# Alpaca and Llama [Farm Record Keeping](/knowledge/animal-farming/farm-management/farm-record-keeping-essential-templates-and-software-for-better-management): Health, Breeding, and Financial Records ## Key Takeaways - Comprehensive health record keeping for alpacas and llamas necessitates documenting vaccinations, deworming efficacy via fecal egg counts, illness events with presenting signs and treatments, and veterinary visits, which is crucial for disease surveillance and regulatory compliance. - Effective breeding management relies on meticulous records of mating dates, sire/dam identification, pregnancy diagnoses (ultrasound, palpation), and birth details (cria ID, sex, birth weight), enabling genetic selection and fertility monitoring. - Production records, particularly fiber weights and micron counts, alongside body condition scores (BCS) assessed on a 1-5 scale, are vital for evaluating individual animal performance, informing culling decisions, and optimizing nutritional management. - Robust financial record keeping, encompassing income from fiber and sales, and expenses for feed, veterinary care, and supplies, is fundamental for profitability analysis, tax preparation, and strategic farm investment. - Integrating Body Condition Scoring (BCS) with nutritional management records, using a standardized 1-5 scale and linking BCS deviations to specific ration adjustments, allows for proactive detection of subclinical nutritional deficiencies and evaluation of feeding strategies. - Common record-keeping failures include inconsistent or delayed recording, incomplete data (e.g., missing animal identification or dates), poor organization, and inadequate data backups, all of which compromise effective herd management and decision-making. --- Alpaca and llama farm record keeping involves systematically documenting health treatments, breeding events, production outputs, and financial transactions to support herd management decisions, regulatory compliance, and farm profitability. This article provides practical guidance on what records to keep, how to organize them, and how to use them for daily management and long-term planning. ## At a Glance | Record Category | Core Records to Keep | Primary Management Use | |-----------------|----------------------|------------------------| | Health Records | Vaccinations, deworming, illness events, veterinary visits, test results | Track treatment efficacy, identify disease patterns, meet animal health requirements | | Breeding Records | Mating dates, sire/dam identification, pregnancy checks, birth details | Manage genetic selection, predict birthing seasons, monitor fertility | | Production Records | Fiber weights and grades, fleece characteristics, body condition scores | Evaluate individual animal performance, inform culling decisions, market fiber | | Financial Records | Income from fiber, sales, breeding fees, expenses for feed, vet care, supplies | Assess farm profitability, prepare tax documents, budget for future investments | ## Health Record Keeping for Camelids Health records form the foundation of preventive herd management. Systematic documentation allows you to track individual animal health status, identify emerging disease patterns, and demonstrate compliance with animal health regulations. ### Individual Animal Health Logs Each alpaca or llama should have a dedicated health record that follows the animal throughout its life. The record should include a unique identification number or name, date of birth, sex, and sire and dam information. For each health event, record the date, type of intervention, product or medication used, dosage, route of administration, withdrawal period if applicable, and the person who administered the treatment. The Merck Veterinary Manual provides general guidance on management and nutrition record keeping for livestock, emphasizing that accurate records support timely interventions and herd health monitoring [3]. The USDA National Agricultural Library maintains resources on animal health and welfare that underscore the importance of documentation for disease surveillance and response [5]. ### Vaccination and Deworming Schedules Maintain a calendar-based schedule for routine vaccinations and deworming treatments. Record the product name, batch number, expiration date, dose, and administration route for each treatment. Note any adverse reactions observed after administration. For deworming programs, record fecal egg count results before and after treatment to evaluate efficacy. This practice helps identify potential anthelmintic resistance in your herd. The FAO Animal Production and Health division provides resources on sustainable parasite management that support this approach [4]. ### Illness and Injury Documentation When an animal shows signs of illness or injury, document the presenting signs, duration, and any treatments administered before veterinary consultation. Record the veterinarian's diagnosis, prescribed treatments, and follow-up instructions. Note the date of resolution or any ongoing management requirements. For chronic conditions or recurring health issues, maintain a timeline of episodes to help identify underlying causes. The Veterinary Clinics of North America Food Animal Practice volume on Camelid Herd Health discusses the importance of systematic health monitoring for identifying herd-level problems [8]. ### Veterinary Visit Records Keep copies of all veterinary reports, laboratory test results, necropsy findings, and treatment protocols. Record the veterinarian's name, clinic, and contact information for each visit. Note any recommendations for herd management changes and track whether those recommendations were implemented. ### Professional Escalation Criteria Contact a veterinarian if you observe any of the following in your herd: - Multiple animals showing similar signs of illness within a short period - Sudden death of one or more animals - Signs of infectious disease such as diarrhea, respiratory distress, or skin lesions - Failure to respond to standard treatments - Signs of pain or distress that do not resolve with basic care ## Breeding Record Management Accurate breeding records enable you to manage genetic improvement, predict birthing seasons, and monitor reproductive performance across your herd. ### Mating Records For each breeding attempt, record the date, sire and dam identification, type of breeding (natural or artificial insemination), and any observations about the mating. For natural breeding, note whether the mating was supervised or pasture-based. For artificial insemination, record the semen source, handling procedures, and insemination technique. Track the number of breeding attempts per conception for each female. This information helps identify fertility issues in individual animals or breeding pairs. The book Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health provides comprehensive coverage of reproductive management practices for camelids [9]. ### Pregnancy Diagnosis Records Record the method used for pregnancy diagnosis (ultrasound, palpation, or behavioral observation), the date of diagnosis, and the estimated stage of pregnancy. For ultrasound examinations, note any observations about fetal viability and number of fetuses. Maintain a pregnancy calendar that tracks expected due dates based on the average gestation period of approximately 335 to 360 days for alpacas and 330 to 350 days for llamas. This calendar helps you prepare for birthing and identify overdue pregnancies that may require veterinary attention. ### Birthing Records For each birth, record the date, dam identification, cria or calf identification, sex, birth weight, and any complications during delivery. Note whether the birth was assisted or unassisted, and describe any interventions performed. Document the time from birth to standing and nursing for the newborn. Record the dam's behavior and any signs of rejection or inadequate maternal care. This information helps identify animals that may need additional support or culling from the breeding program. ### Weaning Records Record the weaning date, weight at weaning, and any health issues observed during the weaning period. Note the weaning method used (gradual separation versus abrupt weaning) and any stress-related problems that occurred. Track growth rates from birth to weaning and from weaning to yearling age. This data supports genetic evaluation and helps identify animals with superior growth potential for breeding or sale. ## Production Record Keeping Production records document the outputs of your farm, primarily fiber but also including meat, milk, or breeding stock sales. ### Fiber Production Records For each shearing event, record the date, individual animal identification, fleece weight, fiber diameter (micron count), staple length, and any quality characteristics such as color, crimp, and uniformity. Note any contamination or defects in the fleece. Maintain a fiber production history for each animal across multiple shearing seasons. This data allows you to evaluate individual animal performance trends and make informed culling and breeding decisions. The USDA Agricultural Research Service supports research on animal production that includes fiber quality evaluation [6]. ### [Body Condition Scoring](/knowledge/animal-farming/farm-management/body-condition-scoring-a-tool-for-feed-management) Record body condition scores at regular intervals, such as before breeding, after weaning, and before shearing. Use a standardized scoring system, typically on a scale of 1 to 5 or 1 to 9, depending on your management protocol. Track changes in body condition over time to identify animals that may need nutritional adjustments or veterinary evaluation. Consistent body condition scoring helps maintain herd health and reproductive performance. ### Growth and Weight Records For growing animals, record weights at regular intervals such as birth, weaning, 6 months, 12 months, and 18 months. Note any periods of poor growth or weight loss and investigate potential causes. For adult animals, record weights at least annually, typically at shearing time. Weight trends over time help identify chronic health problems or age-related changes that may affect management decisions. ## Financial Record Keeping Financial records are essential for managing farm profitability, preparing tax returns, and making informed investment decisions. ### Income Records Document all sources of farm income, including: - Fiber sales (raw fleece, processed yarn, finished products) - Animal sales (breeding stock, pet animals, meat animals) - Breeding fees - Show winnings or premiums - Agritourism or educational program fees - Government payments or subsidies For each income transaction, record the date, source, amount, and any relevant details such as animal identification or product description. ### Expense Records Track all farm expenses, including: - Feed and supplements - Veterinary care and medications - Shearing and fiber processing costs - Breeding fees and semen purchases - Facility maintenance and improvements - Equipment purchases and repairs - Utilities and insurance - Marketing and advertising - Transportation and travel - Labor costs Categorize expenses to facilitate tax preparation and financial analysis. The FAO provides resources on farm management and record keeping that support financial planning for livestock operations [1]. ### Inventory Records Maintain an inventory of all animals on the farm, including their purchase date, purchase price, and current estimated value. Update the inventory at least annually and after any significant changes such as births, deaths, or sales. Track inventory of supplies such as feed, medications, and shearing equipment. Regular inventory checks help prevent shortages and reduce waste. ### Profitability Analysis Use your financial records to calculate key performance indicators such as: - Cost per animal per year - Income per animal per year - Fiber income per animal per year - Return on investment for breeding stock purchases - Break-even analysis for different farm enterprises Compare your farm's performance to industry benchmarks when available. This analysis helps identify areas for improvement and supports strategic planning. ## Record Keeping Systems and Tools Choose a record keeping system that fits your farm size, management style, and technical comfort level. ### Paper-Based Systems For small farms with fewer than 20 animals, a paper-based system using notebooks, binders, or index cards may be sufficient. Use separate sections or color-coded pages for health, breeding, production, and financial records. Advantages of paper systems include low cost, no technical requirements, and easy access during farm chores. Limitations include difficulty searching for specific information, risk of loss or damage, and limited ability to analyze data across the herd. ### Spreadsheet Systems Spreadsheet programs such as Microsoft Excel or Google Sheets offer more organization and analysis capability than paper systems. Create separate sheets or workbooks for each record category, and use formulas to calculate totals, averages, and trends. Advantages of spreadsheet systems include moderate cost, flexibility to customize, and ability to generate reports and charts. Limitations include the need for basic computer skills, risk of data loss without backups, and difficulty sharing information with multiple users. ### Specialized Farm Management Software Several software programs are designed specifically for livestock record keeping, including some that cater to camelid farms. These programs typically include modules for health, breeding, production, and financial records, with built-in reports and analysis tools. Advantages of specialized software include comprehensive features, automated calculations, and support for regulatory compliance. Limitations include higher cost, learning curve for new users, and potential compatibility issues with other systems. ### Cloud-Based Systems Cloud-based record keeping systems allow you to access your data from any device with an internet connection. These systems typically include automatic backups, multi-user access, and integration with other farm management tools. Advantages of cloud systems include accessibility, data security, and collaboration features. Limitations include ongoing subscription costs, reliance on internet connectivity, and data privacy considerations. ## Common Failure Patterns in Record Keeping Understanding common record keeping failures helps you avoid them in your own farm management. ### Inconsistent Recording The most common failure is inconsistent recording, where records are kept for some events but not others. This creates gaps in the data that make it difficult to identify trends or make informed decisions. Solution: Establish a routine for recording information immediately after each event. Use checklists or templates to ensure all required information is captured. ### Delayed Recording Waiting too long to record information leads to forgotten details and inaccurate records. This is especially problematic for health treatments where dosage and timing are critical. Solution: Record information at the time of the event or as soon as possible afterward. Keep recording materials accessible in barns and pastures. ### Incomplete Records Records that lack essential details such as animal identification, dates, or product names are of limited value. Incomplete records cannot support regulatory compliance or meaningful analysis. Solution: Use standardized forms or templates that prompt for all required information. Review records periodically to identify and fill gaps. ### Poor Organization Records that are scattered across multiple locations or systems are difficult to use effectively. Disorganized records waste time and increase the risk of errors. Solution: Establish a consistent filing system and stick to it. Use the same naming conventions and categories across all record types. ### Failure to Back Up Data Digital records that are not backed up are vulnerable to loss from computer failure, theft, or natural disaster. Paper records can be lost to fire, flood, or simple misplacement. Solution: Implement a regular backup schedule for digital records, using both local and cloud storage. Keep copies of critical paper records in a separate location. ## Welfare and Safety Context Record keeping supports animal welfare and worker safety in several important ways. ### Animal Welfare Benefits Systematic health records allow you to identify and address health problems early, reducing animal suffering. Breeding records help you avoid overbreeding and manage genetic diversity. Production records help you ensure animals are receiving adequate nutrition and care. The USDA National Agricultural Library provides resources on animal health and welfare that emphasize the role of record keeping in maintaining high standards of care [5]. The FAO Animal Production and Health division also addresses welfare considerations in livestock management [4]. ### Worker Safety Considerations Records of animal behavior and handling requirements help protect workers from injury. Document aggressive animals, difficult handling situations, and any injuries that occur during farm work. Maintain records of worker training on safe animal handling practices. The FDA provides resources on animal and veterinary topics that include worker safety considerations [7]. ### Biosecurity Documentation Record keeping supports biosecurity by documenting animal movements, visitor access, and cleaning and disinfection procedures. These records help you trace potential disease introductions and demonstrate compliance with biosecurity protocols. Maintain a log of all animals entering or leaving the farm, including their origin or destination, health status, and any quarantine procedures followed. Record visitor access and any biosecurity measures implemented. ## Regulatory and Compliance Considerations Record keeping helps you meet regulatory requirements for animal health, [food safety](/knowledge/bacteria/livestock-bacteria/cooking-chicken-bacteria-prevention), and financial reporting. ### Animal Health Regulations Many jurisdictions require records of certain health treatments, especially for medications with withdrawal periods. Maintain records that demonstrate compliance with all applicable regulations. The FDA provides guidance on animal drug use and record keeping requirements for livestock producers [7]. The USDA Agricultural Research Service supports research on animal production that informs regulatory standards [6]. ### Food Safety Requirements If you sell meat or milk from your camelids, you must comply with food safety regulations that require detailed production and treatment records. Maintain records that trace each animal's health history and treatment timeline. ### Tax and Financial Reporting Accurate financial records are essential for preparing tax returns and supporting deductions for farm expenses. The FAO provides resources on farm management that include financial record keeping guidance [1]. ## Integrating Body Condition Scoring with Nutritional Management Records Body condition scoring (BCS) provides a practical, repeatable method for assessing energy reserves in individual alpacas and llamas, but its value increases substantially when recorded systematically alongside nutritional inputs and management changes. A structured BCS program linked to feeding records enables you to detect subclinical nutritional deficiencies, adjust rations before health problems develop, and document the effectiveness of feeding strategies across different production stages. ### Establishing a Standardized BCS Protocol Use a 1 to 5 scale for camelids, where 1 indicates emaciation with prominent vertebral spines and ribs, 3 represents ideal condition with a smooth back contour and palpable but not visible ribs, and 5 indicates obesity with a rounded back and fat deposits on the neck and tailhead. The Merck Veterinary Manual provides general guidance on body condition assessment as part of livestock management and nutrition monitoring [3]. Train all farm workers who handle animals to use the same scoring criteria to ensure consistency across observations. Record BCS at four fixed points each year: before breeding, at pregnancy diagnosis, at weaning, and at shearing. These intervals align with major physiological events that affect energy balance and allow you to track condition changes in response to reproductive demands and seasonal forage quality. For growing animals under two years old, score every three months to monitor growth trajectory and adjust feeding programs accordingly. ### Linking BCS Records to Feeding Programs Create a feeding record for each management group that documents the type and amount of feed offered, forage quality test results, mineral supplementation rates, and any ration changes. Record the date of each change and the reason, such as seasonal pasture shift, increased energy demands during late pregnancy, or observed weight loss in specific animals. When you record a BCS below 2.5 or above 4.0 for any individual, note the animal's identification and initiate a targeted nutritional assessment. For low-condition animals, document the adjusted feeding plan, including increased concentrate allocation, improved forage quality, or additional supplement provision. Record the date of the adjustment and schedule a follow-up BCS within 30 days to evaluate response. The FAO Animal Production and Health division provides resources on nutritional management for livestock that support linking body condition monitoring to feeding decisions [4]. The USDA Agricultural Research Service conducts research on animal production systems that includes nutritional management strategies [6]. ### Practical Decision Framework for BCS-Based Interventions Use the following decision framework when reviewing BCS records during routine herd assessments: - BCS 1.0 to 2.0: Immediate veterinary consultation required. Separate the animal from the herd for individual feeding and health evaluation. Record all interventions and schedule weekly BCS reassessment until condition improves to 2.5 or higher. - BCS 2.0 to 2.5: Implement a nutritional intervention within seven days. Increase energy intake by 15 to 25 percent through concentrate supplementation or improved forage. Document the adjusted ration and reassess BCS in 30 days. If no improvement occurs, consult a veterinarian to rule out underlying health problems. - BCS 2.5 to 3.5: Maintain current feeding program. Continue routine monitoring at scheduled intervals. Record any seasonal or production-stage changes that may affect energy requirements. - BCS 3.5 to 4.0: Reduce energy intake by 10 to 15 percent, particularly for non-pregnant, non-lactating animals. Document the ration adjustment and reassess BCS in 60 days. Monitor for signs of metabolic problems associated with obesity. - BCS 4.0 to 5.0: Implement a weight reduction program under veterinary guidance. Record the restricted feeding plan, exercise opportunities, and monthly BCS reassessments. Document any health issues such as laminitis or reproductive problems that may be associated with obesity. ### Records and Measurements for Nutritional Monitoring Maintain a nutritional management log that includes the following elements for each feeding group: - Forage analysis results including dry matter, crude protein, energy content, and mineral levels. Update these records at least twice per year or whenever you change forage sources. - Concentrate feed labels or formulation sheets showing guaranteed analysis and ingredient composition. Record batch numbers and purchase dates. - Daily feed allocation records showing amounts offered per animal or per group. Note any feed refusal or changes in consumption patterns. - Water source information and any water quality test results. Record any periods of reduced water intake or water system failures. - Mineral supplement consumption records, including product name, formulation, and estimated intake per animal per day. The book Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health provides comprehensive coverage of nutritional assessment and management for camelids [9]. The Veterinary Clinics of North America Food Animal Practice volume on Camelid Herd Health discusses the integration of body condition scoring with herd health monitoring [8]. ### Common Failure Patterns in BCS and Nutritional Record Integration The most frequent failure is recording BCS scores without linking them to feeding records. This creates a data gap that prevents you from evaluating whether nutritional interventions were effective. Solution: Use a combined record form that includes BCS, current ration, and planned intervention on the same page. Another common failure is inconsistent scoring among different observers. One worker may consistently score animals 0.5 points higher or lower than another, creating misleading trends. Solution: Conduct periodic training sessions where all handlers score the same animals and compare results. Calibrate scores to a reference standard maintained by the most experienced handler. Delayed response to declining BCS is a third failure pattern. Waiting until the next scheduled scoring date to address a low condition score allows the problem to worsen. Solution: Train all workers to report any animal that appears thin or in poor condition between scheduled scoring dates. Record these unscheduled observations and initiate interventions immediately. ### Welfare and Safety Context for BCS Monitoring Regular BCS monitoring supports animal welfare by identifying underconditioned animals before they develop clinical health problems. Animals with BCS below 2.0 are at increased risk for hypothermia, impaired immune function, and reproductive failure. The USDA National Agricultural Library provides resources on animal health and welfare that emphasize the importance of nutritional monitoring for maintaining high standards of care [5]. Worker safety considerations include handling animals that may be weak or unsteady due to poor condition. Document any animals that require extra care during handling and note any injuries or near-misses that occur during BCS assessment. Use this information to adjust handling protocols and provide additional training for workers. ### Professional Escalation Criteria for Nutritional Problems Contact a veterinarian if you observe any of the following in your herd: - Multiple animals with BCS below 2.0 despite adequate feed availability - Individual animals that fail to gain condition after 60 days of nutritional intervention - Sudden weight loss in one or more animals without obvious feed changes - Signs of metabolic disease such as ketosis, pregnancy toxemia, or hepatic lipidosis - Dental problems or other physical issues that may prevent normal eating The FDA provides resources on animal and veterinary topics that include guidance on nutritional management and health monitoring [7]. The FAO offers farm management resources that support record keeping for nutritional monitoring [1]. ## Frequently Asked Questions ### What is the minimum record keeping system for a small alpaca farm? A paper-based system using a notebook or binder with separate sections for health, breeding, and financial records is sufficient for farms with fewer than 20 animals. Include individual animal health logs, a breeding calendar, and a simple income and expense ledger. Update records at least weekly and after each significant event. ### How often should I update health records for my llamas? Update health records immediately after each treatment, vaccination, deworming, or veterinary visit. For routine monitoring such as body condition scoring, update records at least quarterly. For chronic conditions, update records at each observation or treatment. ### What breeding records are essential for genetic improvement? Essential breeding records include mating dates and sire/dam identification, pregnancy diagnosis results and dates, birth details including weight and sex, weaning weights and dates, and any fertility issues observed. These records support genetic evaluation and selection decisions. ### How do I track fiber production over multiple years? Create a fiber production history for each animal that includes shearing date, fleece weight, fiber diameter, staple length, and quality grade. Record this information annually and compare trends across years. Use this data to evaluate individual animal performance and inform culling decisions. ### What financial records do I need for tax purposes? Maintain records of all farm income and expenses, including receipts, invoices, and bank statements. Track animal purchases and sales, including dates and prices. Record depreciation on equipment and facilities. Consult a tax professional familiar with agricultural operations for specific requirements. ### How can I use records to identify health problems early? Review health records regularly for patterns such as recurring illnesses in specific animals, seasonal disease outbreaks, or declining body condition scores. Compare individual animal records to herd averages to identify outliers that may need attention. Share records with your veterinarian during herd health visits. ### What should I do if I find gaps in my records? Fill in missing information from memory or other sources as soon as possible. For critical gaps such as missing treatment records, consult with your veterinarian about how to proceed. Implement a system to prevent future gaps, such as using checklists or templates. ### How do I transition from paper to digital record keeping? Start by entering your most recent records into the digital system, then gradually add historical data as time allows. Use the paper records as a backup until you are confident in the digital system. Choose a digital system that allows you to export data in standard formats for long-term preservation. ## Related Farming Guides - [Farm Breeding Record System Design](/knowledge/animal-farming/farm-management/farm-breeding-record-system-design) - [Farm Health Intelligence Observation Records Biosecurity Diagnostics And Veterinary Escalation](/knowledge/animal-farming/farm-management/farm-health-intelligence-observation-records-biosecurity-diagnostics-and-veterinary-escalation) - [Queen Breeding Business Genetics Mating And Sales](/knowledge/animal-farming/apiculture/queen-breeding-business-genetics-mating-and-sales) - [Goat Fiber Production Cashmere Mohair Management](/knowledge/animal-farming/goats/goat-fiber-production-cashmere-mohair-management) - [Rabbit Farming Housing Feeding Breeding Welfare And Health Observation](/knowledge/animal-farming/rabbits/rabbit-farming-housing-feeding-breeding-welfare-and-health-observation) ## Related Clinical & Scientific Guides * [Water Buffalo Genetic Improvement and Breeding Programs](/knowledge/animal-farming/alternative-livestock/water-buffalo-genetic-improvement-breeding-programs) * [Camel Farm Biosecurity: Disease Prevention and Quarantine Protocols](/knowledge/animal-farming/alternative-livestock/camel-farm-biosecurity-disease-prevention-quarantine-protocols) * [Water Buffalo Farm Equipment and Infrastructure](/knowledge/animal-farming/alternative-livestock/water-buffalo-farm-equipment-infrastructure) ## References and Further Reading - [www.fao.org](https://www.fao.org/dad-is) - [www.ars.usda.gov](https://www.ars.usda.gov/) - [www.merckvetmanual.com](https://www.merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition) - [FAO Animal Production and Health](https://www.fao.org/animal-production/en). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. - [Animal Health and Welfare](https://www.nal.usda.gov/animal-health-and-welfare). USDA National Agricultural Library. - [Animal Production and Protection](https://www.ars.usda.gov/animal-production-and-protection). USDA Agricultural Research Service. - [Animal and Veterinary Resources](https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. - [Camelid Herd Health](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2009.02.006). Veterinary Clinics of North America Food Animal Practice, 2009. - [Llama and Alpaca Care: Medicine, Surgery, Reproduction, Nutrition, and Herd Health](https://doi.org/10.1016/C2009-0-41982-2). Llama and Alpaca Care Medicine Surgery Reproduction Nutrition and Herd Health, 2014. - [Identification of an eimeriid parasite infection in camelids from Saudi Arabia: morphology and molecular studies](https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-13520). Arquivo Brasileiro De Medicina Veterinaria E Zootecnia, 2025. - [Bone pathologies in a modern collection of guanaco (Lama guanicoe): Contributions to the interpretation of bone lesions in archeological contexts](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2012.09.003). International Journal of Paleopathology, 2012. > This article is educational and is not a substitute for veterinary diagnosis, treatment, public-health guidance, or regulatory reporting.