DNA Extraction from Blood: Methods, Considerations, and Quality Assessment

Laboratory professionals selecting a blood DNA extraction method must weigh yield, purity, cost, throughput, and downstream compatibility. This article compares salting-out, silica column, and magnetic bead approaches with emphasis on quality control metrics that predict successful amplification, sequencing, and other molecular applications. The guidance applies to diagnostic laboratories, research facilities, and biobanks processing whole blood, buffy coat, dried blood spots, plasma, and serum.

At a Glance: Blood DNA Extraction Method Comparison

The table below summarizes key characteristics of the main extraction approaches. Specific performance varies by sample type, storage conditions, and manufacturer protocols.

A comparative study of extraction methods for whole blood found that a modified salting-out protocol produced the highest mean DNA yield at 76.12 ng per microliter, while a simple non-enzymatic salting-out method showed the most favorable purity ratios with A260/280 of 1.81 and A260/230 of 1.47. All three methods tested, including a commercial silica column kit, generated amplifiable DNA, but the commercial kit offered the most favorable workflow characteristics. See the comparison of three DNA extraction methods from whole blood samples for details.

Core Principles of Blood DNA Extraction

Blood is a complex matrix containing nucleated white blood cells, enucleated red blood cells, platelets, proteins, lipids, and cell-free nucleic acids. The goal of extraction is to isolate DNA from white blood cells or from plasma and serum fractions while removing components that inhibit downstream enzymatic reactions.

Sample Types and Their DNA Content

Whole blood contains genomic DNA primarily within leukocytes. Red blood cells lack nuclei and contribute no genomic DNA but contain hemoglobin and other proteins that can inhibit PCR. Plasma and serum contain cell-free DNA, which is fragmented and present at low concentrations. The choice of sample type determines the extraction strategy.

Dried blood spots offer an alternative collection format. Blood applied to filter paper can be stored and shipped at ambient temperature. Extraction from dried blood spots typically requires additional steps to release DNA from the paper matrix. A study of dried blood spot extraction found that agitation in a red blood cell lysis buffer before extraction increased yield 1.5 to 5 fold depending on the anticoagulant used. See insight into increased recovery and simplification of genomic DNA extraction methods from dried blood spots for the full findings.

Anticoagulant Effects

The anticoagulant used during blood collection affects extraction efficiency. EDTA is the most common choice for DNA work because it chelates divalent cations required for nuclease activity. Heparin can inhibit PCR and is generally avoided for molecular applications. Citrate is acceptable but may require adjustment of lysis buffer volumes.

Cell Lysis and Nuclei Release

Extraction begins with lysis of cell membranes. Red blood cells are lysed selectively using hypotonic buffers or detergent solutions. White blood cells are then lysed to release nuclei. The nuclei are disrupted in a second lysis step containing detergents and proteinase K to digest histones and other DNA associated proteins.

Salting-Out Methods

Salting-out is a classical approach that uses high salt concentrations to precipitate proteins while keeping DNA in solution. The method is inexpensive and does not require specialized equipment or toxic organic solvents.

Modified Salting-Out Protocol

A modified salting-out protocol involves cell lysis, protein precipitation with saturated salt solution, and ethanol precipitation of DNA. This method produced the highest mean DNA yield in a comparative study at 76.12 ng per microliter. See the comparison of three DNA extraction methods from whole blood samples for the study details.

The simple non-enzymatic salting-out method showed the most favorable purity ratios in the same study. This variant omits proteinase K digestion and relies on salt concentration alone to separate proteins from DNA.

Advantages and Limitations

Salting-out methods are low cost and use reagents that are widely available. They are suitable for resource-limited settings where commercial kits are cost prohibitive. The main limitations are lower throughput, more manual steps, and greater variability between operators. Yield and purity can vary depending on protocol modifications.

Suitability for Downstream Applications

DNA from salting-out methods is generally suitable for PCR and standard sequencing. The method produces high molecular weight DNA appropriate for applications requiring long fragments. However, residual salt or protein contamination can affect some downstream reactions, so purity assessment is essential.

Silica Column-Based Methods

Silica column extraction uses chaotropic salts to promote DNA binding to a silica membrane. Contaminants are washed away, and purified DNA is eluted in a low salt buffer or water.

Mechanism of DNA Binding

Under high salt and low pH conditions, DNA binds to silica through electrostatic and dehydration interactions. Chaotropic agents such as guanidine thiocyanate disrupt hydrogen bonding in water, facilitating DNA adsorption to the silica surface. Washing steps remove proteins, salts, and other contaminants while DNA remains bound.

Commercial Kit Variations

Commercial silica column kits differ in buffer composition, column design, and binding capacity. The QIAamp DNA Mini and QIAamp DNA Investigator kits are commonly used for blood samples. A study comparing extraction methods for dried blood spots found that the QIAamp DNA Investigator method consistently gave the highest yields for both viral and cellular DNA. See evaluation of DNA extraction methods for the detection of Cytomegalovirus in dried blood spots for the comparison.

Performance Characteristics

Silica columns provide consistent purity with A260/280 ratios typically between 1.8 and 2.0. The method is compatible with a wide range of downstream applications including PCR, real-time PCR, and sequencing. Processing time is moderate, and the method can be semi-automated using vacuum manifolds or centrifugation.

Limitations

Silica columns have a finite binding capacity, which limits the amount of DNA that can be recovered from large blood volumes. Some protocols require multiple elution steps to maximize yield. The cost per sample is higher than salting-out but lower than some automated magnetic bead systems.

Magnetic Bead-Based Methods

Magnetic bead extraction uses paramagnetic particles coated with silica or carboxyl groups to bind DNA. Beads are separated from solution using a magnet, allowing automated processing in multiwell plates.

Mechanism of DNA Binding

DNA binds to the bead surface under chaotropic or polyethylene glycol salt conditions. The beads are dispersed in the sample, incubated to allow binding, then collected with a magnetic separator. Washing steps remove contaminants, and DNA is eluted in a low salt buffer.

Automation and Throughput

Magnetic bead methods are highly amenable to automation. Liquid handling robots can process 96 samples simultaneously with minimal hands-on time. This makes the method suitable for high throughput biobanking and population screening programs.

Yield and Purity

A study evaluating DNA extraction from dairy and blood products found that a guanidine isothiocyanate magnetic bead method yielded 318.34 ng per microliter from chicken blood with A260/280 ratios ranging from 1.8 to 2.0. The processing time was 40 percent shorter than a commercial kit, and the method did not require toxic reagents such as phenol or chloroform. See improved DNA extraction for dairy and blood products for the full comparison.

Considerations for Low Input Samples

Magnetic bead methods can be optimized for low DNA input samples. A forensic study found that the QIAamp DNA Investigator kit demonstrated the highest recovery at low DNA amounts, which is particularly beneficial for minute samples. See DNA recovery using different extraction kits and cotton swabs in forensic DNA analysis for the study findings.

Extraction from Dried Blood Spots

Dried blood spots are collected universally from newborns and are valuable for diagnostic testing. The choice of extraction method significantly affects analytical sensitivity.

Method Performance Variation

A study comparing six DNA extraction methods for dried blood spots found an average 3 fold difference in DNA yield between the highest and lowest yield methods. The QIAamp DNA Investigator and thermal shock methods consistently gave the highest yields, while the M48 MagAttract Mini and QIAamp DNA Mini methods gave the lowest. See evaluation of DNA extraction methods for the detection of Cytomegalovirus in dried blood spots for the full comparison.

Cost-Effective Approaches

A cost-efficient high throughput method for dried blood spot extraction uses sequential red cell lysis, detergent alkaline, and acid neutralizing buffers. This method produced high quality amplifiable DNA from single 3 millimeter diameter spots at a cost of approximately 10 cents per sample. The method is adaptable to small and large scale screening settings. See cost-effective and scalable DNA extraction method from dried blood spots for the protocol details.

Storage Effects

DNA can be extracted from whole blood collections stored at minus 20 degrees Celsius for up to 18 years. A study using four different commercial kits found that high quality DNA could be recovered from old blood collections, including samples with low blood volumes under 1 milliliter. See comparison of DNA extraction methods for samples from old blood collections for the study details.

Extraction from Plasma and Serum

Plasma and serum contain cell-free DNA that is relevant for prenatal diagnosis, oncology, and infectious disease testing. Extraction from these matrices requires different considerations than whole blood.

Cell-Free DNA Characteristics

Cell-free DNA is fragmented, typically ranging from 150 to 200 base pairs. The concentration in plasma is low, requiring efficient recovery methods. Contamination with genomic DNA from lysed white blood cells can compromise results.

Historical Context

The presence of fetal DNA in maternal plasma and serum was demonstrated in 1997. Using a rapid boiling method to extract DNA from plasma and serum, researchers detected male fetal DNA in 80 percent of maternal plasma samples and 70 percent of maternal serum samples. See presence of fetal DNA in maternal plasma and serum for the original findings.

Preanalytical Considerations

Blood collection tubes vary in their ability to prevent leukocyte lysis. A study of circulating tumor DNA analysis found that specialized blood collection tubes are not equally efficient, depending on storage temperature and time before plasma preparation. See circulating tumoral DNA preanalytical validation and quality control in a diagnostic laboratory for the analysis.

Quality Control for Cell-Free DNA

Quality control for cell-free DNA extraction can use nucleic acid spike in control materials. An interlaboratory study evaluated a spike in material containing an exogenous Arabidopsis sequence and DNA fragments approximating cell-free DNA and genomic DNA lengths. The approach performed consistently across commonly used extraction protocols and highlighted differences in efficiency and variability between methods. See interlaboratory evaluation of quality control methods for circulating cell-free DNA extraction for the study results.

Quality Assessment Metrics

Quality assessment of extracted DNA involves measuring quantity, purity, and integrity. These metrics predict performance in downstream applications.

Spectrophotometric Measurements

Spectrophotometry measures absorbance at 260 nanometers for nucleic acids and 280 nanometers for proteins. The A260/280 ratio indicates protein contamination, with pure DNA typically showing values between 1.8 and 2.0. The A260/230 ratio indicates contamination with chaotropic salts, carbohydrates, or organic solvents, with values between 2.0 and 2.2 considered pure.

Fluorometric Quantification

Fluorometric methods using dyes that bind specifically to double stranded DNA provide more accurate quantification than spectrophotometry, particularly for low concentration samples. These methods are less affected by contaminants that absorb at 260 nanometers.

DNA Integrity Assessment

DNA integrity refers to the average fragment size and the proportion of high molecular weight DNA. Degraded DNA can affect amplification of long targets and sequencing quality. Integrity can be assessed by agarose gel electrophoresis, microfluidic electrophoresis, or differential PCR amplification of short and long targets.

Yield Calculations

DNA yield is calculated from concentration and elution volume. For whole blood, typical yields range from 20 to 50 micrograms per milliliter of blood, depending on white blood cell count and extraction efficiency. Yield should be interpreted relative to the expected white blood cell count for the sample type.

Practical Implementation Steps

Implementing a blood DNA extraction workflow requires method selection, validation, and ongoing quality monitoring.

Step 1: Define Downstream Requirements

Identify the downstream applications that the extracted DNA will support. PCR requires nanogram quantities of DNA with minimal inhibitors. Next generation sequencing requires specific input amounts and fragment size distributions. Whole genome amplification requires high molecular weight DNA.

Step 2: Select Extraction Method

Choose a method that balances yield, purity, cost, throughput, and compatibility with downstream applications. Consider the sample volume available, the number of samples to process, and the technical expertise of laboratory staff.

Step 3: Validate the Method

Validate the selected method using known samples with defined DNA concentrations. Assess yield, purity, and amplification success. Establish acceptance criteria for each quality metric.

Step 4: Document Standard Operating Procedures

Write detailed standard operating procedures that specify reagent preparation, sample volumes, incubation times, centrifugation speeds, and elution volumes. Include troubleshooting guidance for common problems.

Step 5: Implement Quality Controls

Include extraction blanks, positive controls, and replicate samples in each extraction batch. Monitor quality metrics over time to detect drift in method performance.

Step 6: Train Personnel

Ensure all operators are trained on the standard operating procedure and can demonstrate consistent performance. Assess inter operator variability as part of the validation process.

Records and Measurements

Accurate record keeping is essential for quality assurance and troubleshooting.

Required Records

Record the sample identifier, collection date, anticoagulant, storage conditions, extraction method, reagent lot numbers, and operator name for each extraction. Document any deviations from the standard operating procedure.

Quality Control Records

Maintain records of DNA concentration, A260/280 ratio, A260/230 ratio, and integrity assessments for each extraction batch. Track control sample results over time to identify trends.

Equipment Maintenance Records

Document calibration and maintenance of pipettes, centrifuges, spectrophotometers, and other equipment used in the extraction process. Regular calibration ensures accurate volume measurements and reliable quality data.

Lot to Lot Variation

Reagent lot changes can affect extraction performance. Evaluate new reagent lots before routine use and document the evaluation results.

Common Failure Patterns

Recognizing common extraction failures helps with troubleshooting and method optimization.

Low DNA Yield

Low yield can result from inadequate cell lysis, incomplete DNA release, loss during purification, or poor elution efficiency. Check that lysis buffers are prepared correctly and that incubation times are sufficient. Verify that elution buffer is applied directly to the membrane or bead pellet.

Protein Contamination

Protein contamination is indicated by A260/280 ratios below 1.8. This can result from incomplete protein digestion, insufficient washing, or overloaded columns. Increase proteinase K concentration or digestion time, and ensure wash steps are performed as specified.

Salt or Organic Solvent Contamination

A260/230 ratios below 2.0 indicate contamination with chaotropic salts or ethanol. Ensure wash buffers are completely removed before elution. Air dry columns or bead pellets briefly to allow residual ethanol to evaporate.

DNA Degradation

Degraded DNA appears as a smear on agarose gels instead of a high molecular weight band. Degradation can result from delayed processing, improper storage, or nuclease contamination. Process samples promptly, store blood at appropriate temperatures, and use nuclease free reagents and consumables.

PCR Inhibition

PCR inhibition can occur even when spectrophotometric purity appears acceptable. Inhibitors include hemoglobin, heparin, and other blood components. If inhibition is suspected, dilute the DNA template or use an inhibitor resistant polymerase.

Method Selection for Specific Applications

Different downstream applications impose different requirements on DNA quality and quantity.

PCR and Real-Time PCR

Standard PCR requires nanogram quantities of DNA with minimal inhibitors. All three extraction methods can produce suitable DNA for PCR. The choice depends on cost, throughput, and available equipment.

Sanger Sequencing

Sanger sequencing requires template DNA of adequate purity and quantity. A study evaluating DNA extraction methods from frozen human blood samples for Sanger sequencing analysis assessed functional performance of different extraction approaches. See functional assessment of DNA extraction methods from frozen human blood samples for Sanger sequencing analysis for the bibliographic record.

Next Generation Sequencing

Next generation sequencing requires specific DNA input amounts and fragment size distributions. High molecular weight DNA is preferred for long read sequencing platforms. Magnetic bead methods that minimize mechanical shearing may be preferable for these applications.

DNA Methylation Analysis

Extraction method can affect DNA methylation analysis. A study using the Infinium 450K methylation array found that different extraction methods did not have a significant impact on global DNA methylation patterns. However, methylation differences between organic extraction and automated methods were generally larger than differences between two automated methods. See exploring the influence from whole blood DNA extraction methods on Infinium 450K DNA methylation for the study findings.

Pathogen Detection from Blood

Detection of bacterial or viral DNA in blood requires extraction methods that efficiently recover low concentrations of microbial DNA while removing human DNA and inhibitory components. A study comparing human DNA depletion and bacterial enrichment methods found that performance varied by method and target organism. See comparison of human DNA depletion and bacterial enrichment methods from large blood volumes for the comparison.

Biosafety and Laboratory Practices

Blood samples pose biological hazards and require appropriate handling procedures.

Biosafety Level

Blood and blood products are handled at Biosafety Level 2 in most laboratory settings. The Laboratory Biosafety Manual from the World Health Organization provides guidance on safe handling of potentially infectious materials.

Personal Protective Equipment

Laboratory personnel should wear gloves, laboratory coats, and eye protection when handling blood samples. Gloves should be changed between samples to prevent cross contamination.

Waste Disposal

Blood samples and extraction waste should be disposed of according to institutional and regulatory requirements. Contaminated sharps should be placed in puncture resistant containers.

Chemical Safety

Some extraction methods use hazardous chemicals including chaotropic salts, organic solvents, and proteinase K. Material safety data sheets should be available for all reagents. The Laboratory Quality Management System Handbook from the World Health Organization provides guidance on laboratory safety and quality management.

Quality Management Systems

A robust quality management system ensures reliable extraction performance and traceable results.

Standard Operating Procedures

Written standard operating procedures are the foundation of consistent extraction performance. Procedures should specify all reagents, equipment, and steps in sufficient detail that a trained operator can perform the extraction without variation.

Internal Quality Controls

Internal quality controls include extraction blanks to detect contamination, positive controls to confirm method performance, and replicate samples to assess precision. Control results should be recorded and monitored over time.

External Quality Assessment

Participation in external quality assessment programs provides independent verification of extraction and downstream testing performance. Results from these programs can identify systematic issues that internal controls may miss.

Accreditation Standards

Diagnostic laboratories may seek accreditation to international standards such as ISO 15189. The Laboratory Quality Management System Handbook provides guidance on meeting quality management requirements.

Method Validation and Verification

Validation demonstrates that an extraction method performs as intended for its specified use.

Validation Parameters

Validation should assess accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and specificity. For extraction methods, accuracy refers to the recovery of DNA relative to the true amount present. Precision refers to the consistency of results between replicates and between operators.

Verification of Commercial Kits

Commercial kits should be verified in the laboratory before routine use. Verification includes testing the kit with known samples and confirming that yield, purity, and downstream performance meet specifications.

Comparison with Reference Methods

New extraction methods should be compared with established reference methods using matched samples. The comparison should assess yield, purity, and performance in downstream applications.

Documentation of Validation

Validation results should be documented in a validation report that includes the validation protocol, results, and conclusions. The report should be reviewed and approved by laboratory management.

Troubleshooting Guide

Systematic troubleshooting resolves extraction failures and improves method performance.

Low Yield Troubleshooting

Check that the correct blood volume was used and that the sample was properly mixed. Verify that lysis buffers were added in the correct order and that incubation temperatures and times were correct. Confirm that the elution buffer was applied to the center of the column membrane or to the bead pellet.

Purity Problems

Low A260/280 ratios indicate protein contamination. Increase proteinase K concentration or digestion time. Ensure that wash buffers were applied in the correct volume and that centrifugation times were sufficient.

Inconsistent Results Between Batches

Inconsistent results can result from reagent lot variation, equipment calibration drift, or operator differences. Review quality control records to identify when the inconsistency began. Check reagent lot numbers and equipment calibration dates.

Amplification Failures

If extracted DNA fails to amplify, check for PCR inhibitors by testing a dilution series. Verify that the DNA concentration is within the optimal range for the PCR assay. Confirm that the DNA is not degraded by running an agarose gel.

Professional Escalation Criteria

Laboratory personnel should escalate unresolved issues to supervisors or quality managers.

When to Escalate

Escalate when extraction failures persist despite troubleshooting, when quality control results exceed established acceptance criteria, or when method performance changes without an identifiable cause.

Documentation for Escalation

Provide documentation of the problem, troubleshooting steps taken, and results obtained. Include quality control records and any relevant equipment maintenance or reagent lot information.

External Support

If internal troubleshooting does not resolve the issue, contact the kit manufacturer for technical support. Provide detailed information about the protocol used and the problems observed.

Limitations and Interpretation

Understanding the limitations of extraction methods prevents misinterpretation of results.

Yield Variability

DNA yield varies with white blood cell count, which differs between individuals and can be affected by disease states. Low yield does not necessarily indicate poor extraction if the sample had a low white blood cell count.

Purity Ratio Interpretation

Purity ratios provide indirect measures of contamination. A260/280 ratios can be affected by the pH of the measurement buffer and by the presence of RNA. A260/230 ratios are sensitive to residual chaotropic salts and other contaminants.

Method Comparison Limitations

Studies comparing extraction methods often use specific sample types and downstream applications. Results may not generalize to other sample types, storage conditions, or applications. Laboratories should verify method performance under their own conditions.

Cell-Free DNA Considerations

Cell-free DNA extraction requires careful attention to preanalytical factors including blood collection tubes, storage temperature, and time to plasma preparation. The International Society of Liquid Biopsy has established quality control frameworks for clinical integration of liquid biopsy testing.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the best method for extracting DNA from whole blood?

No single method is best for all applications. Salting-out methods offer low cost and high yield, silica columns provide consistent purity, and magnetic bead methods enable automation and high throughput. The choice depends on downstream requirements, sample volume, budget, and available equipment. A comparative study found that a modified salting-out method produced the highest yield while a commercial silica column kit offered the best workflow characteristics. See the comparison of three DNA extraction methods from whole blood samples for details.

How do I assess the quality of extracted DNA?

Quality assessment includes spectrophotometric measurement of A260/280 and A260/230 ratios, fluorometric quantification of double stranded DNA, and integrity assessment by gel electrophoresis or microfluidic analysis. A260/280 ratios between 1.8 and 2.0 indicate acceptable protein purity. A260/230 ratios above 2.0 indicate low salt or organic solvent contamination.

What anticoagulant should I use for blood DNA extraction?

EDTA is the preferred anticoagulant for DNA extraction because it chelates divalent cations required for nuclease activity. Heparin can inhibit PCR and should be avoided for molecular applications. Citrate is acceptable but may require adjustment of lysis buffer volumes.

Can DNA be extracted from stored or frozen blood samples?

Yes, DNA can be extracted from blood stored at minus 20 degrees Celsius for up to 18 years. A study using four commercial kits found that high quality DNA could be recovered from old blood collections, including samples with low blood volumes. See comparison of DNA extraction methods for samples from old blood collections for details.

How does extraction method affect downstream PCR results?

Extraction method affects DNA yield, purity, and the presence of PCR inhibitors. A study comparing extraction methods for dried blood spots found an average 3 fold difference in DNA yield between the highest and lowest yield methods, which affected the ability to detect low levels of viral DNA. See evaluation of DNA extraction methods for the detection of Cytomegalovirus in dried blood spots for details.

What is the difference between extracting DNA from whole blood and from dried blood spots?

Whole blood extraction processes liquid samples and typically yields higher DNA amounts. Dried blood spot extraction requires additional steps to release DNA from the filter paper matrix and yields lower amounts of DNA. Dried blood spots offer advantages for sample storage and transport at ambient temperature.

How can I reduce the cost of DNA extraction in a resource-limited setting?

Salting-out methods use inexpensive reagents and require no specialized equipment. A cost efficient dried blood spot extraction method using sequential buffer treatments produced high quality amplifiable DNA at approximately 10 cents per sample. See cost-effective and scalable DNA extraction method from dried blood spots for details.

When should I use magnetic bead extraction instead of silica columns?

Magnetic bead extraction is preferable for high throughput applications because it is readily automatable in multiwell plate formats. Magnetic bead methods also offer advantages for processing large volumes and for extracting DNA from complex matrices. Silica columns may be more cost effective for low to moderate throughput applications.

Related Diagnostic Guides

• Genomic DNA Extraction from Blood: Protocols and Quality Assessment
• DNA Extraction from FFPE Tissues: Protocols and Quality Considerations
• DNA Extraction from Plant Tissues: CTAB and Kit-Based Methods
• DNA Shearing for NGS Library Preparation: Methods and Quality Control
• DNA Extraction from Water Samples: Methods for Environmental DNA

References and Further Reading

• Laboratory Quality Management System Handbook. World Health Organization.
• Laboratory Biosafety Manual. World Health Organization.
• Assay Guidance Manual. National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences.
• Bioanalytical Method Validation Guidance. U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
• NCBI Literature Resources. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
• Presence of fetal DNA in maternal plasma and serum.. Lancet (London, England), 1997.
• [Research advances on DNA extraction methods from peripheral blood mononuclear cells].. Zhongguo shi yan xue ye xue za zhi, 2014.
• Comparison of DNA extraction methods for samples from old blood collections.. BioTechniques, 2021.
• Extracting DNA from Preserved Mosquito Blood Meals.. Cold Spring Harbor protocols, 2024.
• Insight into Increased Recovery and Simplification of Genomic DNA Extraction Methods from Dried Blood Spots.. Biopreservation and biobanking, 2024.
• Evaluation of DNA extraction methods for the detection of Cytomegalovirus in dried blood spots.. Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology, 2015.
• Cost-effective and scalable DNA extraction method from dried blood spots.. Clinical chemistry, 2013.
• Exploring the influence from whole blood DNA extraction methods on Infinium 450K DNA methylation.. PloS one, 2018.
• Comparison of human DNA depletion and bacterial enrichment methods from large blood volumes to improve bloodstream infection diagnosis.. 2026.
• Improved DNA Extraction for Dairy and Blood Products: A Comparative Evaluation of Yield, Purity, and PCR Compatibility.. 2026.
• DNA Recovery Using Different Extraction Kits and Cotton Swabs in Forensic DNA Analysis.. 2026.
• Comparison of three DNA extraction methods from whole blood samples for use in resource-limited settings.. 2026.
• Preliminary Comparison of a Modified cfDNA Extraction Protocol for Y-Chromosome Marker Detection in Maternal Plasma. 2026.
• Comparative Evaluation of Rapid Nucleic Acids Extraction Methods for Biosensor-Based Point-of-Care Solutions.. 2026.
• Development of optimized DNA extraction protocols for the quantification of Eimeria spp. from chicken feces using real-time PCR.. 2026.
• Interlaboratory evaluation of quality control methods for circulating cell-free DNA extraction.. New Biotechnology, 2023.
• Role of the International Society of Liquid Biopsy (ISLB) in establishing quality control frameworks for clinical integration.. Critical reviews in oncology/hematology, 2025.
• Circulating tumoral DNA: Preanalytical validation and quality control in a diagnostic laboratory.. Analytical Biochemistry, 2018.
• Functional assessment of DNA extraction methods from frozen human blood samples for Sanger sequencing analysis. Cellular and Molecular Biology, 2023.
• Evaluation of MolYsis™ Complete5 DNA extraction method for detecting Staphylococcus aureus DNA from whole blood in a sepsis model using PCR/pyrosequencing. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 2014.
• Comparison evaluation of bacterial DNA extraction methods for improved molecular diagnostic accuracy of sepsis-causing pathogens in clinical whole blood samples. Scientific Reports, 2025.

This article is educational and does not replace validated laboratory procedures, institutional biosafety review, manufacturer instructions, or professional interpretation.