Can Dog Get Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Yes, dogs can contract sexually transmitted infections (STIs), though the specific pathogens and disease courses differ from those in humans. While canine sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are less common in well-managed pet populations, they remain a concern for unneutered dogs that roam or are used for breeding. Understanding these infections helps owners take preventive steps and seek timely veterinary care.

Quick Q&A: Common Questions

Question: Can my dog get an STD from mating with an infected dog? Answer: Yes, dogs can acquire sexually transmitted infections through breeding. The most common are canine brucellosis (caused by Brucella canis), transmissible venereal tumour (TVT), and canine herpesvirus. These infections often cause reproductive issues, genital lesions, or flu-like symptoms, and require veterinary diagnosis and treatment.

Understanding Canine Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually transmitted diseases in dogs are caused by bacteria, viruses, or transmissible cell lines. Unlike human STDs, many canine STIs can also spread through non-sexual contact, such as sniffing, licking, or sharing contaminated bedding. The American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) and the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association (CVMA) recognise these infections as significant risks for breeding dogs and animals in group housing.

Common STDs in Dogs

Canine Brucellosis
Caused by Brucella canis, this bacterial infection primarily affects the reproductive tract. It leads to abortion in pregnant females, infertility in males, and can cause swollen testicles or lymph nodes. Brucellosis is zoonotic, meaning it can spread to humans, so careful handling is essential. The infection is diagnosed through blood tests (serology or PCR) and treated with long-term antibiotics, though complete elimination is difficult.

Transmissible Venereal Tumour (TVT)
TVT is a contagious cancer that spreads through direct contact with tumour cells, typically during mating. It manifests as cauliflower-like growths on the genitals, mouth, or nose. TVT is usually responsive to chemotherapy (vincristine) and has an excellent prognosis. The CVMA notes that TVT is common in stray dog populations and can be prevented by neutering.

Canine Herpesvirus (CHV)
Canine herpesvirus is a viral infection that causes mild respiratory signs in adults but can be fatal in newborn puppies. In breeding dogs, it may lead to abortion, stillbirths, or fading puppy syndrome. CHV is transmitted through direct contact with infected secretions, including during mating. There is no cure, but vaccination (available in some regions) can reduce puppy losses.

How Dogs Contract STDs

The primary route of transmission is through direct genital contact during breeding. However, some pathogens survive in the environment or on bedding. For example, Brucella canis can be shed in urine, saliva, and vaginal discharge, and TVT cells can be transferred by licking or biting. Dogs that roam freely or have unsupervised mating are at highest risk. Spaying and neutering significantly reduce the likelihood of exposure and transmission.

Signs and Symptoms

Symptoms vary by disease but may include:

• Genital discharge (pus, blood, or mucus)
• Swollen testicles or vulva
• Lumps or growths on the genitals or around the mouth
• Infertility, repeated miscarriages, or stillbirths
• Lethargy, fever, or enlarged lymph nodes (especially with brucellosis)
• Eye or nasal discharge (with herpesvirus)

Many infected dogs show no obvious signs, making routine screening important for breeding animals. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the Australian Veterinary Association (AVA) recommend that dogs used for breeding be tested for brucellosis and other STIs before mating.

Diagnosis and Veterinary Care

If you suspect your dog has been exposed to an STD, visit your veterinarian promptly. The diagnostic process typically includes:

• Physical examination of the genitals, lymph nodes, and overall health
• Blood tests (serology, PCR) to detect Brucella canis or other pathogens
• Cytology or biopsy of any genital masses (to identify TVT)
• Vaginal or preputial swabs for culture or PCR

Treatment depends on the specific infection. Brucellosis requires a prolonged course of antibiotics (e.g., doxycycline combined with streptomycin) and strict isolation to prevent zoonotic spread. TVT is treated with chemotherapy, usually weekly vincristine injections for four to six weeks. Herpesvirus has no specific antiviral treatment; supportive care and vaccination of breeding females are the mainstays.

During treatment, your vet may advise:

• Keeping your dog away from other animals
• Using gloves when handling discharges or cleaning bedding
• Disinfecting surfaces with diluted bleach or veterinary-grade disinfectants
• Following up with repeat blood tests to confirm clearance

Prevention and Management

Prevention is far easier than treatment. The AVMA and AAHA (American Animal Hospital Association) recommend the following:

• Neutering or spaying eliminates the drive to mate and the risk of STD transmission.
• Screening breeding dogs for brucellosis and other STIs before any planned mating.
• Avoiding contact with stray or unknown dogs during walks or at dog parks.
• Maintaining good hygiene in kennels and breeding facilities, including separate housing for infected animals.
• Vaccinating against canine herpesvirus in breeding dams (where the vaccine is licensed).

If you own an intact dog, talk with your veterinarian about a preventive health plan tailored to your dog’s lifestyle. Responsible breeding practices and routine veterinary care keep both your dog and the broader canine community safe from sexually transmitted diseases.