DNA Extraction from Plant Tissues: Overcoming Polysaccharide and Polyphenol Interference

Plant tissues that accumulate polysaccharides, polyphenols, and other secondary metabolites present a persistent challenge for nucleic acid isolation. These compounds coprecipitate with DNA during extraction, inhibit downstream enzymatic reactions, and reduce yield and purity. This article compares the main extraction strategies, CTAB, silica-based systems, and magnetic bead methods, with specific attention to troubleshooting contaminated samples. The content is intended for laboratory students, technicians, researchers, and diagnostic professionals who need practical decisions about method selection, quality assessment, and workflow adjustment.

At a Glance

The table below summarizes the three primary extraction approaches for plant tissues with high levels of interfering compounds. Cost, time, and suitability for downstream applications vary considerably among methods.

The CTAB method remains the most flexible for recalcitrant tissues because buffer composition can be adjusted for specific contaminant profiles. Silica and magnetic bead systems offer speed and consistency but may require additional cleanup steps for heavily contaminated samples.

Why Polysaccharides and Polyphenols Interfere with DNA Isolation

Polysaccharides share physical and chemical properties with nucleic acids. They coprecipitate with DNA in alcohol-based precipitation steps and can be difficult to remove once bound. The presence of polysaccharides increases solution viscosity, which makes pipetting and resuspension difficult and can inhibit polymerase activity in downstream reactions. Polyphenols oxidize rapidly when plant tissues are disrupted, forming quinones that bind covalently to DNA and proteins. This binding can render DNA unsuitable for enzymatic manipulation.

The severity of interference depends on the plant species, tissue type, and developmental stage. Mangroves and salt marsh species synthesize a wide spectrum of polysaccharides and polyphenols including flavonoids and other secondary metabolites that interfere with the extraction of pure genomic DNA. Similar challenges are documented in cacti with abundant mucilage and pectins, in orchids with high phenolic content, and in many woody species with mature leaves that accumulate tannins.

Green tea leaves provide a useful example of polyphenol-rich tissue. The phytochemistry of green tea includes tea polyphenols, alkaloids, amino acids, polysaccharides, and volatile components. While these compounds are of pharmacological interest, they complicate nucleic acid isolation from the same tissues. Researchers working with any polyphenol-rich species should expect that standard extraction kits may fail without modification.

Core Principles of Plant DNA Extraction

Successful plant DNA extraction requires four coordinated steps: tissue disruption, cell lysis, separation of nucleic acids from contaminants, and purification. Each step must be adjusted for the specific contaminant profile of the starting material.

Tissue Disruption and Cell Lysis

Mechanical disruption breaks cell walls and releases cellular contents. Liquid nitrogen grinding is common but not always available. A CTAB protocol developed for mangroves and salt marsh species excludes liquid nitrogen and toxic phenols while producing DNA with excellent purity. This demonstrates that expensive equipment is not mandatory for difficult tissues.

The choice of lysis buffer determines which contaminants remain soluble and which precipitate. CTAB is a cationic detergent that complexes with nucleic acids while allowing polysaccharides and residual proteins to remain in solution under high salt conditions. The concentration of CTAB, salt, and reducing agents must be optimized for each tissue type.

Removal of Polysaccharides

High salt concentrations in CTAB buffers help keep polysaccharides soluble while DNA precipitates. Additional strategies include adjusting the pH, using higher CTAB concentrations, and including polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to bind polyphenols. A modified CTAB protocol for plants containing high polysaccharide and polyphenol components was published in Plant Molecular Biology Reporter in 1997 and remains a foundational reference for this approach.

For mucilage-rich tissues, the MuCTAB protocol uses 4% CTAB, 4% PVP-40, 0.5% beta-mercaptoethanol, and proteinase K. This combination addresses the viscosity and contaminant load typical of cactus tissues. The protocol produced the highest double-stranded DNA concentration among four tested CTAB-based methods and optimal purity ratios for long-read sequencing.

Removal of Polyphenols

Polyphenols oxidize rapidly upon tissue disruption. Reducing agents such as beta-mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol prevent oxidation. PVP and polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) bind phenolic compounds through hydrogen bonding and remove them from the nucleic acid fraction. The timing between tissue disruption and exposure to reducing agents is critical. Pre-warming the extraction buffer for 5 to 10 minutes can be sufficient for difficult tissues, while heat incubation of ground tissue in buffer at 65 degrees Celsius may degrade quality in some species.

DNA Precipitation and Washing

Isopropanol or ethanol precipitation concentrates DNA and removes residual contaminants. A wash with 70% ethanol removes residual salts and detergents. For high molecular weight DNA, gentle handling during precipitation and resuspension is essential to avoid shearing.

CTAB Extraction Methods

The CTAB method is the most widely used approach for plant tissues with high levels of secondary metabolites. Its flexibility in buffer composition makes it adaptable to nearly any plant species.

Standard CTAB Protocol

A standard CTAB protocol includes the following steps: grind tissue in liquid nitrogen or with a mortar and pestle, transfer to pre-warmed CTAB buffer, incubate at 60 to 65 degrees Celsius with occasional mixing, extract with chloroform or chloroform-isoamyl alcohol, precipitate with isopropanol, wash with ethanol, and resuspend in buffer or water.

The protocol developed for mangroves and salt marsh species produced DNA with A260/A280 ratios ranging from 1.78 to 1.84 and A260/A230 ratios above 2.0. DNA concentrations ranged from 8.8 to 9.9 micrograms per microliter. The extracted DNA was amenable to RAPD analysis, restriction digestion, and PCR amplification of plant barcode genes including matK and rbcL. This protocol works for both dry and fresh leaves.

Modified CTAB for Specific Contaminants

For tissues with extreme polysaccharide content, increasing the CTAB concentration and adding PVP improves results. The MuCTAB protocol for mucilage-rich Selenicereus tissues used 4% CTAB and 4% PVP-40. This produced DNA with A260/A280 of 1.96 and A260/A230 of 2.01, with sequencing yields suitable for Oxford Nanopore platforms.

For orchid tissues, a modified CTAB protocol incorporating PVP and beta-mercaptoethanol produced chloroplast DNA concentrations of 145 to 150 nanograms per microliter with A260/A280 ratios of 1.88 to 1.92 and A260/A230 ratios of 2.03 to 2.11. The DNA was successfully amplified using chloroplast markers matK, trnL-F, and trnH-psbA.

Sorbitol Pre-Wash

A buffered sorbitol pre-wash before CTAB extraction removes interfering metabolites from tissue macerates. This approach was validated for leaf, cambium, and fruit tissues from annual crops, forest and fruit trees, herbarium leaf material, and lyophilized fungal mycelium. The pre-wash consistently produced good yields of high purity DNA across all species tested. DNA extracted from Eucalyptus leaf and cambium and Trichoderma mycelium was readily digested with restriction enzymes and performed consistently in AFLP assays. Scaled-up extractions were suitable for long-read sequencing.

Silica-Based Extraction Methods

Silica-based systems bind DNA in the presence of chaotropic salts and release it in low salt buffer or water. These methods are available as commercial kits and as laboratory-prepared glass fiber filters.

Commercial Silica Columns

Commercial kits offer speed and consistency. However, they may fail with tissues rich in polysaccharides and polyphenols. A study of difficult-to-extract plant species found that commercially available RNA extraction kits and routine CTAB methods did not yield good quality DNA-free RNA from Prosopis cineraria, Conocarpus erectus, and Phoenix dactylifera. A modified method combining CTAB extraction followed by TRIzol was required.

For DNA extraction, silica columns can clog when mucilage or polysaccharides are present. The binding capacity of the column may be reduced, and contaminants can co-elute with DNA. Pre-treatment with a sorbitol wash or a modified lysis buffer can improve performance.

Glass Fiber Filters

A safer and lower cost alternative uses sucrose buffer and glass fiber filters. This method consists of an initial washing step with STE buffer containing 0.25 M sucrose, 0.03 M Tris, and 0.05 M EDTA, followed by DNA extraction using a piece of glass fiber filter. The method is organic-solvent free except for ethanol. The purity of the DNA solution is not necessarily as high as that obtained using the STE/CTAB method, but it is sufficient for PCR experiments. This was demonstrated with Japanese speedwell and common dandelion, species for which DNA amplification had been difficult in past studies.

Percoll Gradient for Recalcitrant Species

Percoll is a silica-based colloid coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone. A protocol using a Percoll gradient step was developed for Streptocarpus schliebenii, a species that failed repeatedly with previously published protocols. The method used CTAB lysis followed by Qiagen Genomic-Tips instead of the agarose plug method. Three Streptocarpus species generated optimal quality and high molecular weight DNA. The method was further tested in 12 species across a wide range of plant lineages. High molecular weight DNA was obtained from seven species, and high quality DNA was obtained from four species including Iris pseudacorus, Pulmonaria affinis, Corytoplectus speciosus, and Ilex aquifolium.

Magnetic Bead Extraction Methods

Magnetic bead methods use paramagnetic particles with surface functionalization that binds nucleic acids in the presence of chaotropic salts. These methods are adaptable to automation and can handle complex matrices.

Guanidine Isothiocyanate Magnetic Beads

A comparative evaluation of DNA extraction from dairy and blood products found that the guanidine isothiocyanate magnetic bead method yielded high quantities and purity of DNA. For chicken blood samples, the yield was 318.34 nanograms per microliter with A260/A280 ratios ranging from 1.8 to 2.0. The processing time was 40% shorter than a commercial DNA extraction kit. Unlike SDS-CTAB protocols, this method does not require toxic reagents such as phenol or chloroform. The DNA yield was 20 to 30% higher than commercial kits. The magnetic bead approach demonstrated strong tolerance to coexisting contaminants and improved extraction performance in challenging food samples.

Application to Plant Tissues

Magnetic bead methods are less commonly reported for plant tissues than CTAB or silica methods. However, the tolerance to contaminants and the adaptability to automation make them attractive for diagnostic workflows. The surface functionalization and buffer systems can be adjusted to improve versatility for specific plant matrices.

Comparison of Methods for Downstream Applications

The choice of extraction method depends on the downstream application. PCR and restriction digestion require DNA free of inhibitors but tolerate some degradation. Long-read sequencing requires high molecular weight DNA with minimal shearing. Genotyping by sequencing requires consistent purity across many samples.

PCR and Diagnostic Applications

For PCR-based diagnostics, speed and inhibitor removal are the primary considerations. The modified alkaline polyethylene glycol (APEG) approach for sample preparation from infected tomato and chili pepper leaves was optimized for sensitivity, reproducibility, and adaptability. The extraction buffer contained polyethylene glycol, sodium hydroxide, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and sodium chloride. When coupled with probe-enhanced loop-mediated isothermal amplification, the assay detected Kenyan tomato leaf curl virus in 2.7 minutes under optimal conditions. The analytical sensitivity reached 0.001 femtograms per microliter of total DNA.

The EZ-D method for rapid nucleic acid extraction combined with recombinase polymerase amplification and CRISPR/Cas12a detection was developed for Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The entire detection process takes approximately 25 minutes, with DNA extraction requiring only one minute at a cost of approximately 0.03 US dollars per sample. The method achieved a limit of detection of 10 picograms per microliter of genomic DNA.

Restriction Digestion and Genotyping

DNA extracted with the sorbitol pre-wash CTAB protocol was readily digested with restriction enzymes and performed consistently in AFLP assays. The protocol was validated for thousands of DNA samples by generating high data quality in dense SNP arrays. This demonstrates that the method is suitable for high-throughput genotyping applications.

Long-Read Sequencing

Long-read sequencing platforms require high molecular weight DNA. The MuCTAB protocol for mucilage-rich cactus tissues produced sequencing yields of 84.2 gigabase pairs with an N50 of 40.3 kilobase pairs and a maximum read length of 1.9 megabase pairs on the Oxford Nanopore PromethION 2 Solo platform. The Percoll gradient protocol produced high quality DNA suitable for long-read sequencing in multiple plant lineages.

Practical Workflow for Difficult Plant Tissues

The following workflow provides a structured approach to DNA extraction from plant tissues with high polysaccharide and polyphenol content.

Step 1: Assess the Starting Material

Record the plant species, tissue type, age, and storage conditions. Note any visible signs of oxidation or browning. Fresh tissue is generally preferred, but dried and herbarium material can be used with appropriate protocol adjustments. The sorbitol pre-wash method was successfully applied to herbarium leaf material.

Step 2: Select the Initial Method

For unknown samples, start with a CTAB protocol that includes PVP and a reducing agent. This approach has the broadest applicability. If the tissue is known to be mucilage-rich, increase the CTAB concentration and consider the MuCTAB formulation. If the tissue is known to be polyphenol-rich, ensure adequate PVP and reducing agent concentrations.

Step 3: Evaluate DNA Quality

Measure A260/A280 and A260/A230 ratios using a spectrophotometer. A260/A280 ratios between 1.8 and 2.0 indicate low protein contamination. A260/A230 ratios above 2.0 indicate low polysaccharide and polyphenol contamination. Run an aliquot on an agarose gel to assess integrity. High molecular weight DNA should appear as a single high band with minimal smearing.

Step 4: Troubleshoot if Quality Is Insufficient

If purity ratios are low, consider the following adjustments. For protein contamination indicated by low A260/A280, increase the chloroform extraction steps or add proteinase K. For polysaccharide contamination indicated by low A260/A230, increase the CTAB concentration, add a sorbitol pre-wash, or perform an additional alcohol precipitation. For polyphenol contamination, increase PVP concentration or add additional reducing agent.

Step 5: Validate for Downstream Application

Before proceeding with large-scale work, validate the extracted DNA in the intended downstream application. For PCR, amplify a control gene. For restriction digestion, test a known restriction enzyme. For sequencing, assess fragment size distribution.

Records and Measurements

Maintain detailed records of extraction conditions and results. The following data should be recorded for each extraction batch.

Sample Information

Record the species, cultivar or accession, tissue type, collection date, storage conditions, and any pretreatment. This information is essential for troubleshooting and for comparing results across batches.

Extraction Parameters

Record the method used, buffer composition, incubation times and temperatures, and any modifications. Note the lot numbers of reagents and kits. This allows identification of reagent-related failures.

Quality Metrics

Record DNA concentration, A260/A280 ratio, A260/A230 ratio, and gel electrophoresis results. For high molecular weight DNA, record the average fragment size and any signs of degradation. For sequencing applications, record the DNA integrity number if available.

Downstream Performance

Record the results of validation experiments including PCR amplification success, restriction digestion patterns, and sequencing metrics. This information links extraction quality to application performance.

Common Failure Patterns

Several failure patterns recur in plant DNA extraction from difficult tissues. Recognizing these patterns allows rapid troubleshooting.

Viscous DNA Solutions

High viscosity after resuspension indicates polysaccharide contamination. The DNA solution may be difficult to pipette and may not load well on gels. Solutions include increasing the CTAB concentration, adding a sorbitol pre-wash, or performing an additional precipitation with higher salt concentrations.

Brown or Discolored DNA Pellets

Discoloration indicates polyphenol oxidation. The DNA may be brown or black after precipitation. Solutions include increasing reducing agent concentration, adding more PVP, and minimizing the time between tissue disruption and exposure to reducing agents.

Low A260/A230 Ratios

A260/A230 ratios below 1.8 indicate contamination with polysaccharides, polyphenols, or other compounds that absorb at 230 nanometers. This is the most common purity problem in difficult plant tissues. Solutions include additional purification steps, higher CTAB concentrations, and sorbitol pre-washes.

PCR Inhibition

If PCR fails despite apparently adequate DNA quality, inhibitors may still be present. Diluting the DNA template can sometimes overcome inhibition. Alternatively, additional purification using silica columns or magnetic beads may be required.

DNA Shearing

Low molecular weight DNA with smearing on gels indicates shearing during extraction. This is particularly problematic for long-read sequencing. Solutions include gentler mixing, avoiding vortexing, using wide-bore pipette tips, and minimizing the number of precipitation steps.

Safety and Regulatory Context

Plant DNA extraction involves several safety considerations. The World Health Organization Laboratory Quality Management System Handbook provides guidance for establishing quality systems in diagnostic laboratories. The World Health Organization Laboratory Biosafety Manual provides guidance for safe handling of biological materials and chemicals.

Chemical Hazards

CTAB is a detergent that can cause skin and eye irritation. Chloroform is a suspected carcinogen and should be handled in a fume hood. Beta-mercaptoethanol has a strong odor and is toxic. Phenol is corrosive and toxic. Always use appropriate personal protective equipment including gloves, lab coats, and safety glasses.

Organic Solvent Reduction

Several protocols reduce or eliminate the use of toxic organic solvents. The sucrose buffer and glass fiber filter method is organic-solvent free except for ethanol. The CTAB protocol for mangroves and salt marsh species excludes liquid nitrogen and toxic phenols. The guanidine isothiocyanate magnetic bead method does not require phenol or chloroform. These approaches reduce chemical hazards while maintaining extraction quality.

Waste Disposal

Organic solvents and contaminated materials must be disposed of according to local regulations. Chloroform and phenol waste should be collected separately and disposed of through appropriate hazardous waste channels. Biological waste should be autoclaved before disposal.

Quality Control and Validation

Quality control is essential for reliable DNA extraction. The World Health Organization Laboratory Quality Management System Handbook emphasizes the importance of documented procedures, training, and quality assessment in laboratory settings.

Positive and Negative Controls

Include a positive control of known high quality DNA in each extraction batch. This allows detection of reagent failures. Include a negative control with no tissue to detect contamination of reagents.

Replicate Extractions

Perform replicate extractions from the same sample to assess consistency. This is particularly important when developing a new protocol or when working with a new species.

Inter-Laboratory Comparison

If possible, compare results with another laboratory using the same samples. This can identify systematic issues in the extraction protocol or in quality assessment methods.

Documentation

Document all procedures, results, and troubleshooting steps. This documentation is essential for identifying recurring problems and for training new laboratory personnel.

Limitations of Current Methods

Despite advances in plant DNA extraction, several limitations remain.

Species-Specific Optimization

No single protocol works for all plant species. The Percoll gradient protocol produced species-specific results across 12 tested species. High molecular weight DNA was obtained from seven species, and high quality DNA was obtained from only four. This variability requires empirical optimization for each new species.

Yield and Purity Tradeoffs

Methods that produce the highest purity may have lower yields. The glass fiber filter method produces DNA of sufficient purity for PCR but not as high as CTAB methods. Researchers must balance yield, purity, and time according to their specific needs.

Cost Constraints

Commercial kits and magnetic bead systems are more expensive than laboratory-prepared reagents. For resource-limited settings, the EZ-D method provides a low-cost alternative at approximately 0.03 US dollars per sample. The sucrose buffer and glass fiber filter method is also low cost.

High Molecular Weight DNA

Long-read sequencing requires high molecular weight DNA, which is difficult to obtain from tissues with high nuclease activity or from aged samples. The MuCTAB and Percoll protocols address this need but require careful handling and optimization.

Professional Escalation Criteria

Laboratory personnel should escalate to a supervisor or more experienced colleague under the following circumstances.

Repeated Extraction Failures

If three consecutive extraction attempts fail to produce DNA of adequate quality, escalate the issue. This may indicate a problem with the tissue source, reagent quality, or protocol suitability.

Inconsistent Results

If replicate extractions from the same sample produce inconsistent quality, escalate the issue. This may indicate problems with tissue homogeneity, reagent preparation, or technique.

Downstream Application Failures

If DNA that appears adequate by spectrophotometry fails in downstream applications, escalate the issue. This may indicate the presence of inhibitors that are not detected by standard quality metrics.

Safety Concerns

If any safety incident occurs, including chemical spills or exposure, escalate immediately and follow institutional safety procedures.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the best DNA extraction method for plant tissues with high polysaccharide content?

The CTAB method with increased CTAB concentration and PVP is the most reliable for polysaccharide-rich tissues. The MuCTAB protocol using 4% CTAB and 4% PVP-40 was optimized for mucilage-rich cactus tissues and produced high quality DNA suitable for long-read sequencing. A sorbitol pre-wash before CTAB extraction also removes interfering metabolites from tissue macerates.

How do polyphenols interfere with DNA extraction and downstream applications?

Polyphenols oxidize rapidly when plant tissues are disrupted, forming quinones that bind covalently to DNA and proteins. This binding can inhibit polymerase activity and make DNA unsuitable for enzymatic manipulation. Reducing agents such as beta-mercaptoethanol and binding agents such as PVP are used to prevent oxidation and remove phenolic compounds.

Can commercial DNA extraction kits handle difficult plant tissues?

Commercial kits may fail with tissues rich in polysaccharides and polyphenols. A study of difficult-to-extract plant species found that commercially available RNA extraction kits and routine CTAB methods did not yield good quality DNA-free RNA from Prosopis cineraria, Conocarpus erectus, and Phoenix dactylifera. A modified method combining CTAB extraction followed by TRIzol was required.

What do A260/A280 and A260/A230 ratios indicate about DNA quality?

A260/A280 ratios between 1.8 and 2.0 indicate low protein contamination. A260/A230 ratios above 2.0 indicate low polysaccharide and polyphenol contamination. Low A260/A230 ratios are the most common purity problem in difficult plant tissues.

How can I extract DNA without using liquid nitrogen or toxic organic solvents?

A CTAB protocol developed for mangroves and salt marsh species excludes liquid nitrogen and toxic phenols while producing DNA with excellent purity. The sucrose buffer and glass fiber filter method is organic-solvent free except for ethanol. The guanidine isothiocyanate magnetic bead method does not require phenol or chloroform.

What is the fastest method for plant DNA extraction for diagnostic applications?

The EZ-D method combined with recombinase polymerase amplification and CRISPR/Cas12a detection completes the entire detection process in approximately 25 minutes, with DNA extraction requiring only one minute at a cost of approximately 0.03 US dollars per sample. The modified alkaline polyethylene glycol approach coupled with loop-mediated isothermal amplification detected virus in 2.7 minutes under optimal conditions.

How do I obtain high molecular weight DNA for long-read sequencing?

High molecular weight DNA requires gentle handling throughout the extraction process. The MuCTAB protocol produced sequencing yields of 84.2 gigabase pairs with an N50 of 40.3 kilobase pairs on the Oxford Nanopore platform. The Percoll gradient protocol produced high quality DNA suitable for long-read sequencing in multiple plant lineages. Avoid vortexing, use wide-bore pipette tips, and minimize precipitation steps.

Why does my DNA extraction work for one plant species but fail for another?

Plant species vary widely in their content of polysaccharides, polyphenols, and other secondary metabolites. The Percoll gradient protocol produced species-specific results across 12 tested species. High molecular weight DNA was obtained from seven species, and high quality DNA was obtained from only four. Empirical optimization is required for each new species.

Related Diagnostic Guides

• DNA Extraction from Plant Tissues: CTAB and Kit-Based Methods
• RNA Extraction from Plant Tissues: Methods and Troubleshooting
• DNA Extraction from Water Samples: Methods for Environmental DNA
• DNA Extraction from FFPE Tissues: Protocols and Quality Considerations
• PCR Purification: Cleanup of Amplified DNA for Downstream Applications

References and Further Reading

• Laboratory Quality Management System Handbook. World Health Organization.
• Laboratory Biosafety Manual. World Health Organization.
• Bioanalytical Method Validation Guidance. U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
• NCBI Literature Resources. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
• Green Tea (Camellia sinensis): A Review of Its Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology.. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2022.
• DNA-free high-quality RNA extraction from 39 difficult-to-extract plant species (representing seasonal tissues and tissue types) of 32 families, and its validation for downstream molecular applications.. Plant methods, 2023.
• Tissue Cultivation, Preparation, and Extraction of High Molecular Weight DNA for Single-Molecule Genome Sequencing of Plant-Associated Fungi.. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.), 2023.
• Safer DNA extraction from plant tissues using sucrose buffer and glass fiber filter.. Journal of plant research, 2012.
• DNA Extraction Protocol for Plants with High Levels of Secondary Metabolites and Polysaccharides without Using Liquid Nitrogen and Phenol.. ISRN molecular biology, 2012.
• A method for extracting high-quality total RNA from plant rich in polysaccharides and polyphenols using Dendrobium huoshanense.. PloS one, 2018.
• Fast and inexpensive protocols for consistent extraction of high quality DNA and RNA from challenging plant and fungal samples for high-throughput SNP genotyping and sequencing applications.. PloS one, 2018.
• Health Effects of Coffee: Mechanism Unraveled?. Nutrients, 2020.
• MuCTAB: An Optimized Protocol for High-Molecular-Weight DNA Extraction from Mucilagerich Selenicereus Tissues for Long-Read Sequencing. 2026.
• Efficient high-quality and high molecular weight plant DNA extraction protocol using Percoll™.. 2026.
• Improved DNA Extraction for Dairy and Blood Products: A Comparative Evaluation of Yield, Purity, and PCR Compatibility.. 2026.
• An Optimized CTAB-Based Protocol for High-Quality Chloroplast DNA Isolation and PCR Validation in Dendrobium Hybrids. 2026.
• Rapid detection of Kenyan tomato leaf curl virus isolates using probe-enhanced loop-mediated isothermal amplification coupled with a modified DNA extraction method.. 2026.
• Rapid On-Site Detection of &lt,i&gt,Colletotrichum gloeosporioides&lt,/i&gt, Using EASY DNA Extraction (EZ-D) Method Combined with RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a.. 2026.
• RNA-free DNA Extraction Protocol from PinusTissues for Molecular Biology or HPCE/HPLC Analyses. Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2009.
• DNA Barcoding for Industrial Quality Assurance. Planta Medica, 2017.
• Plant Molecular Biology - A Laboratory Manual. Springer, 1997.
• Characterization of Seed Mycobiota Using Culture-Dependent and Culture-Independent Approaches.. Methods in molecular biology, 2023.
• Modification of a CTAB DNA extraction protocol for plants containing high polysaccharide and polyphenol components. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 1997.
• Overcoming DNA extraction problems from carnivorous plants. Anales Del Jardin Botanico De Madrid, 2009.
• An efficient genomic DNA extraction protocol for molecular analysis in Annona reticulata. National Academy Science Letters, 2014.
• Extraction of genomic DNA from polysaccharide and polyphenol rich clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.). Current Trends in Biotechnology and Pharmacy, 2015.
• Isolation of DNA from plants with large amounts of secondary metabolites. Methods in Enzymology, 2005.

This article is educational and does not replace validated laboratory procedures, institutional biosafety review, manufacturer instructions, or professional interpretation.