RNA Extraction Kits: Principles, Protocols, and Pitfalls

By Dr. Zubair Khalid, DVM, MS, PhD · 2026-08-11

Introduction to RNA Extraction Kits

What is an RNA Extraction Kit?

An RNA extraction kit is a commercially prepared set of reagents, buffers, and consumables designed to isolate total RNA from biological samples such as cultured cells, tissues, blood, or microorganisms. The kit provides a standardized, reproducible method for lysing cells, inactivating ribonucleases (RNases), and purifying RNA away from DNA, proteins, lipids, and other cellular contaminants. The final product is RNA dissolved in nuclease-free water or a Tris-based buffer, ready for downstream applications.

The fundamental challenge in RNA work is that RNA is chemically unstable. The 2′-hydroxyl group on the ribose sugar makes RNA susceptible to alkaline hydrolysis, and the ubiquitous presence of RNases—enzymes that degrade RNA—means that unprotected RNA is destroyed within minutes. RNA extraction kits address this by incorporating strong denaturants that immediately inactivate endogenous and exogenous RNases, and by using solid-phase binding technologies that allow rapid purification.

Why Use a Kit Instead of Traditional Methods?

Traditional RNA extraction methods, such as the Phenol Chloroform RNA Extraction technique developed in the 1980s, are effective but labor-intensive and hazardous. They require handling of toxic organic solvents, multiple phase-separation steps, and careful precipitation with ethanol or isopropanol. While these methods remain useful for certain applications, kits offer several advantages:

1. Safety: Kits minimize or eliminate exposure to phenol and chloroform.
2. Speed: Most kits complete extraction in 20–40 minutes versus 2–3 hours for manual methods.
3. Consistency: Standardized buffers and protocols reduce batch-to-batch variability.
4. Scalability: Kits are available for small (1–10 mg tissue) to large (up to 1 g) sample sizes.
5. DNase treatment: Most kits include an on-column DNase digestion step to remove genomic DNA, which is difficult to achieve efficiently with traditional methods.
6. Automation compatibility: Many kits are designed for use with liquid-handling robots, as discussed in RNA Extraction Automation Benefits.

Core Principles of RNA Extraction

All RNA extraction kits, regardless of format, follow the same three fundamental principles: lysis, binding, and elution.

Cell Lysis and RNase Inactivation

The first step is disruption of the cell membrane and nuclear envelope to release RNA into solution. Lysis buffers typically contain:

• Chaotropic salts such as guanidinium thiocyanate (GuSCN) or guanidinium hydrochloride (GuHCl) at concentrations of 4–6 M. These agents disrupt hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, denaturing proteins and dissolving cellular structures. Critically, chaotropes also inactivate RNases by denaturing their tertiary structure.
• Detergents such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or Triton X-100 at 0.5–2% (w/v), which solubilize membrane lipids and aid in protein denaturation.
• Reducing agents such as β-mercaptoethanol (β-ME) at 1% (v/v) or dithiothreitol (DTT) at 10–50 mM, which break disulfide bonds in proteins, further ensuring RNase inactivation.

For tissues, mechanical disruption is often required. This can be achieved by homogenization with a rotor-stator homogenizer, bead beating with zirconia or glass beads, or grinding frozen tissue in liquid nitrogen with a mortar and pestle. The choice of homogenization method depends on the tissue type; fibrous tissues such as heart or skeletal muscle require more vigorous disruption than soft tissues like liver or brain.

RNA Binding and Purification

Once cells are lysed and RNases are inactivated, RNA must be separated from DNA, proteins, and other cellular components. Most kits use one of two solid-phase approaches:

1. Silica membrane binding: Under high salt conditions (typically >2 M GuSCN or >4 M NaCl), RNA binds to silica surfaces through electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding. The negatively charged phosphate backbone of RNA interacts with the silanol groups on the silica surface, with chaotropic salts acting as dehydrating agents that promote binding. DNA also binds under these conditions, which is why a DNase digestion step is necessary.

1. Magnetic bead binding: Carboxylated or silica-coated magnetic beads (typically 1–5 μm in diameter) bind RNA under similar high-salt conditions. The beads are manipulated using a magnetic rack or automated system, eliminating the need for centrifugation.

In both cases, the bound RNA is washed with ethanol-containing buffers to remove salts, proteins, and other contaminants, then eluted in a low-salt buffer or water.

Elution of Pure RNA

Elution is achieved by reducing the ionic strength of the buffer, which disrupts the interactions between RNA and the solid phase. Nuclease-free water or 10 mM Tris-Cl (pH 7.5–8.0) is typically used. The pH is slightly basic to keep RNA in solution and prevent acid hydrolysis. Elution volumes range from 30–100 μL, depending on the expected yield and downstream application requirements.

The efficiency of elution depends on temperature (eluting at 55–65°C increases yield by 10–20%), incubation time (1–5 minutes), and the volume of elution buffer relative to the binding surface area.

Key Components of RNA Extraction Kits

Lysis Buffers and Denaturants

The lysis buffer is the most critical component of any RNA extraction kit. Its primary functions are:

• Cell disruption: Detergents and chaotropes break down membranes.
• RNase inactivation: High concentrations of chaotropic salts denature RNases irreversibly.
• Nucleic acid stabilization: Chaotropes prevent RNA degradation by maintaining denaturing conditions throughout the lysis step.

A typical lysis buffer composition is:

Some kits include a carrier RNA (e.g., poly-A or yeast tRNA) at 10–50 μg/mL to improve recovery of low-abundance RNA by co-precipitating with the target RNA and blocking non-specific binding sites on the silica membrane.

Silica Membranes or Magnetic Beads

The solid phase is the purification matrix. Two formats dominate:

Silica membranes are glass-fiber or silica-gel membranes housed in spin columns. They have a high binding capacity (typically 50–100 μg RNA per column) and require centrifugation at 8,000–12,000 × g for binding and washing steps. The pore size (0.45–1.0 μm) allows efficient flow-through of cellular debris while retaining nucleic acids.

Magnetic beads are superparamagnetic particles coated with silica or carboxyl groups. They offer several advantages: no centrifugation required, easier automation, and better scalability for small sample volumes. However, they require careful handling to avoid bead loss during washing steps, and the binding capacity is typically lower (10–50 μg per mg of beads).

Wash Buffers and DNase Treatment

Wash buffers contain ethanol (70–80% v/v) and low concentrations of salt (10–50 mM NaCl or Tris-Cl). The ethanol precipitates RNA onto the solid phase while allowing salts and proteins to be washed away. Typically, two to three wash steps are performed to ensure complete removal of contaminants.

DNase treatment is essential for removing genomic DNA, which would otherwise interfere with downstream applications such as quantitative PCR (qPCR). Two approaches are used:

1. On-column DNase digestion: After RNA binding, a solution of DNase I (typically 10–50 U per reaction) in a magnesium-containing buffer is applied to the column and incubated at room temperature for 15–30 minutes. The DNase is then washed away, and RNA is eluted. This approach is convenient but can result in partial RNA loss.

1. Post-elution DNase treatment: RNA is eluted first, then treated with DNase I in solution, followed by a second purification step (e.g., ethanol precipitation or column cleanup). This is more thorough but adds time and potential for RNA loss.

Types of RNA Extraction Kits

Spin Column Kits

Spin column kits are the most common format in teaching laboratories and routine research. They use silica membranes housed in microcentrifuge tubes. The workflow involves sequential centrifugation steps: binding, washing, and elution. These kits are available for various sample types, including cultured cells, animal tissues, plant tissues, blood, and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples.

Advantages:

• Simple protocol, minimal equipment (only a microcentrifuge required)
• Consistent yields and purity
• Suitable for processing 1–12 samples simultaneously

Disadvantages:

• Centrifugation steps can be time-consuming
• Limited scalability for large sample numbers
• Shearing of high-molecular-weight RNA during centrifugation

Magnetic Bead Kits

Magnetic bead kits use paramagnetic particles that bind RNA under chaotropic conditions. The beads are separated using a magnetic stand, eliminating centrifugation. This format is ideal for high-throughput applications and automation. The RNA Extraction Automation Benefits are particularly evident with this format, as liquid-handling robots can process 96 samples in under an hour.

Advantages:

• No centrifugation required
• Easily automated
• Gentle on RNA, preserving integrity
• Scalable from single samples to 96-well plates

Disadvantages:

• Higher cost per sample
• Requires a magnetic separation device
• Bead loss during washing can reduce yield

Phenol-Chloroform Based Kits

Some kits combine the classic Phenol Chloroform RNA Extraction approach with column purification. In these kits, the sample is lysed with a guanidinium-phenol solution (e.g., TRIzol), phase-separated with chloroform, and the aqueous phase is then applied to a silica column for further purification. This hybrid approach offers the high RNA yield of organic extraction with the convenience of column purification.

Advantages:

• High yields, especially from difficult samples
• Effective for samples with high lipid content
• Can be used for sequential isolation of RNA, DNA, and protein from the same sample

Disadvantages:

• Involves handling of hazardous organic solvents
• More steps than standard column kits
• Requires careful phase separation to avoid contamination

Step-by-Step Protocol Overview

The following is a general protocol applicable to most spin column RNA extraction kits. Specific volumes and times should be adjusted according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Sample Preparation

1. Cultured cells: Harvest 1–5 × 10⁶ cells by trypsinization or scraping. Pellet cells by centrifugation at 300 × g for 5 minutes. Remove supernatant completely.
2. Tissue: Weigh 10–30 mg of tissue. If frozen, keep on dry ice or liquid nitrogen until lysis. For fibrous tissues, consider homogenization in liquid nitrogen.
3. Blood: Use 100–250 μL of whole blood. Note that red blood cells contain high levels of RNases and should be removed by hypotonic lysis or density gradient separation if using a standard kit.

Lysis and Homogenization

1. Add 350–600 μL of lysis buffer (containing 1% β-ME) to the sample.
2. Vortex vigorously for 15–30 seconds to resuspend the pellet or disrupt the tissue.
3. For tissues, homogenize using a rotor-stator homogenizer at maximum speed for 20–30 seconds, or use a bead mill with 0.5 mm zirconia beads at 4,000 rpm for 30 seconds.
4. Incubate the lysate at room temperature for 5 minutes to ensure complete cell lysis and RNase inactivation.
5. (Optional) Centrifuge the lysate at 12,000 × g for 5 minutes at 4°C to pellet insoluble debris. Transfer the supernatant to a new tube.

Binding

1. Add an equal volume of 70% ethanol to the lysate. Mix by pipetting up and down 5–10 times. Do not vortex, as this can shear genomic DNA.
2. Transfer up to 700 μL of the mixture to the spin column.
3. Centrifuge at 10,000–12,000 × g for 30–60 seconds. Discard the flow-through.
4. Repeat steps 2–3 if the total volume exceeds the column capacity.

Washing

1. Add 700 μL of Wash Buffer 1 (containing guanidinium salts and ethanol) to the column.
2. Centrifuge at 10,000–12,000 × g for 30 seconds. Discard the flow-through.
3. (If performing on-column DNase digestion) Add 80 μL of DNase I solution (10 U/μL in DNase digestion buffer) directly to the membrane. Incubate at room temperature for 15 minutes.
4. Add 500 μL of Wash Buffer 1. Centrifuge for 30 seconds. Discard the flow-through.
5. Add 500 μL of Wash Buffer 2 (containing 80% ethanol, no chaotropic salts). Centrifuge for 30 seconds. Discard the flow-through.
6. Repeat step 5 once.
7. Centrifuge the empty column at maximum speed for 2 minutes to dry the membrane completely. Residual ethanol will interfere with downstream applications.

Elution

1. Transfer the column to a clean 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube.
2. Add 30–50 μL of RNase-free water or 10 mM Tris-Cl (pH 7.5) directly to the center of the membrane.
3. Incubate at room temperature for 1–2 minutes.
4. Centrifuge at 10,000 × g for 1 minute.
5. (Optional) For higher yield, re-elute with an additional 30 μL of elution buffer, or elute at 60°C.

Quality Assessment of Extracted RNA

A260/A280 and A260/230 Ratios

Spectrophotometric analysis is the first-line quality check for extracted RNA. A NanoDrop or similar microvolume spectrophotometer measures absorbance at 260 nm (nucleic acids), 280 nm (proteins), and 230 nm (chaotropic salts, phenol, carbohydrates).

• A260/A280 ratio: Pure RNA has a ratio of 2.0–2.2. A ratio below 1.8 indicates protein contamination. Note that the pH of the buffer affects this ratio; measurements in Tris buffers give higher values than in water.
• A260/230 ratio: Values of 2.0–2.2 are expected for pure RNA. Lower values indicate contamination with guanidinium salts, phenol, or carbohydrates. This is a common issue when ethanol carryover occurs during elution.

Concentration is calculated as: RNA concentration (μg/mL) = A260 × 40 × dilution factor. The extinction coefficient for RNA is 40 μg/mL per A260 unit (compared to 50 for double-stranded DNA).

RNA Integrity Number (RIN)

Spectrophotometry measures quantity and purity but not integrity. Degraded RNA will still give a high A260 reading. RNA integrity is assessed by:

1. Denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis: RNA is separated on a 1–1.5% agarose gel containing formaldehyde or glyoxal to prevent secondary structure formation. Intact total RNA shows two prominent ribosomal RNA bands (28S and 18S in mammals, 25S and 18S in plants) with a 28S:18S ratio of approximately 2:1. Smearing below the 18S band indicates degradation.

1. Microfluidic electrophoresis (e.g., Agilent Bioanalyzer, TapeStation): These systems separate RNA in microfluidic channels and generate an electropherogram. The RNA Integrity Number (RIN) is an algorithm-based score from 1 (completely degraded) to 10 (fully intact). A RIN ≥ 7 is generally acceptable for most downstream applications, while RNA-seq typically requires RIN ≥ 8.

Applications of RNA Extraction Kits

Gene Expression Analysis

The most common downstream application is reverse transcription followed by quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Total RNA is reverse-transcribed into complementary DNA (cDNA) using reverse transcriptase (e.g., Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus (M-MLV) reverse transcriptase or SuperScript IV) and oligo-dT primers, random hexamers, or gene-specific primers. The cDNA is then amplified using gene-specific primers and a fluorescent probe (TaqMan) or intercalating dye (SYBR Green).

For RT-qPCR, RNA quality is critical. Degraded RNA leads to underrepresentation of transcripts with long 3′ untranslated regions and inaccurate quantification. The choice of reverse transcription priming strategy matters: oligo-dT primers only amplify from the poly-A tail, making them unsuitable for degraded RNA, while random hexamers provide more uniform coverage.

Transcriptomics and Sequencing

RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) has become the standard method for whole-transcriptome analysis. The workflow involves:

1. RNA extraction and quality assessment (RIN ≥ 8 recommended)
2. Ribosomal RNA depletion or poly-A enrichment
3. Fragmentation and cDNA synthesis
4. Adapter ligation and library amplification
5. Next-generation sequencing (e.g., Illumina platforms)

RNA extraction kits designed specifically for RNA-seq applications often include additional steps to remove ribosomal RNA (which constitutes 80–90% of total RNA) and to minimize DNA contamination. Some kits offer specialized protocols for low-input samples (down to 100 pg of RNA) or single-cell analysis.

Other applications include:

• Northern blotting: RNA is separated by denaturing gel electrophoresis, transferred to a membrane, and probed with a labeled complementary DNA or RNA probe. This technique detects specific transcripts and their sizes.
• Microarray analysis: RNA is labeled and hybridized to arrays containing thousands of gene-specific probes.
• cDNA library construction: For cloning and functional studies.

Common Pitfalls and Troubleshooting

RNase Contamination

RNase contamination is the most common cause of RNA extraction failure. Sources include:

• Endogenous RNases released from cells during lysis. These are inactivated by chaotropic salts, but only if the lysis buffer is added quickly and in sufficient volume.
• Exogenous RNases from hands, surfaces, and contaminated reagents. Human skin contains high levels of RNase A, a remarkably stable enzyme that survives boiling and can renature after denaturation.

Prevention strategies:

• Wear gloves at all times and change them frequently.
• Use dedicated RNase-free pipettes, tips, and tubes.
• Treat work surfaces with RNase decontamination solutions (e.g., RNaseZap, 0.1% diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC)-treated water).
• Use filter tips to prevent aerosol contamination.
• Keep samples on ice whenever possible, as RNase activity is temperature-dependent.

Troubleshooting: If RNA appears degraded (low RIN, smeared gel bands), repeat the extraction with fresh β-ME added to the lysis buffer, and confirm that all reagents are RNase-free.

Incomplete Lysis or Low Yield

Low RNA yield can result from:

• Insufficient lysis buffer volume: The ratio of lysis buffer to sample should be at least 10:1 (v/w) for tissues. Too little buffer leads to incomplete lysis and RNase activity.
• Incomplete homogenization: Fibrous tissues (heart, skeletal muscle, skin) require more vigorous disruption. Consider using liquid nitrogen grinding or bead beating with larger beads.
• Poor binding: Ethanol concentration in the binding step is critical. Too little ethanol prevents RNA binding; too much causes salt precipitation.
• Incomplete elution: Eluting with a small volume or at room temperature can leave RNA bound to the membrane. Elute with a larger volume or at 60°C.

Troubleshooting: Check the A260 reading of the flow-through from the binding step. If significant RNA is present (A260 > 0.1), the binding conditions are incorrect—likely the ethanol concentration or salt concentration in the binding buffer.

Genomic DNA Contamination

Genomic DNA contamination is detected by:

• A260/A280 ratio > 2.2 (DNA has a ratio of ~1.8, but mixtures can give higher values)
• Presence of high-molecular-weight bands on a gel (DNA appears as a smear above the 28S rRNA band)
• No-template control amplification in RT-qPCR (if primers span an intron, genomic DNA will produce a larger amplicon)

Solutions:

• Ensure DNase digestion is performed correctly. On-column DNase requires fresh enzyme and adequate incubation time.
• If using a kit without DNase, add a post-elution DNase treatment.
• For RT-qPCR, design primers that span exon-exon junctions or include an intron, so that genomic DNA amplification produces a larger, distinguishable product.

Summary and Best Practices

Quick Checklist

1. Prepare the workspace: Clean surfaces with RNase decontamination solution. Wear gloves. Use RNase-free consumables.
2. Prepare reagents: Add β-ME to lysis buffer (if required). Confirm ethanol was added to wash buffers.
3. Process samples quickly: Minimize time between sample collection and lysis. Snap-freeze tissues in liquid nitrogen if not processing immediately.
4. Perform DNase digestion: Always include this step for downstream applications sensitive to DNA contamination.
5. Elute appropriately: Use the recommended elution volume. For low-concentration samples, elute in a smaller volume.
6. Assess quality: Check A260/A280 and A260/230 ratios. Run a gel or Bioanalyzer to confirm integrity.
7. Store properly: RNA should be stored at −80°C for long-term storage. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Storage and Handling of RNA

RNA is stable at −80°C for months to years when stored in nuclease-free water or Tris buffer. However, repeated freeze-thaw cycles cause degradation. For short-term storage (days), keep RNA at −20°C or on ice.

For long-term storage, consider:

• Ethanol precipitation: RNA can be stored as an ethanol precipitate at −20°C or −80°C. This is the most stable form.
• RNAstable or similar products: These allow storage at room temperature by stabilizing RNA in a dry matrix.
• Avoid DEPC-treated water for storage: Residual DEPC can modify RNA and inhibit downstream enzymes. Use nuclease-free water or 10 mM Tris-Cl (pH 7.5).

When working with RNA, always keep samples on ice. Even with RNase-free reagents, RNA is susceptible to degradation at room temperature. For critical applications, consider adding an RNase inhibitor (e.g., RNasin at 1 U/μL) to the eluted RNA.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is an RNA extraction kit?

An RNA extraction kit is a set of reagents and consumables designed to isolate total RNA from biological samples. It typically includes a lysis buffer with chaotropic salts to inactivate RNases, a solid-phase binding matrix (silica membrane or magnetic beads), wash buffers, and an elution buffer. Kits provide a standardized, reproducible method for RNA purification that is safer and faster than traditional organic extraction methods.

How does an RNA extraction kit work?

RNA extraction kits work through three main steps: lysis, binding, and elution. Cells are lysed in a buffer containing chaotropic salts (e.g., guanidinium thiocyanate) that denature proteins and inactivate RNases. RNA is then bound to a silica membrane or magnetic beads under high-salt conditions. Contaminants are removed by washing with ethanol-containing buffers, and pure RNA is eluted in a low-salt buffer or nuclease-free water.

What are the main types of RNA extraction kits?

The three main types are spin column kits (silica membrane in a centrifuge column), magnetic bead kits (paramagnetic particles separated with a magnet), and phenol-chloroform based kits (organic extraction followed by column purification). Spin column kits are most common for routine use, magnetic bead kits are preferred for automation and high-throughput, and phenol-chloroform kits are used for difficult samples or when maximum yield is required.

Why is RNase contamination a problem in RNA extraction?

RNases are enzymes that degrade RNA. They are extremely stable and ubiquitous—present on skin, surfaces, and in most biological samples. Unlike DNases, RNases do not require cofactors and can survive boiling and many chemical treatments. If RNases are not inactivated immediately during cell lysis, they will degrade the RNA, making it unusable for downstream applications. This is why lysis buffers contain high concentrations of chaotropic salts that denature RNases irreversibly.

How do I check the quality of extracted RNA?

RNA quality is assessed by spectrophotometry (A260/A280 and A260/230 ratios) for purity, and by gel electrophoresis or microfluidic analysis for integrity. The A260/A280 ratio should be 2.0–2.2, and the A260/230 ratio should be 2.0–2.2. Integrity is assessed by the presence of intact 28S and 18S ribosomal RNA bands (with a 2:1 ratio) or by the RNA Integrity Number (RIN), where a score ≥ 7 is acceptable for most applications.

What is the difference between RNA extraction and DNA extraction?

The main differences are: (1) RNA extraction uses chaotropic salts at higher concentrations to inactivate RNases, while DNA extraction focuses on inactivating DNases; (2) RNA extraction is performed under denaturing conditions to prevent secondary structure formation; (3) RNA is eluted in water or Tris buffer at slightly basic pH, while DNA is often eluted in Tris-EDTA (TE) buffer; (4) RNA extraction typically includes a DNase digestion step to remove genomic DNA, while DNA extraction may include an RNase digestion step to remove RNA. The chemistry of binding is similar (silica under high salt), but the buffers and conditions are optimized for each nucleic acid.

Can I use an RNA extraction kit for small samples?

Yes, many kits are specifically designed for small or low-input samples. Options include kits for 10–100 cells, laser-captured microdissection samples, or formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections. These kits often include carrier RNA to improve recovery and use reduced elution volumes (10–20 μL) to concentrate the RNA. For single-cell applications, specialized kits with higher sensitivity are available.

Key Takeaways

• RNA extraction kits work by lysing cells in chaotropic buffers that inactivate RNases, binding RNA to a solid phase (silica or magnetic beads), washing away contaminants, and eluting pure RNA.
• The three main kit formats are spin column, magnetic bead, and phenol-chloroform based; each has specific advantages for throughput, automation, and sample type.
• RNase contamination is the most critical failure mode; prevention requires gloves, RNase-free consumables, and immediate lysis of samples in denaturing buffer.
• RNA quality must be assessed by both purity (A260/A280 and A260/230 ratios) and integrity (gel bands or RIN score), as degraded RNA gives misleading concentration readings.
• DNase treatment is essential for removing genomic DNA, particularly for RT-qPCR and RNA-seq applications.
• Proper storage of RNA at −80°C, ideally as an ethanol precipitate, prevents degradation during long-term storage.
• Choosing the right kit requires matching the kit format and chemistry to your sample type, sample size, and downstream application requirements.

Further Reading

• Habib SH, Saud HM, Kausar H. Efficient oil palm total RNA extraction with a total RNA extraction kit. Genetics and molecular research : GMR. 2014. PubMed 24781991
• Ulloa S et al. A simple method for SARS-CoV-2 detection by rRT-PCR without the use of a commercial RNA extraction kit. Journal of virological methods. 2020. PubMed 32835738
• Yamamoto K, Chiba M. Examination and comparison of the RNA extraction methods using mouse serum. Biomedical reports. 2024. PubMed 38357232
• Abdallah NMA, Zaki AM, Abdel-Salam SA. Stability of MERS-CoV RNA on spin columns of RNA extraction kit at room temperature. Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease. 2020. PubMed 32947111
• Marczyk M et al. The impact of RNA extraction method on accurate RNA sequencing from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. BMC cancer. 2019. PubMed 31805884
• Ramírez-Córdova C et al. Fast, cheap and sensitive: Homogenizer-based RNA extraction free method for SARS-CoV-2 detection by RT-qPCR. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology. 2023. PubMed 36968109

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