Types of Parrots: A Comparative Overview for Prospective Owners

Parrots are a diverse order of birds kept as companion animals worldwide, yet prospective owners often underestimate the differences between species in size, lifespan, noise output, talking ability, and daily care demands. This article compares popular parrot species using evidence from veterinary medicine, behavioral research, and conservation science so that you can match a species to your housing situation, family composition, time availability, and budget. The decision matrix in the At a Glance section provides a structured way to compare species before you commit to a bird that may live for decades.

Understanding Parrot Diversity and Its Implications for Ownership

The order Psittaciformes includes over 350 species ranging from small budgerigars to large macaws. Parrots are among the most diverse yet most threatened groups of birds worldwide, and reliable population data for many species remains scarce [10]. This conservation context matters for prospective owners because the legal trade and ownership of certain species is restricted, and the ethical considerations of keeping threatened species as pets should inform your decision.

Parrots lack caeca, which are blind pouches in the digestive tract that many other bird species use for fermentation of plant material. This anatomical difference means parrots have relatively lower variability in intestinal morphology compared with other bird taxa [6]. The practical implication is that parrot digestion is comparatively simple, and their nutritional needs differ from chickens, waterfowl, and other poultry that owners may already know.

Research on parrot cognition has expanded considerably in recent decades, with parrots serving as long-standing subjects in avian cognition studies [4]. Early studies often included only a single individual or a pair of birds because the goal was to demonstrate that a particular cognitive ability existed in a given species [4]. More recent work with larger sample sizes shows intraspecific variation across a variety of cognitive assessments, meaning individual parrots of the same species can differ substantially in problem-solving ability and learning speed [4]. For prospective owners, this means that generalizations about a species do not guarantee the behavior of any individual bird.

Personality research in budgerigars has demonstrated significant evidence for the consistency of individual behavioral tendencies across multiple testing contexts [8]. This finding supports the practical observation that individual parrots have stable personality traits that owners should assess before purchase or adoption. The same study failed to find a clear relationship between budgerigar personality types and corticosterone concentrations, suggesting that behavioral assessment is more useful than hormonal measures for predicting temperament [8].

At a Glance: Parrot Species Comparison Matrix

The following table compares common companion parrot species across key factors that affect daily management. Values represent typical ranges reported in veterinary and behavioral literature. Individual birds vary, and your specific situation may differ.

African grey parrots are globally endangered, and obtaining reliable estimates of their population sizes is essential for guiding management of this threatened species [10]. Prospective owners should verify that any African grey parrot offered for sale was legally and ethically sourced.

Core Principles of Parrot Species Selection

Lifespan Commitment

Parrot lifespans vary dramatically by species, and this is the first factor to consider. Small species such as budgerigars may live 5 to 10 years, while larger species such as African greys, Amazons, and macaws can live 40 to 70 years. A commitment to a large parrot is a multi-decade responsibility that may outlast your current housing, career, and family situation. Owners should plan for the bird's care in the event of their own incapacity or death, including naming a caregiver in a will or establishing a trust.

Noise Output and Housing Compatibility

Noise is a common reason for parrot rehoming. Smaller species generally produce less noise, but even budgerigars can be persistently vocal. Amazon parrots and macaws produce loud calls that carry through walls, and cockatoos are known for frequent, high-volume vocalizations. If you live in an apartment, a condominium, or a home with close neighbors, a quieter species such as a budgerigar or cockatiel may be more appropriate. If you live in a detached house with no nearby neighbors, a larger species may be feasible, but you should still confirm that household members can tolerate the noise.

Talking Ability and Expectations

Vocal learning in grey parrots has been studied extensively, and these birds are known for their exceptional ability to perceive, produce, and use human speech in ways that suggest sophisticated cognitive processing [23]. However, talking ability varies widely among individuals within a species. Some African greys develop large vocabularies, while others never speak. Amazon parrots are also capable of clear speech, but individual variation is substantial. Budgerigars can learn words and phrases, though their voices are softer and less clear than larger species. Cockatoos are generally not known for talking ability, and macaws have moderate talking ability at best.

Set realistic expectations based on the species and the individual bird. Do not choose a parrot solely for talking ability, because there is no guarantee that any individual will speak. The behavioral literature emphasizes that intraspecific variability in cognitive performance highlights the need for establishing a cognitive normal range for a given species [4]. In practical terms, this means you should expect variation and appreciate your bird for its individual qualities.

Social and Environmental Enrichment Needs

Parrots are highly social and cognitively demanding animals. Research on innovative problem solving in wild falcons, which are a sister clade to parrots and passerines, shows that generalist species with low neophobia demonstrate a haptic approach to solving tasks, flexibly switch to new unsolved problems, and improve performance over time [5]. Parrots share these traits, and captive parrots require environmental enrichment that challenges their problem-solving abilities.

A parrot that lacks adequate mental stimulation may develop feather destructive behavior, excessive vocalization, or aggression. Daily out-of-cage time, foraging opportunities, puzzle toys, and social interaction are not optional extras. They are core components of responsible parrot ownership. The temperament of individual parrots can be assessed using observational quantitative tests, and such assessments can help owners and veterinarians identify birds that may need additional behavioral support [24].

Practical Workflow for Choosing a Parrot Species

Step 1: Assess Your Living Situation

Document your housing type, the number of household members, the presence of other pets, and the proximity of neighbors. Measure the space available for a cage and for daily out-of-cage exercise. Consider whether your home can accommodate the noise level of the species you are considering. If you rent, confirm that your lease allows birds and that you have a plan for housing the bird if you move.

Step 2: Evaluate Your Time and Financial Resources

Estimate the hours per day you can dedicate to direct interaction, feeding, cleaning, and training. Large parrots require several hours of social interaction daily, and all parrots need daily out-of-cage time. Calculate the ongoing costs of food, toys, cage maintenance, and veterinary care. Avian veterinary care is specialized and often more expensive than routine care for dogs or cats. Budget for annual wellness examinations and be prepared for emergency veterinary costs.

Step 3: Research Species-Specific Needs

Use the comparison matrix in this article as a starting point, then research the specific species you are considering. Consult your veterinarian or an avian specialist for guidance. Contact breeders, rescue organizations, and avian veterinarians to learn about the typical behavior and care requirements of the species. Ask to spend time with adult birds of the species, beyond babies, because adult behavior is a better predictor of what your bird will be like over its lifetime.

Step 4: Consider Adoption Before Purchase

Many parrots are rehomed because their owners were not prepared for their lifespan, noise, or behavioral needs. Rescue organizations and shelters often have healthy parrots of many species available for adoption. Adopting an adult bird allows you to observe its personality and behavior before you commit. If you choose to purchase from a breeder, verify that the breeder is reputable, that the birds are healthy, and that the species is legally and ethically sourced.

Step 5: Prepare Your Home Before the Bird Arrives

Set up the cage, food and water dishes, perches, and toys before you bring the bird home. Choose a cage that is large enough for the species, with bar spacing appropriate to prevent escape or injury. Place the cage in a location that is away from drafts, direct sunlight, and kitchen fumes. Parrots are sensitive to airborne toxins, including those from nonstick cookware, so ensure that your cooking area is well ventilated and that you use bird-safe cookware.

Step 6: Schedule a Veterinary Examination

Within the first week of bringing your parrot home, schedule a wellness examination with an avian veterinarian. The veterinarian will assess the bird's body condition, feather quality, and overall health. They may recommend diagnostic testing based on the bird's history and physical examination findings. Establish a relationship with the veterinarian for ongoing preventive care.

Records and Measurements for Parrot Owners

Daily Health Observations

Keep a daily log of your parrot's food and water intake, droppings, activity level, and vocalization patterns. Changes in any of these can be early indicators of illness. Normal parrot droppings consist of a solid fecal component, a urate component that is typically white or cream colored, and a liquid urine component. Changes in the color, consistency, or volume of droppings warrant attention.

Weigh your parrot weekly using a gram scale. Weight loss is often the first sign of illness in birds, and a consistent downward trend requires veterinary evaluation. Record the weight in a log so that you can identify trends over time. A digital kitchen scale that measures in grams is suitable for most parrot species.

Behavioral Records

Record your parrot's behavior during training sessions, including the number of successful responses, the duration of attention, and any signs of fear or aggression. Behavioral records help you track progress and identify patterns that may require intervention. The development of observational quantitative temperament tests in common parrot species provides a framework for assessing individual differences in behavior [24]. While you may not use a formal test, keeping structured notes about your bird's behavior is valuable.

Veterinary Records

Maintain a file of all veterinary records, including examination findings, diagnostic test results, and treatment recommendations. Bring this file to every veterinary visit. If you travel with your bird or board it at a facility, provide the facility with a copy of your bird's health records.

Common Failure Patterns in Parrot Ownership

Failure Pattern 1: Underestimating Noise

Prospective owners often underestimate the noise level of larger parrots. A macaw or cockatoo can produce calls that exceed 100 decibels, which is loud enough to cause hearing damage with prolonged exposure. Even smaller species can be persistently vocal. If you cannot tolerate the noise of the species you choose, the bird will likely be rehomed. Before acquiring a parrot, spend time with adult birds of the species in a home environment to experience their vocalizations firsthand.

Failure Pattern 2: Inadequate Socialization and Enrichment

Parrots that do not receive adequate social interaction and environmental enrichment commonly develop behavioral problems, including feather destructive behavior, screaming, and biting. These problems are often the reason parrots are surrendered to shelters. Provide daily out-of-cage time, rotate toys regularly, offer foraging opportunities, and engage in positive reinforcement training. If behavioral problems develop, consult an avian veterinarian or a certified parrot behavior consultant.

Failure Pattern 3: Poor Diet

Many parrot health problems stem from an inadequate diet. A diet consisting primarily of seeds is deficient in essential nutrients and can lead to obesity, fatty liver disease, and other health problems. A balanced diet for most parrots includes high-quality pellets, fresh vegetables, and limited amounts of fruit and seeds. Consult your avian veterinarian for species-specific dietary recommendations. Do not feed avocado, chocolate, caffeine, alcohol, or foods high in salt, sugar, or fat.

Failure Pattern 4: Ignoring Signs of Illness

Birds instinctively hide signs of illness, and by the time a parrot appears visibly sick, it may be critically ill. Any change in appetite, droppings, activity level, or vocalization warrants attention. Weight loss, fluffed feathers, tail bobbing, or labored breathing require prompt veterinary evaluation. Do not wait to see if the bird improves on its own.

Failure Pattern 5: Lack of Long-Term Planning

Parrots are long-lived animals, and many owners do not plan for the bird's care beyond their own lifetime. Large parrots can outlive their owners, and the bird may end up in a shelter or be passed between homes. Establish a plan for the bird's care in the event of your death or incapacity. Name a caregiver, provide them with detailed care instructions, and consider setting aside funds for the bird's ongoing care.

Welfare and Safety Context for Parrot Ownership

Conservation and Legal Considerations

Parrots are among the most threatened groups of birds worldwide, and information on their population sizes remains scarce for many species [10]. The African grey parrot is globally endangered, and its population is monitored through survey methods including walk transects, car transects, and point counts [10]. Prospective owners should verify that any parrot they acquire was legally and ethically sourced. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora regulates international trade in many parrot species, and domestic laws may impose additional restrictions.

The World Organisation for Animal Health addresses animal health and welfare standards that apply to the keeping of animals, including birds [2]. While these standards primarily target commercial animal production, they reflect the principle that animal welfare is a scientific and ethical consideration that should inform all animal keeping practices. The Merck Veterinary Manual provides comprehensive information on avian health and disease that owners and veterinary professionals can use to support responsible parrot care [1].

Disease Risks and Biosecurity

Parrots are susceptible to several infectious diseases, and owners should be aware of the risks. Proventricular dilatation disease is a significant condition of captive parrots that was first identified in the late 1970s, and in 2008 avian bornaviruses were identified as its cause [3]. Avian bornavirus infection is widespread in wild waterfowl across the United States and Canada, where the virus infects 10 to 20 percent of some duck, goose, and swan populations [3]. In most waterfowl, the infection appears to be asymptomatic, but in parrots it can cause severe disease [3]. The relationship between waterfowl and parrot strains of avian bornavirus is not fully understood, and it is not known whether the virus can spread between waterfowl and parrots [3].

When introducing a new parrot to your home, quarantine the bird for a minimum of 30 to 45 days in a separate room with separate equipment. This quarantine period allows you to observe the bird for signs of illness before it has contact with any existing birds. Wash your hands between handling different birds, and do not share food dishes, water dishes, or toys between birds without cleaning them thoroughly.

Zoonotic Disease Considerations

Parrots can carry zoonotic diseases, which are diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans. Psittacosis, caused by the bacterium Chlamydia psittaci, is a notable zoonotic disease associated with parrots. Humans can become infected by inhaling dust from dried droppings, respiratory secretions, or feather dust from infected birds. Symptoms in humans include fever, chills, headache, and respiratory illness. If you or a household member develops these symptoms after contact with a parrot, inform your physician about the bird exposure.

Immunocompromised individuals, pregnant women, young children, and elderly individuals are at higher risk for zoonotic infections. These individuals should take extra precautions when handling parrots or cleaning their cages. Wear a mask and gloves when cleaning cages, and wash your hands thoroughly after handling birds or their equipment.

Household Safety

Parrots are curious and will investigate their environment with their beaks. This curiosity can lead to injury or poisoning if the home is not bird-proofed. Keep the following items out of reach of your parrot: electrical cords, toxic houseplants, open water sources such as toilets and buckets, and small objects that could be swallowed. Do not use nonstick cookware in areas where the bird can inhale fumes, because the fumes from overheated nonstick coatings are toxic to birds. Avoid using aerosol sprays, scented candles, and other airborne products near your parrot.

Veterinary Care and Professional Escalation Criteria

Routine Veterinary Care

All parrots should receive an annual wellness examination by an avian veterinarian. The examination should include a physical assessment, body weight measurement, and evaluation of feather condition, beak and nail health, and overall body condition. The veterinarian may recommend diagnostic testing based on the bird's age, species, and risk factors. Routine preventive care may include nail trimming, beak maintenance, and wing trimming if you choose to limit your bird's flight.

Urgent Veterinary Escalation Criteria

Seek immediate veterinary care if your parrot shows any of the following signs:

• Difficulty breathing, open-mouth breathing, or tail bobbing
• Inability to perch or stand
• Seizures or tremors
• Bleeding that does not stop with pressure
• Vomiting or regurgitation that persists
• A drooping wing or leg
• A sudden change in droppings, including blood in the droppings
• A sudden decrease in food or water intake
• Weight loss of more than 10 percent of body weight
• A bird that is fluffed up, lethargic, or sitting on the bottom of the cage

These signs indicate that the bird may be critically ill and requires prompt veterinary evaluation. Do not attempt to treat the bird at home without veterinary guidance.

Routine Veterinary Escalation Criteria

Schedule a veterinary appointment if your parrot shows any of the following signs:

• A gradual decrease in food or water intake
• Changes in droppings that persist for more than 24 hours
• Feather picking or other self-mutilation
• Changes in vocalization or activity level
• Overgrown beak or nails
• Lameness or reluctance to use a foot
• Sneezing, nasal discharge, or ocular discharge
• Changes in appetite or weight that persist

Early veterinary intervention can prevent minor problems from becoming serious health issues.

Diagnostic Considerations in Avian Medicine

Assessing hemostasis in birds is challenging because currently available assay methods and reagents are not optimized for evaluating avian coagulation [7]. Thromboelastography has been used clinically in mammalian species to diagnose and characterize hemostatic disorders, and modified protocols have been evaluated in several avian species including Amazon parrots [7]. Species differ significantly in thromboelastography values, indicating that species-specific reference intervals are necessary [7]. This research underscores the importance of working with a veterinarian who has experience with avian patients and understands the limitations of diagnostic testing in birds.

The bacterial communities in parrot digestive and respiratory tracts vary between different segments, and this variation has implications for diagnostic sampling [6]. Fecal samples appear to provide a better proxy for intestinal microbiota composition than cloacal swabs, and oral swabs have a similar bacterial composition as the crop and trachea [6]. When your veterinarian recommends diagnostic testing, these findings inform the choice of sample types.

Species-Specific Considerations

Budgerigars

Budgerigars are small parrots native to Australia and are among the most popular companion birds worldwide. They are relatively quiet compared with larger parrots, making them suitable for apartment living. Budgerigars can learn words and phrases, and some individuals develop impressive vocabularies. They are social birds that do best when kept in pairs or with regular human interaction.

Research on budgerigar personality has demonstrated significant evidence for the consistency of individual behavioral tendencies across multiple testing contexts [8]. This means that a budgerigar's personality is relatively stable over time, and owners can use behavioral observations to understand their bird's temperament. The same research found that budgerigar personality types were not clearly related to corticosterone concentrations, suggesting that behavioral assessment is more informative than hormonal measures [8].

Budgerigars are relatively short-lived compared with larger parrots, with typical lifespans of 5 to 10 years. They are active birds that need daily out-of-cage time and environmental enrichment. A cage that is at least 18 inches wide, 18 inches deep, and 24 inches tall is suitable for a single budgerigar, though larger is always better.

Cockatiels

Cockatiels are small to medium parrots native to Australia. They are known for their whistling ability and gentle temperament. Cockatiels are generally quieter than larger parrots, though they can be persistently vocal, especially in the morning and evening. They are social birds that bond closely with their owners and may develop separation anxiety if left alone for long periods.

Cockatiels have a moderate talking ability, with some individuals learning a few words or phrases. They are more accomplished at whistling than at speech. A cockatiel's typical lifespan is 15 to 20 years, which is a significant commitment but shorter than that of larger parrots.

Cockatiels are prone to feather destructive behavior if they do not receive adequate social interaction and environmental enrichment. They need a cage that is at least 20 inches wide, 20 inches deep, and 24 inches tall, with bar spacing that prevents escape. Provide a variety of toys, including shreddable toys, bells, and foraging opportunities.

African Grey Parrots

African grey parrots are medium to large parrots native to the rainforests of West and Central Africa. They are globally endangered, and their populations are monitored through systematic surveys [10]. Prospective owners should verify that any African grey parrot was legally and ethically sourced.

African grey parrots are renowned for their exceptional vocal learning ability. Research on vocal learning in grey parrots has examined their perception, production, and cross-species comparisons, and these birds demonstrate sophisticated use of human speech [23]. However, individual variation is substantial, and not all African greys develop large vocabularies.

African grey parrots are highly intelligent and require substantial mental stimulation. They are prone to feather picking and other behavioral problems if they do not receive adequate enrichment and social interaction. They are also sensitive to stress and may not adapt well to chaotic households. A calm, predictable environment is important for this species.

African grey parrots can live 40 to 60 years, making them a multi-decade commitment. They need a large cage, at least 24 inches wide, 24 inches deep, and 36 inches tall, with bar spacing of 3/4 to 1 inch. They need several hours of daily out-of-cage time and regular training sessions to keep them mentally engaged.

Amazon Parrots

Amazon parrots are medium to large parrots native to Central and South America and the Caribbean. They are known for their clear speech and outgoing personalities. Amazon parrots can be loud, and their calls can carry through walls. They are generally hardy birds that adapt well to captivity, but they require consistent training and socialization.

Amazon parrots can live 40 to 70 years. They need a large cage, at least 24 inches wide, 24 inches deep, and 36 inches tall, with bar spacing of 3/4 to 1 inch. They need several hours of daily out-of-cage time and regular social interaction.

Amazon parrots are prone to obesity, especially if fed a diet high in seeds and fatty foods. A balanced diet of high-quality pellets, fresh vegetables, and limited fruit is important for this species. Regular weight monitoring and veterinary checkups can help prevent obesity-related health problems.

Research on hemostasis in Amazon parrots has contributed to the development of species-specific reference intervals for thromboelastography [7]. This work highlights the importance of species-specific veterinary care and the need for diagnostic testing that is validated for the species being treated.

Macaws

Macaws are large parrots native to Central and South America. They are known for their striking colors, loud calls, and playful personalities. Macaws are among the most demanding parrot species to keep, requiring extensive space, social interaction, and environmental enrichment.

Macaws can live 30 to 50 years or more. They need a very large cage or aviary, at least 36 inches wide, 36 inches deep, and 60 inches tall, with bar spacing of 1 to 1.5 inches. They need several hours of daily out-of-cage time and substantial mental stimulation.

Macaws are loud, and their calls can exceed 100 decibels. They are not suitable for apartment living or homes with close neighbors. They are also powerful chewers and can cause significant damage to furniture and other household items if not provided with appropriate chew toys.

Macaws have moderate talking ability, with some individuals learning many words and phrases. They are social birds that bond strongly with their owners and may develop behavioral problems if left alone for long periods.

Cockatoos

Cockatoos are medium to large parrots native to Australia, Indonesia, and the surrounding region. They are known for their affectionate personalities and their need for constant attention. Cockatoos are among the most demanding parrot species to keep, and they are frequently surrendered to shelters because owners cannot meet their needs.

Cockatoos can live 40 to 60 years. They need a very large cage, at least 36 inches wide, 36 inches deep, and 60 inches tall, with bar spacing of 1 to 1.5 inches. They need several hours of daily out-of-cage time and constant social interaction.

Cockatoos are very loud and produce frequent, high-volume calls. They are not suitable for apartment living or homes with close neighbors. They are also prone to feather destructive behavior and self-mutilation if they do not receive adequate attention and enrichment.

Cockatoos have limited talking ability compared with African greys and Amazons. They are better known for their affectionate behavior and their tendency to bond strongly with one person. This strong bonding can lead to behavioral problems if the bird's primary caregiver is unavailable.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the quietest parrot species for apartment living?

Budgerigars and cockatiels are generally the quietest companion parrot species. Budgerigars produce soft chirping and chattering, while cockatiels whistle and chirp at moderate volume. Both species are more suitable for apartment living than larger parrots such as Amazons, macaws, and cockatoos, which produce loud calls that carry through walls. Even quieter species require daily out-of-cage time and social interaction, and individual birds vary in their vocalization patterns.

How long do parrots live as pets?

Lifespan varies substantially by species. Budgerigars typically live 5 to 10 years, cockatiels live 15 to 20 years, and larger species such as African greys, Amazons, macaws, and cockatoos can live 40 to 70 years. A large parrot is a multi-decade commitment, and owners should plan for the bird's care in the event of their own incapacity or death.

Can all parrots learn to talk?

All parrot species have the anatomical capacity for vocal learning, but talking ability varies widely among species and among individuals within a species. African grey parrots and Amazon parrots are known for their clear speech, while budgerigars can learn words and phrases with softer voices. Cockatoos have limited talking ability, and macaws have moderate ability. Individual variation is substantial, and there is no guarantee that any individual bird will speak.

What do parrots eat?

A balanced diet for most parrots includes high-quality pellets, fresh vegetables, and limited amounts of fruit and seeds. Seeds should not be the primary diet component because they are deficient in essential nutrients and can lead to obesity and other health problems. Consult your avian veterinarian for species-specific dietary recommendations. Do not feed avocado, chocolate, caffeine, alcohol, or foods high in salt, sugar, or fat.

How much space does a parrot need?

Space requirements vary by species. Budgerigars need a cage that is at least 18 inches wide, 18 inches deep, and 24 inches tall. Cockatiels need a cage that is at least 20 inches wide, 20 inches deep, and 24 inches tall. African greys and Amazons need a cage that is at least 24 inches wide, 24 inches deep, and 36 inches tall. Macaws and cockatoos need a cage that is at least 36 inches wide, 36 inches deep, and 60 inches tall. All parrots need daily out-of-cage time for exercise and social interaction.

What are the signs that a parrot is sick?

Signs of illness in parrots include changes in appetite, droppings, activity level, or vocalization. Weight loss, fluffed feathers, tail bobbing, labored breathing, and sitting on the bottom of the cage are signs of serious illness that require immediate veterinary care. Birds instinctively hide signs of illness, so any change in normal behavior warrants attention.

Are parrots good pets for children?

Parrots are not ideal pets for young children. Parrots have strong beaks and can bite, and they may become stressed by the noise and unpredictable movements of young children. Parrots also require consistent, gentle handling that young children may not be able to provide. Older children who have been taught proper handling techniques may do well with a calm, well-socialized parrot under adult supervision.

How do I find a reputable source for a parrot?

Consider adoption from a rescue organization or shelter before purchasing from a breeder. Many parrots are rehomed because their owners were not prepared for their lifespan, noise, or behavioral needs. If you purchase from a breeder, verify that the breeder is reputable, that the birds are healthy, and that the species is legally and

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References and Further Reading

• Merck Veterinary Manual. Merck Veterinary Manual.
• Animal Health and Welfare. World Organisation for Animal Health.
• Birds and bornaviruses.. Animal health research reviews, 2012.
• Psittacine cognition: Individual differences and sources of variation.. Behavioural processes, 2017.
• Innovative problem solving by wild falcons.. Current biology : CB, 2024.
• Bacterial communities along parrot digestive and respiratory tracts: the effects of sample type, species and time.. International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology, 2024.
• Thromboelastography in Selected Avian Species.. Journal of avian medicine and surgery, 2015.
• Personality types in Budgerigars, Melopsittacus undulatus.. Behavioural processes, 2017.
• A new species of Mexican parrot? Reasonable doubt on the status of Amazona gomezgarzai (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae).. Zootaxa, 2018.
• A Comparison of Three Methods for Estimating Abundances of the Globally Endangered African Grey Parrot.. Biology, 2025.
• "I would never have become an interpreter without social media": online social media's motivational dynamics in self-regulated interpreting learning.. 2025.
• Revisiting the Neuroblastoma Cell-Based Assay (CBA-N2a) for the Improved Detection of Marine Toxins Active on Voltage Gated Sodium Channels (VGSCs).. 2020.
• Lights, camera…citizen science: assessing the effectiveness of smartphone-based video training in invasive plant identification.. 2014.
• Aesthetic rhinoplasty plus brow, eyelid and conchal surgery: pitfalls - complications - prevention.. 2013.
• Raspberry, not a car: context predictability and a phonological advantage in early and late learners' processing of speech in noise.. 2014.
• Teaching in the Age of Covid-19-1 Year Later. 2021.
• Image Restoration by Linear Regression for Gaussian Noise Removal from Natural Images. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 2019.
• Listen to the parrot: Demonstrating the quality of online pitch and formant extraction via feature-based resynthesis. 2008 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, 2008.
• ELF/VLF Perturbations Above the Haarp Transmitter Recorded by the Demeter Satellite in the Upper Ionosphere. 2015.
• Methodology to simulate temporal changes in breast tumors and parenchyma using Perlin noise. Medical Imaging, 2025.
• Optimized Hybrid EMI Filtering with Dual-Function Capacitors for Integrated Noise Sensing in Motor Drive Systems. 2024 Energy Conversion Congress & Expo Europe (ECCE Europe), 2024.
• Characterization and comparison of gut microbiomes in nine species of parrots in captivity. Symbiosis, 2019.
• Vocal learning in Grey parrots: A brief review of perception, production, and cross-species comparisons. Brain and Language, 2010.
• Development of an observational quantitative temperament test in three common parrot species. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 2018.

This article is educational and is not a substitute for veterinary diagnosis or treatment. Contact a veterinarian for advice about an individual animal.