# Cervid Enterprise Budgeting: Startup Costs, Revenue, and Profitability ## Key Takeaways - Cervid enterprise startup costs are substantial, with fencing and handling facilities representing the largest initial investments, ranging from $2,000-$5,000 per white-tailed deer, $3,000-$8,000 per elk, and $4,000-$10,000 per bison, excluding foundation animal purchase. - Annual operating expenses, primarily driven by feed and nutrition (40-60% of costs), range from $500-$1,200 per white-tailed deer, $800-$2,000 per elk, and $600-$1,500 per bison, necessitating careful feed conversion ratio monitoring. - Primary revenue streams include venison sales, breeding stock, and antler products, with time to first revenue typically spanning 2-5 years depending on species and market access, requiring robust record-keeping for genetic lineage and performance data. - Profitability benchmarks suggest net returns per animal of $200-$500 for white-tailed deer, $300-$800 for elk, and $400-$1,000 for bison, contingent on efficient herd health management, with health costs ideally maintained at 5-10% of gross revenue. - Common failure patterns include underestimating startup capital, inadequate biosecurity protocols (critical for preventing disease transmission like CWD), poor genetics selection, and insufficient regulatory compliance, necessitating detailed financial and production record-keeping. - Effective herd health management requires structured tracking of preventive, treatment, and emergency costs, with established intervention thresholds per animal and herd-level benchmarks (e.g., health costs exceeding 15% of gross revenue) to trigger investigations and potential culling decisions. --- This article provides a financial framework for prospective and current deer, elk, and bison farmers evaluating the viability of starting or expanding a cervid operation. It covers startup costs including fencing, handling facilities, and foundation animals, annual operating expenses, revenue streams from venison, antler, and breeding stock, and profitability benchmarks. The content is based on official sources from the USDA, FAO, and peer-reviewed research, and is intended to support concrete management decisions and record-keeping. ## At a Glance: Cervid Enterprise Budget Overview The table below summarizes key financial categories for white-tailed deer, elk, and bison operations. Actual figures vary by region, scale, and market conditions. Use this as a starting point for developing your own detailed budget. | Category | White-Tailed Deer | Elk | Bison | |----------|-------------------|-----|-------| | Typical startup cost per animal (fencing, handling, purchase) | $2,000 - $5,000 | $3,000 - $8,000 | $4,000 - $10,000 | | Annual operating cost per animal (feed, health, labor) | $500 - $1,200 | $800 - $2,000 | $600 - $1,500 | | Primary revenue streams | Venison, breeding stock, antler | Venison, antler velvet, breeding stock | Venison, breeding stock, hides | | Time to first revenue (years) | 2 - 3 | 3 - 4 | 3 - 5 | | Typical herd size for commercial viability | 50 - 200 | 30 - 100 | 50 - 150 | ## Startup Costs ### Fencing and Containment Fencing is the largest single startup expense for a cervid operation. Deer, elk, and bison require high-tensile woven wire fencing at least 8 feet tall for deer and elk, and 6 feet for bison. The USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) provides guidance on fencing standards for cervid facilities to prevent escape and disease transmission [1]. Costs range from $5 to $15 per linear foot depending on materials, terrain, and labor. A 10-acre enclosure requires approximately 2,640 linear feet of fencing, costing $13,200 to $39,600. Additional containment costs include: - Gate systems: $500 - $2,000 each - Corner posts and bracing: $100 - $300 per corner - Perimeter maintenance: annual inspection and repair budget of $500 - $2,000 ### Handling Facilities Proper handling facilities are essential for health management, breeding, and harvest. A basic handling system includes a crowding pen, alleyway, and squeeze chute. For deer and elk, a drop-floor or hydraulic chute is recommended. Bison require heavy-duty handling equipment due to their size and strength. Costs range from $10,000 to $50,000 for a complete system. The FAO Animal Production and Health division emphasizes that handling facilities should minimize stress to animals and handlers [4]. Design considerations include: - Non-slip flooring - Solid sides to reduce visual distraction - Proper lighting for night operations - Emergency escape routes for handlers ### Foundation Animals The cost of breeding stock varies significantly by species, genetics, and market demand. White-tailed deer breeding does range from $1,000 to $5,000 each, while proven bucks can cost $5,000 to $20,000 or more. Elk cows range from $2,000 to $6,000, and bulls from $5,000 to $15,000. Bison cows range from $3,000 to $8,000, and bulls from $6,000 to $20,000. When purchasing foundation animals, consider: - Health certification and testing records - Genetic lineage and performance data - Age and reproductive history - Source herd biosecurity status The USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) conducts research on genetic improvement and disease resistance in livestock, including cervids [3]. Consult with a veterinarian familiar with cervid medicine before purchasing animals. ### Infrastructure and Equipment Additional startup costs include: - Shelter and shade structures: $2,000 - $10,000 - Feed storage and feeding equipment: $1,000 - $5,000 - Water systems: $1,000 - $3,000 - Vehicle and trailer: $10,000 - $30,000 - Record-keeping software: $200 - $1,000 per year ## Annual Operating Expenses ### Feed and Nutrition Feed is the largest ongoing expense, typically 40-60% of annual operating costs. Cervids require a balanced diet of forages, grains, and supplements. White-tailed deer consume 3-5 pounds of feed per day, elk 6-10 pounds, and bison 8-12 pounds. Annual feed costs per animal range from $300 to $800 for deer, $500 to $1,200 for elk, and $400 to $1,000 for bison. The FAO Animal Production and Health division provides resources on ruminant nutrition and feed management [4]. Key considerations include: - Forage quality and availability - Grain prices and storage - Mineral and vitamin supplementation - Seasonal variation in nutritional requirements ### Health Management Veterinary costs include vaccinations, parasite control, disease testing, and emergency care. Annual health costs per animal range from $50 to $200 for deer, $100 to $300 for elk, and $75 to $250 for bison. The USDA National Agricultural Library's Animal Health and Welfare section provides information on disease prevention and management [5]. Common health expenses: - Vaccinations: $10 - $30 per animal per year - Parasite control: $15 - $50 per animal per year - Disease testing (TB, brucellosis, CWD): $20 - $100 per animal per year - Emergency veterinary care: $200 - $1,000 per incident The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates animal drugs and feed additives used in cervid operations [7]. Maintain records of all treatments and observe withdrawal periods for meat and antler products. ### Labor Labor costs depend on herd size and automation level. A part-time operator can manage 50-100 animals, while larger operations require full-time staff. Annual labor costs range from $10,000 to $50,000 for a small to medium operation. Include: - Owner/operator time: valued at $15 - $30 per hour - Employee wages: $12 - $20 per hour plus benefits - Seasonal labor for breeding, calving, and harvest ### Utilities and Maintenance Annual utility and maintenance costs include: - Electricity for lighting, pumps, and equipment: $500 - $2,000 - Water: $200 - $1,000 - Building and fence repair: $500 - $2,000 - Vehicle and equipment maintenance: $1,000 - $3,000 ### Insurance Insurance costs vary by operation size and coverage type. The farming costs (including insurance) of agricultural holdings in the European Union study indicates that insurance is a significant component of farm budgets [16]. Typical insurance costs for cervid operations: - Liability insurance: $500 - $2,000 per year - Property insurance: $1,000 - $5,000 per year - Livestock mortality insurance: 2-5% of animal value per year ## Revenue Streams ### Venison Sales Venison is the primary revenue stream for most cervid operations. Prices vary by market channel: - Direct to consumer: $8 - $15 per pound - Wholesale to restaurants: $5 - $10 per pound - Processed products (sausage, jerky): $10 - $20 per pound Annual venison production per animal: - White-tailed deer: 40-60 pounds of meat per animal - Elk: 150-250 pounds per animal - Bison: 300-500 pounds per animal The USDA APHIS provides information on meat inspection requirements for cervid products [1]. Ensure compliance with federal and state regulations for processing and sale. ### Antler and Antler Velvet Antler products provide additional revenue, particularly for elk operations. Revenue streams include: - Antler velvet (elk): $50 - $150 per pound fresh - Hard antler (sheds): $10 - $30 per pound - Antler crafts and decor: $20 - $100 per piece Antler production varies by species and genetics: - Elk bulls: 10-20 pounds of velvet per year - White-tailed deer bucks: 2-5 pounds of hard antler per year The FAO Animal Production and Health division notes that antler harvesting must be done humanely and in compliance with local regulations [4]. Consult with a veterinarian for proper harvesting techniques. ### Breeding Stock Sales Selling breeding stock can be a significant revenue source, particularly for operations with superior genetics. Prices for breeding animals: - White-tailed deer does: $1,000 - $5,000 - White-tailed deer bucks: $2,000 - $20,000 - Elk cows: $2,000 - $6,000 - Elk bulls: $3,000 - $15,000 - Bison cows: $3,000 - $8,000 - Bison bulls: $5,000 - $20,000 The USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) conducts research on genetic improvement in livestock [3]. Maintain detailed records of animal performance, including birth weights, growth rates, and reproductive success. ### Other Revenue Sources Additional revenue opportunities include: - Hunting leases: $1,000 - $5,000 per hunter per season - Agritourism: farm tours, educational programs - Hides and byproducts: $50 - $200 per animal - Manure sales: $10 - $50 per ton ## Profitability Benchmarks ### Break-Even Analysis Break-even analysis helps determine the minimum production level needed to cover costs. For a 100-head white-tailed deer operation with annual costs of $100,000 and venison revenue of $10 per pound, the break-even point is 10,000 pounds of venison per year. This requires harvesting approximately 200 animals (assuming 50 pounds per animal). The FAO Animal Production and Health division provides resources on farm financial analysis [4]. Key metrics include: - Gross margin: revenue minus variable costs - Net farm income: total revenue minus total expenses - Return on assets: net income divided by total assets ### Profitability by Species Profitability varies by species, scale, and market conditions. Typical net returns per animal: - White-tailed deer: $200 - $500 per animal per year - Elk: $300 - $800 per animal per year - Bison: $400 - $1,000 per animal per year These figures assume efficient management and favorable market conditions. Actual results may vary significantly. ### Factors Affecting Profitability Key factors that influence profitability include: - Herd health and mortality rates - Feed costs and efficiency - Market prices for venison and antler - Reproductive performance - Labor efficiency - Regulatory compliance costs The USDA National Agricultural Library's Animal Health and Welfare section provides information on factors affecting livestock productivity [5]. ## Records and Measurements ### Financial Records Maintain detailed financial records for tax purposes and business analysis. Essential records include: - Income statements (profit and loss) - Balance sheets - Cash flow statements - Production records (births, deaths, sales) - Expense receipts and invoices The farming costs (including insurance) of agricultural holdings in the European Union study emphasizes the importance of tracking all costs, including insurance, for accurate financial analysis [16]. ### Production Records Track production metrics to evaluate efficiency and profitability: - Conception rates: target 85-95% - Weaning weights: deer 40-60 lbs, elk 100-150 lbs, bison 200-300 lbs - Mortality rates: target less than 5% for adults, less than 10% for calves - [Feed conversion ratio](/knowledge/animal-farming/poultry/feed-conversion-ratio-measuring-improving-poultry-efficiency): pounds of feed per pound of gain ### Health Records Maintain health records for each animal, including: - Vaccination dates and products - Parasite treatment dates and products - Disease testing results - Veterinary visits and treatments - Withdrawal periods for drugs The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires records of all animal drug treatments [7]. Keep these records for at least two years. ## Common Failure Patterns ### Underestimating Startup Costs Many new cervid operators underestimate the total investment required. Fencing, handling facilities, and foundation animals often cost more than anticipated. Develop a detailed budget with contingency funds of 20-30% of total startup costs. ### Inadequate Biosecurity Disease outbreaks can devastate a cervid operation. The USDA APHIS provides guidance on biosecurity practices for cervid facilities [1]. Common failures include: - Allowing visitors without biosecurity protocols - Sharing equipment with other farms - Introducing new animals without quarantine - Poor sanitation of facilities and equipment The Bovine TB in New Zealand study highlights the importance of disease control programs for livestock [9]. Implement a comprehensive biosecurity plan with your veterinarian. ### Poor Genetics Selecting inferior breeding stock can limit production and profitability. The USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) conducts research on genetic improvement in livestock [3]. Work with reputable breeders and use performance data to select animals. ### Market Fluctuations Venison and antler prices can vary significantly based on supply and demand. Diversify revenue streams to reduce risk. Consider direct marketing to consumers to capture higher prices. ### Regulatory Compliance Cervid operations are subject to federal, state, and local regulations. The USDA APHIS oversees interstate movement of cervids and disease control programs [1]. Stay informed about regulatory changes and maintain compliance. ## Welfare and Safety Context ### Animal Welfare Proper animal welfare is essential for productivity and public acceptance. The Animal welfare considerations study emphasizes the importance of humane handling and housing [10]. Key welfare considerations include: - Adequate space and shelter - Proper nutrition and water - Veterinary care for illness and injury - Low-stress handling techniques - Enrichment to reduce boredom and aggression The USDA National Agricultural Library's Animal Health and Welfare section provides resources on welfare standards [5]. ### Handler Safety Working with large cervids carries inherent risks. Bison and elk can be dangerous, especially during breeding season. Safety measures include: - Proper handling facilities - Training for all handlers - Emergency protocols - Personal protective equipment - Never working alone with large animals ### [Food Safety](/knowledge/bacteria/livestock-bacteria/cooking-chicken-bacteria-prevention) Venison and antler products must meet food safety standards. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates meat and animal products [7]. Key requirements include: - Proper slaughter and processing - Temperature control during storage and transport - Labeling requirements - Traceability systems ## Professional Escalation Criteria Consult with professionals when: - Disease outbreak suspected: contact your veterinarian and state animal health official immediately - Regulatory compliance questions: consult with USDA APHIS or state agriculture department - Financial analysis needed: work with an agricultural accountant or extension specialist - Genetic selection decisions: consult with a livestock geneticist or experienced breeder - Marketing strategy: work with an agricultural marketing specialist The USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) provides research and technical assistance for livestock producers [3]. Contact your local extension office for additional resources. ## Herd Health Cost Tracking and Intervention Thresholds A common gap in cervid enterprise budgets is the absence of a structured system for tracking health-related costs and establishing clear intervention thresholds. Without such a system, minor health issues can escalate into major expenses that erode profitability. This section provides a practical framework for monitoring health expenditures, setting action triggers, and making data-driven decisions about treatment versus culling. ### Health Cost Categories and Tracking Methods Health costs in cervid operations fall into four distinct categories that require separate tracking. Preventive costs include vaccinations, parasite control, and routine veterinary visits. These are predictable and should be budgeted annually. Treatment costs cover medications, veterinary calls, and supplies for sick or injured animals. Emergency costs involve unexpected events such as injury during handling, dystocia, or disease outbreaks. Culling costs include the loss of genetic potential and replacement animal expenses when an animal is removed from the herd. The USDA National Agricultural Library's Animal Health and Welfare section provides resources on disease prevention and management that can inform your tracking system [5]. Create a simple spreadsheet or use farm management software to record each health event with the following fields: animal identification number, date, symptom or diagnosis, treatment administered, cost of treatment, labor time, and outcome. Review these records monthly to identify patterns. ### Establishing Cost Thresholds per Animal Set clear financial limits for treatment based on the animal's value and production potential. For a white-tailed deer doe valued at $2,000 with an expected annual revenue of $400 from venison and offspring, a treatment costing more than $200 may not be economically justified unless the animal has exceptional genetics. For elk cows valued at $4,000 with annual revenue potential of $800, the treatment threshold might be $400. Bison cows valued at $6,000 with annual revenue of $1,200 could justify treatment costs up to $600. These thresholds should be adjusted based on: - Genetic value and breeding history - Age and remaining productive years - Current market prices for replacement animals - Herd health status and disease risk The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates animal drugs and requires recordkeeping for all treatments [7]. Your threshold system must account for withdrawal periods that may delay sale of meat or antler products, adding indirect costs to treatment decisions. ### Herd-Level Health Cost Benchmarks Track total health costs as a percentage of gross revenue. For well-managed cervid operations, health costs should represent 5-10% of gross revenue. If health costs exceed 15% of gross revenue for two consecutive quarters, conduct a thorough investigation. Common causes include: - Inadequate biosecurity allowing disease introduction - Poor nutrition weakening immune function - Overcrowding increasing disease transmission - Ineffective vaccination protocols - Parasite resistance to current treatments The USDA APHIS provides guidance on biosecurity practices for cervid facilities that can help identify and correct underlying issues [1]. Compare your health cost percentage to industry benchmarks and adjust management practices accordingly. ### Treatment Decision Framework When an animal shows signs of illness or injury, use a structured decision process. First, assess the condition severity using a simple scale: mild (minor injury, slight lameness, reduced appetite), moderate (visible infection, significant lameness, fever), or severe (non-weight-bearing lameness, respiratory distress, neurological signs). For mild conditions, implement supportive care and monitor for 24-48 hours before escalating. For moderate conditions, consult with your veterinarian and begin treatment if costs fall below your per-animal threshold. For severe conditions, contact your veterinarian immediately and prepare for possible euthanasia if treatment costs exceed the animal's value or if recovery is unlikely. The FAO Animal Production and Health division emphasizes that handling facilities should minimize stress to animals and handlers [4]. When treating sick animals, use low-stress handling techniques to avoid exacerbating the condition. Have treatment protocols written in advance for common conditions such as pneumonia, foot rot, and parasitic infections. ### Culling Criteria and Economic Analysis Develop clear criteria for culling animals based on health and economic factors. Cull animals that: - Require treatment costs exceeding 50% of their market value - Have chronic conditions requiring repeated treatment - Show poor response to treatment after two attempts - Pose disease transmission risk to the herd - Have reproductive failure for two consecutive seasons The USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) conducts research on genetic improvement and disease resistance in livestock, including cervids [3]. When culling animals, record the reason and use this information to inform future breeding decisions. Animals with hereditary health problems should not be retained for breeding. ### Record System for Health Interventions Maintain a health intervention log that includes the following columns: | Animal ID | Date | Condition | Treatment | Cost | Labor Hours | Outcome | Withdrawal Date | |-----------|------|-----------|-----------|------|-------------|---------|-----------------| | Doe 102 | 03/15 | Pneumonia | Antibiotic A | $45 | 0.5 | Recovered | 04/15 | | Cow 205 | 06/22 | Foot rot | Antibiotic B | $60 | 1.0 | Culled | N/A | Review this log quarterly to identify trends. If multiple animals show similar symptoms, investigate environmental or nutritional causes. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires records of all animal drug treatments to be kept for at least two years [7]. Use these records to demonstrate compliance during inspections. ### Intervention Thresholds by Species Establish species-specific intervention thresholds based on typical health costs and animal values. For white-tailed deer operations with 100 breeding does, set a monthly health cost alert at $500 for preventive care and $300 for treatments. If treatment costs exceed $300 in a month, review individual cases to ensure culling criteria are being applied. For elk operations with 50 cows, set monthly alerts at $750 for preventive care and $500 for treatments. For bison operations with 75 cows, set monthly alerts at $600 for preventive care and $400 for treatments. The farming costs (including insurance) of agricultural holdings in the European Union study indicates that insurance is a significant component of farm budgets [16]. Consider livestock mortality insurance to offset losses from unexpected health events that exceed your treatment thresholds. ### Common Failure Patterns in Health Cost Management Failure to track health costs separately from other expenses is a common mistake. Without dedicated tracking, minor health issues can accumulate unnoticed. Another failure is treating animals beyond economic justification due to emotional attachment. Apply your culling criteria consistently regardless of individual animal history. A third failure is delaying treatment for moderate conditions, allowing them to become severe and more expensive. Follow your intervention thresholds promptly. ### Professional Escalation Criteria Contact your veterinarian when: - Health costs exceed 15% of gross revenue for two consecutive quarters - Multiple animals show unusual symptoms - Treatment response rates fall below 70% - Mortality rates exceed 5% for adults or 10% for calves - Suspected notifiable disease such as chronic wasting disease or tuberculosis The USDA APHIS provides guidance on disease reporting requirements for cervid facilities [1]. Report suspected notifiable diseases to your state animal health official immediately. Early reporting can prevent widespread losses and regulatory penalties. ## Frequently Asked Questions ### What is the minimum herd size for a profitable cervid operation? The minimum herd size for commercial viability depends on species and market conditions. For white-tailed deer, a herd of 50-100 breeding females is typically needed to generate sufficient revenue. For elk and bison, 30-50 breeding females may be adequate due to higher per-animal revenue. Smaller herds can be profitable if focused on high-value breeding stock or direct-to-consumer sales. ### How long does it take to recover startup costs in cervid farming? Recovery of startup costs typically takes 3-7 years for cervid operations. White-tailed deer operations may break even sooner due to faster reproduction and lower per-animal costs. Elk and bison operations require longer because of slower reproduction and higher initial investment. Develop a detailed business plan with realistic cash flow projections. ### What are the most common diseases affecting farmed cervids? Common diseases include chronic wasting disease (CWD), tuberculosis, brucellosis, and parasitic infections. The USDA APHIS monitors CWD in cervid populations [1]. Work with a veterinarian to develop a herd health plan that includes vaccination, parasite control, and disease testing. ### Can I start a cervid operation on a small acreage? Small acreage operations are possible but require careful planning. A minimum of 5-10 acres is needed for a small herd of 10-20 animals. Larger herds require more space for grazing and exercise. The FAO Animal Production and Health division provides guidance on stocking rates for cervids [4]. ### What permits and licenses are required for cervid farming? Permits and licenses vary by state and locality. Common requirements include: - Livestock dealer license - Animal health permits - Meat processing licenses - Zoning permits - Environmental permits for waste management Contact your state agriculture department for specific requirements. ### How do I market venison and antler products? Marketing channels include: - Direct sales to consumers through farm stands, farmers markets, and online - Wholesale to restaurants and specialty food stores - Processed products such as sausage, jerky, and antler supplements - Hunting leases and agritourism The USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) provides research on agricultural marketing [3]. ### What insurance coverage do I need for a cervid operation? Essential insurance coverage includes: - General liability insurance - Property insurance for buildings and equipment - Livestock mortality insurance - Workers compensation if you have employees - Product liability if you sell meat or antler products The farming costs (including insurance) of agricultural holdings in the European Union study highlights the importance of insurance in farm budgets [16]. ### How do I handle chronic wasting disease (CWD) testing and management? CWD testing is required for interstate movement of cervids and for sale of meat. The USDA APHIS provides guidance on CWD testing and management [1]. Work with your veterinarian to develop a CWD monitoring plan. Test all harvested animals and report positive results to state animal health officials. ## Related Farming Guides - [Beekeeping Enterprise Budget Startup Costs And Profitability Analysis](/knowledge/animal-farming/apiculture/beekeeping-enterprise-budget-startup-costs-and-profitability-analysis) - [Livestock Fencing Systems Types Costs Installation](/knowledge/animal-farming/farm-management/livestock-fencing-systems-types-costs-installation) - [Livestock Enterprise Budgeting Guide](/knowledge/animal-farming/farm-management/livestock-enterprise-budgeting-guide) - [Farm Feed Budgeting And Seasonal Inventory](/knowledge/animal-farming/farm-management/farm-feed-budgeting-and-seasonal-inventory) - [Farm Animal Identification And Traceability System](/knowledge/animal-farming/farm-management/farm-animal-identification-and-traceability-system) ## Related Clinical & Scientific Guides * [Water Buffalo Genetic Improvement and Breeding Programs](/knowledge/animal-farming/alternative-livestock/water-buffalo-genetic-improvement-breeding-programs) * [Camel Farm Biosecurity: Disease Prevention and Quarantine Protocols](/knowledge/animal-farming/alternative-livestock/camel-farm-biosecurity-disease-prevention-quarantine-protocols) * [Water Buffalo Farm Equipment and Infrastructure](/knowledge/animal-farming/alternative-livestock/water-buffalo-farm-equipment-infrastructure) ## References and Further Reading - [www.aphis.usda.gov](https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/cervid) - [www.fao.org](https://www.fao.org/dad-is) - [www.ars.usda.gov](https://www.ars.usda.gov/) - [FAO Animal Production and Health](https://www.fao.org/animal-production/en). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. - [Animal Health and Welfare](https://www.nal.usda.gov/animal-health-and-welfare). USDA National Agricultural Library. - [Animal Production and Protection](https://www.ars.usda.gov/animal-production-and-protection). USDA Agricultural Research Service. - [Animal and Veterinary Resources](https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. - [New agri-environmental measures have a direct effect on wildlife and economy on conventional agricultural land.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36967992). PeerJ, 2023. - [Bovine TB in New Zealand - journey from epidemic towards eradication.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37649127). Irish veterinary journal, 2023. - [Animal welfare considerations - pastoral animals.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16031155). New Zealand veterinary journal, 1985. - [Food Sovereignty of the Indigenous Peoples in the Arctic Zone of Western Siberia: Response to COVID-19 Pandemic.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33080982). International journal of environmental research and public health, 2020. - [Caribou in the cross-fire? Considering terrestrial lichen forage in the face of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) expansion.](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32353088). PloS one, 2020. - [Interactions between a population of fallow deer (Dama dama), humans and crops in a managed composite temperate landscape in southern Sweden: Conflict or opportunity?](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31013322). PloS one, 2019. - [Behavior as welfare indicator for the rearing of broilers in an enriched husbandry environment-A field study](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2017.03.003). 2017. - [Vertical farming goes dynamic: optimizing resource use efficiency, product quality, and energy costs](https://doi.org/10.3389/fsci.2024.1411259). Frontiers in Science, 2024. - [The farming costs (including insurance) of the agricultural holdings in the European Union](https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-1/13). Journal of International Students, 2023. - [Urban vertical farming with a large wind power share and optimised electricity costs](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.120416). Applied Energy, 2023. - [Implications of Specialty Coffee Farming Costs in Colombia](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/e40441253e9db00c69c8c124c2e64a5ffbc940d9). 2019. > This article is educational and is not a substitute for veterinary diagnosis, treatment, public-health guidance, or regulatory reporting.