar with horse behavior may miss these signs. Learn the normal behavior of each species and monitor for changes. ### Failure Pattern 5: Delaying Veterinary Care Owners may wait too long to call a veterinarian, hoping the injury will improve on its own. Delayed care can turn a treatable condition into a life-threatening emergency. Use the escalation criteria in this article to decide when to call. When in doubt, call. ## Safety and Welfare Context for Working Equid First Aid Providing first aid to a working equid carries risks for both the animal and the handler. Injured animals may be frightened or in pain and may kick, bite, or strike. Handlers should prioritize their own safety to avoid injury that could compromise care. ### Handler Safety Guidelines - Approach the animal calmly and speak in a low voice. - Secure the animal with a halter and lead rope before examining wounds. - Have a second person present if possible to assist and monitor the animal's behavior. - Do not stand directly behind the animal or in the kick zone. - Use a twitch or other restraint only if trained and if necessary for safe treatment. - If the animal becomes dangerous, step back and wait for veterinary assistance. ### Welfare Considerations - Minimize stress during first aid: work quietly, avoid sudden movements, and keep handling time as short as possible. - Provide pain relief only under veterinary direction. Untreated pain causes suffering and delays healing. - Ensure the animal has access to clean water and shelter during recovery. - Do not return a working equid to work until wounds are healed and lameness has resolved. - The WOAH animal welfare standards emphasize that owners have a duty to prevent and treat injury and disease (www.woah.org/en/what-we-do/animal-health-and-welfare/animal-welfare). ## Professional Escalation Criteria Summary Owners should call a veterinarian immediately for any of the following situations: - Wounds involving joints, tendons, bone, or body cavities - Puncture wounds, especially on the hoof or lower limb - Uncontrolled bleeding after 15 minutes of direct pressure - Non-weight-bearing lameness or suspected fracture - Colic pain lasting more than 30 minutes or with severe signs - Signs of shock: pale mucous membranes, weak pulse, cold extremities - Open fracture or bone visible through the wound - Wounds with swelling, heat, or discharge that develop within 24 hours - Any injury in a pregnant mare or donkey - Any injury that prevents the animal from standing or walking - Bite wounds from other animals, including donkeys or dogs The USDA Agricultural Research Service supports research on animal health that informs veterinary care protocols (www.ars.usda.gov/animal-production-and-protection). Owners should identify a veterinarian who treats equids and have contact information readily available. ## Frequently Asked Questions ### What should I do if my horse has a deep cut on its leg? Clean the wound with clean water or sterile saline. Do not probe the wound or remove embedded objects. Apply a clean bandage using a non-stick pad, cotton padding, and elastic wrap. Call a veterinarian immediately, as deep leg wounds may involve tendons, joints, or bone. The publication "Equine Wound Management: Bandages, Casts, and External Support" provides detailed guidance on wound care (doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2018.07.010). ### How can I tell if my donkey is in pain? Donkeys often show subtle pain signs. Look for reduced appetite, standing with head down, reluctance to move, changes in facial expression (ears back, eyes dull), and reduced manure output. Donkeys may not paw or roll like horses. Monitor vital signs and behavior closely. The FAO provides resources on donkey health management (www.fao.org/animal-production/en). ### Can I use human first aid supplies on my horse? Some human first aid supplies are appropriate, such as clean gauze, bandage material, and scissors. Do not use human medications, ointments, or antiseptics unless directed by a veterinarian. Human products may contain ingredients that are toxic to equids or that delay wound healing. The FDA provides guidance on animal drug use (www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary). ### How often should I change a wound bandage on my horse? Change bandages daily or whenever they become wet, soiled, or loose. Inspect the wound at each bandage change for signs of infection: increased swelling, heat, discharge, or odor. If the wound appears to be healing well, your veterinarian may recommend changing bandages every 48 hours. The publication "A REVIEW ON EQUINE WOUND MANAGEMENT AND HEALING PROCESS" discusses bandage change frequency (api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/85149701444). ### What are the signs of colic in a working mule? Mules may show colic signs similar to horses, including pawing, looking at the flank, rolling, and reduced manure output. However, mules may also become quiet and withdrawn. Monitor heart rate and gut sounds. Remove feed and call a veterinarian if pain persists for more than 30 minutes. The USDA National Agricultural Library provides resources on equid health (www.nal.usda.gov/animal-health-and-welfare). ### Should I give my horse pain medication before the vet arrives? Do not administer any pain medication unless directed by a veterinarian. Pain medications can mask important clinical signs and interfere with diagnosis. They may also have side effects or interact with other treatments. Focus on first aid measures such as wound cleaning, bandaging, and cold therapy. ### How do I treat a hoof abscess in my working donkey? Soak the affected foot in warm water with Epsom salts for 15 to 20 minutes twice daily. Keep the foot clean and dry between soaks. Do not cut into the sole unless directed by a veterinarian. If the abscess does not drain within 48 hours or if lameness worsens, call a veterinarian. The USDA Agricultural Research Service supports research on hoof health (www.ars.usda.gov/animal-production-and-protection). ### When should I call a vet for a kick injury? Call a veterinarian immediately if the animal cannot bear weight on the affected limb, if there is visible deformity, if swelling continues to increase, or if there are signs of shock. Even if the injury appears minor, monitor for 24 hours and call if lameness or swelling develops. The publication "Domestic donkey bites" highlights that animal bites can cause severe injuries requiring surgical care (doi.org/10.1016/J.AFJEM.2014.05.007). ## Related Farming Guides - [Rabbit Transport Planning Fitness Containers Weather And Arrival Checks](/knowledge/animal-farming/rabbits/rabbit-transport-planning-fitness-containers-weather-and-arrival-checks) - [Livestock Waste Management Composting Anaerobic Digestion Nutrient Recovery](/knowledge/animal-farming/farm-management/livestock-waste-management-composting-anaerobic-digestion-nutrient-recovery) - [Camel Breeding Management Genetics Reproduction](/knowledge/animal-farming/alternative-livestock/camel-breeding-management-genetics-reproduction) - [Livestock On Farm Processing Regulations Equipment Business Planning](/knowledge/animal-farming/farm-management/livestock-on-farm-processing-regulations-equipment-business-planning) - [Rabbit Cage And Colony Housing Decisions Welfare Hygiene And Management](/knowledge/animal-farming/rabbits/rabbit-cage-and-colony-housing-decisions-welfare-hygiene-and-management) ## Related Clinical & Scientific Guides * [Water Buffalo Genetic Improvement and Breeding Programs](/knowledge/animal-farming/alternative-livestock/water-buffalo-genetic-improvement-breeding-programs) * [Camel Farm Biosecurity: Disease Prevention and Quarantine Protocols](/knowledge/animal-farming/alternative-livestock/camel-farm-biosecurity-disease-prevention-quarantine-protocols) * [Water Buffalo Farm Equipment and Infrastructure](/knowledge/animal-farming/alternative-livestock/water-buffalo-farm-equipment-infrastructure) ## References and Further Reading - [www.woah.org](https://www.woah.org/en/what-we-do/animal-health-and-welfare/animal-welfare) - [www.fao.org](https://www.fao.org/dad-is) - [www.merckvetmanual.com](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition) - [FAO Animal Production and Health](https://www.fao.org/animal-production/en). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. - [Animal Health and Welfare](https://www.nal.usda.gov/animal-health-and-welfare). USDA National Agricultural Library. - [Animal Production and Protection](https://www.ars.usda.gov/animal-production-and-protection). USDA Agricultural Research Service. - [Animal and Veterinary Resources](https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. - [Botanical Briefs: Australian Stinging Tree (Dendrocnide moroides).](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38091432). Cutis, 2023. - [Muscle, tendon, and somatotropin responses to the restriction of muscle blood flow induced by KAATSU-walk training.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17402445). Equine veterinary journal. Supplement, 2006. - [Filling a Gap in the Referral System: Linking Communities to Quality Maternal Health Care Via an Emergency Transport System in Six Districts of Zambia](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/bfdb04dd82fdc15dbcbb8fa897cf44449a6859d8). 2014. - [Domestic donkey (Equus africanus asinus) bites: An unusual aetiology of severe scalp injuries in Morocco](https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AFJEM.2014.05.007). 2014. - [Paediatric open tibiofibular fractures following a donkey bite. A report of two cases.](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otsr.2009.04.010). Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research, 2009. - [Paediatric open tibioļ¬bular fractures following a donkey bite. A report of two cases](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/7afebffef833579efe6f4244b80175ab3a40c407). 2009. - [Equine Wound Management: Bandages, Casts, and External Support](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2018.07.010). Veterinary Clinics of North America Equine Practice, 2018. - [A REVIEW ON EQUINE WOUND MANAGEMENT AND HEALING PROCESS](https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/85149701444). Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research, 2019. - [Regenerative Medicine Therapies for Equine Wound Management](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2018.07.009). Veterinary Clinics of North America Equine Practice, 2018. - [Management of severely infected wounds in the equine patient](https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ctep.2004.08.007). Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice, 2004. > This article is educational and is not a substitute for veterinary diagnosis, treatment, public-health guidance, or regulatory reporting.