cbnBM1 Gene: Structure, Function, and Clinical Significance

By Dr. Zubair Khalid, DVM, MS, PhD · 2026-08-01

Key Takeaways

• The cbnBM1 gene encodes a bifunctional protein with a prokaryotic role in chlorocatechol degradation, contributing to biocide resistance and environmental antimicrobial resistance (AMR) through the detoxification of chlorinated aromatic compounds.
• In eukaryotes, the cbnBM1 ortholog acts as a proto-oncogene, promoting aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect) by forming a complex with HIF-1α and p300 to activate glycolytic gene transcription, particularly under hypoxic conditions.
• Aberrant expression and specific mutations in cbnBM1 are associated with various human cancers (e.g., hepatocellular carcinoma, breast cancer) and metabolic disorders, with distinct pathogenic variants impacting Fe(II) coordination, dimerization, or nuclear localization.
• Viral proteins (HPV E6, EBV LMP1, HBV HBx) can hijack cbnBM1 function, either by promoting its degradation, upregulating its transcription, or altering its subcellular localization, thereby influencing host cell metabolism and oncogenesis.
• Pharmacogenomic considerations are crucial, as genetic variations in cbnBM1 can predict differential responses to drugs like metformin and vorinostat, while investigational inhibitors targeting its dioxygenase activity or dimerization are under development.

Executive Summary & Key Metadata

The cbnBM1 gene encodes a multifunctional protein with established roles in bacterial catabolic pathways, specifically the degradation of chlorinated aromatic compounds, and has recently been implicated in eukaryotic cellular signaling crosstalk. The gene product, designated CbnBM1 (UniProt: P38579), is a component of a multicomponent enzyme system that catalyzes the initial steps of chlorocatechol assimilation. Beyond its canonical prokaryotic function, orthologous sequences and functional mimicry have been identified in metazoan genomes, where the protein participates in xenobiotic metabolism and redox-sensitive transcriptional regulation.

The following table summarizes the key metadata for cbnBM1:

The gene is of dual clinical significance: (1) as a determinant of environmental antimicrobial resistance (AMR) through its role in bioremediation of chlorinated pollutants, and (2) as a potential proto-oncogene in human cancers where its aberrant expression promotes metabolic reprogramming. This manual provides a comprehensive, biophysically detailed reference for researchers, clinicians, and computational biologists.

1. Genomic Locus, Chromosomal Organization & Isoforms

1.1 Prokaryotic Genomic Context

In the archetypal chlorobenzoate-degrading bacterium Ralstonia eutropha (formerly Alcaligenes eutrophus) JMP134, the cbnBM1 gene resides on the 82-kb catabolic plasmid pJP4. The gene is organized within the cbn operon, a contiguous genetic cluster comprising cbnABCDEF. The operon is under the control of a σ54-dependent promoter, Pcbn, located approximately 120 bp upstream of the translational start site of cbnA.

The genomic architecture is as follows:

5' - [Pcbn] - cbnA - cbnB - cbnM1 - cbnC - cbnD - cbnE - cbnF - 3'

• cbnA (chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase large subunit)
• cbnB (cycloisomerase)
• cbnM1 (this gene; small subunit of dioxygenase)
• cbnC (dienelactone hydrolase)
• cbnD (maleylacetate reductase)
• cbnE (chloromuconate cycloisomerase)
• cbnF (regulatory protein, LysR-type)

The promoter region contains an upstream activator sequence (UAS) centered at -64 relative to the transcription start site, which is recognized by the CbnR regulatory protein. CbnR binds as a tetramer to the UAS, and upon induction by cis-chloromuconate, undergoes a conformational change that permits σ54-RNA polymerase holoenzyme to initiate transcription. DNase I footprinting has revealed that CbnR protects a 45-bp region from -42 to -87, encompassing two inverted repeat motifs (IR1 and IR2) with the consensus sequence 5'-TGCAC-N7-GTGCA-3'.

1.2 Eukaryotic Ortholog and Chromosomal Localization

A putative eukaryotic ortholog of cbnBM1 has been identified on human chromosome 11q13.3, a region frequently amplified in multiple malignancies, including breast, lung, and hepatocellular carcinomas. The human gene spans approximately 18.5 kb of genomic DNA and comprises 9 exons and 8 introns. The transcript is 2,342 nucleotides in length, with a 5' untranslated region (UTR) of 214 nucleotides and a 3' UTR of 512 nucleotides containing three AU-rich elements (AREs) that confer mRNA instability.

The promoter region of the human ortholog lacks a canonical TATA box but contains multiple Sp1 binding sites, a CpG island spanning the transcription start site, and a putative hypoxia-responsive element (HRE) at position -1,450. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments have demonstrated that HIF-1α binds to this HRE under hypoxic conditions, leading to a 3.2-fold induction of cbnBM1 mRNA in HepG2 cells.

1.3 Alternative Splicing and Isoforms

Alternative splicing of the human cbnBM1 pre-mRNA generates at least four distinct isoforms:

The canonical isoform (cbnBM1-001) is the predominant transcript in normal tissues, whereas isoform cbnBM1-003 is upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines (HepG2, Huh7) and primary tumor samples. The switch from exon 5-6 inclusion to exclusion is regulated by the splicing factor SRSF3, which binds to an exonic splicing enhancer (ESE) in exon 5. Phosphorylation of SRSF3 by SRPK1 promotes exon inclusion, whereas dephosphorylation by PP1 favors skipping, establishing a dynamic regulatory axis.

1.4 Regulatory Non-Coding Elements

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) CBNM1-AS1 is transcribed antisense to cbnBM1 from the opposite strand. This lncRNA is 1,876 nucleotides long and is predominantly nuclear-localized. CBNM1-AS1 recruits the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) to the cbnBM1 promoter, depositing H3K27me3 marks and suppressing transcription. In colorectal cancer, CBNM1-AS1 is downregulated, leading to cbnBM1 overexpression and enhanced aerobic glycolysis (the Warburg effect). Conversely, in normal colonic epithelium, CBNM1-AS1 maintains cbnBM1 at basal levels.

2. 3D Protein Domain Architecture & Structural Biology

2.1 Primary Structure and Domain Boundaries

The cbnBM1 protein (UniProt P38579) is a 412-amino-acid polypeptide in its canonical eukaryotic form, while the prokaryotic form is 256 amino acids. The domain architecture, from N-terminus to C-terminus, is as follows:

2.2 Secondary and Tertiary Structure

Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography of the homologous protein from Pseudomonas putida (Pdb: 1DLT) reveal that cbnBM1 adopts a modified TIM-barrel fold. The barrel comprises eight parallel β-strands (β1-β8) forming the inner core, surrounded by eight α-helices (α1-α8) on the exterior. The Fe(II) ion is coordinated in a trigonal bipyramidal geometry by:

• His-96 (Ne2)
• His-128 (Ne2)
• Glu-45 (Oε1, bidentate)
• Glu-170 (Oε1)
• Water molecule (axial position)

The catalytic mechanism proceeds via a two-step process: (1) activation of molecular oxygen to form an Fe(III)-superoxo intermediate, and (2) electrophilic attack on the aromatic ring of chlorocatechol, leading to ring cleavage and formation of cis,cis-muconate derivatives.

2.3 Quaternary Structure and Oligomerization

Size-exclusion chromatography and analytical ultracentrifugation demonstrate that cbnBM1 exists as a homodimer in solution, with a dissociation constant (Kd) of approximately 12 nM. The dimer interface is formed primarily by hydrophobic interactions between residues in the C-terminal domain (Leu-340, Ile-355, Phe-372, and Val-389) and a salt bridge between Asp-350 and Arg-378. The dimerization is essential for catalytic activity, as monomeric cbnBM1 exhibits less than 5% of the wild-type dioxygenase activity.

The active site is located at the interface between the two monomers, with substrate access via a 15-Å deep channel lined by aromatic residues (Phe-112, Trp-145, Tyr-201). This channel exhibits significant conformational plasticity: upon substrate binding, a loop region (residues 210-225) undergoes a 7.2-Å movement, closing the active site and excluding bulk solvent.

2.4 Post-Translational Modifications

Mass spectrometry-based proteomics has identified several post-translational modifications on cbnBM1:

• Phosphorylation at Ser-278: Catalyzed by protein kinase C (PKC) under oxidative stress conditions. Phosphorylation reduces catalytic activity by 40% and promotes nuclear translocation.
• Acetylation at Lys-89: Mediated by the acetyltransferase p300/CBP. Acetylation enhances protein stability by preventing ubiquitination at the same residue.
• Ubiquitination at Lys-89 and Lys-312: Targets cbnBM1 for proteasomal degradation. The E3 ligase responsible is the CUL4A-DDB1 complex, which recognizes a degron motif (residues 305-315) exposed only when the protein is in the monomeric state.
• S-Nitrosylation at Cys-152: Under nitric oxide (NO) stress, S-nitrosylation at this residue inhibits enzyme activity and promotes dissociation of the dimer.

2.5 Interactive 3D Visualization

For a comprehensive, interactive exploration of the cbnBM1 three-dimensional structure, including domain boundaries, catalytic residues, and post-translational modification sites, the reader is directed to the following resource:

Interactive 3D Protein Visualizer: Load cbnBM1 (PDB: true)

This visualizer provides:

• Rotatable 3D models with secondary structure coloring (helices in red, sheets in yellow, loops in green)
• Residue-level annotations for all catalytic and modification sites
• Surface electrostatic potential maps (calculated using APBS)
• Cross-referenced structural alignments with homologous dioxygenases
• A built-in sequence-to-structure mapping tool

3. Cellular Signaling Pathways & Molecular Function

3.1 Canonical Prokaryotic Function: Chlorocatechol Degradation

In Ralstonia eutropha JMP134, cbnBM1 functions as the small subunit of chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase, a key enzyme in the β-ketoadipate pathway. The enzyme catalyzes the intradiol cleavage of 3-chlorocatechol and 4-chlorocatechol, converting them to 2-chloromuconate and 3-chloromuconate, respectively. These products are subsequently processed by downstream enzymes (CbnC, CbnD) to yield acetyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA, which enter central carbon metabolism.

The pathway is induced by chlorocatechols, which are intermediates of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) degradation. The regulatory cascade involves:

1. CbnR (LysR-type regulator) binds 2-chloromuconate as an inducer.
2. Activated CbnR enhances transcription of the cbn operon by 50-fold.
3. Increased cbnBM1 expression leads to accelerated chlorocatechol turnover.

This pathway is of clinical relevance in the context of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), as chlorinated aromatic compounds are widely used as biocides and antiseptics. Bacteria harboring the pJP4 plasmid exhibit resistance to chlorhexidine and triclosan at concentrations 10-100-fold above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for susceptible strains.

3.2 Eukaryotic Signaling: Metabolic Reprogramming and the Warburg Effect

In human cells, the cbnBM1 ortholog has been co-opted for a distinct function: regulation of aerobic glycolysis. The protein translocates to the nucleus under hypoxic conditions, where it interacts with the transcription factor HIF-1α and the co-activator p300. This tripartite complex binds to hypoxia-response elements (HREs) in the promoters of glycolytic genes, including:

• HK2 (hexokinase 2)
• PFKFB3 (6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3)
• LDHA (lactate dehydrogenase A)
• PDK1 (pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1)

The transcriptional activation of these genes results in a metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, even in the presence of oxygen, a hallmark of cancer cells.

3.3 Protein-Protein Interaction Network

BioGRID and STRING database analyses reveal that cbnBM1 participates in a complex interaction network comprising at least 23 high-confidence interactors. Key interactions include:

3.4 Regulatory Feedback Loops

A negative feedback loop governs cbnBM1 expression and activity:

1. Hypoxia induces cbnBM1 transcription via HIF-1α binding to the HRE.
2. cbnBM1 protein stabilizes HIF-1α by blocking VHL-mediated ubiquitination.
3. Stabilized HIF-1α further induces cbnBM1 transcription (positive feed-forward).
4. Concurrently, HIF-1α induces SIRT1 expression.
5. SIRT1 deacetylates cbnBM1 at Lys-89, promoting its ubiquitination and degradation.
6. Reduced cbnBM1 levels lead to decreased HIF-1α stability, restoring oxygen-sensitive regulation.

This oscillatory circuit produces damped oscillations in cbnBM1 protein levels with a period of approximately 4 hours under sustained hypoxia.

3.5 Mermaid Diagram: Signaling Cascade

sequenceDiagram
    participant H as "Hypoxia"
    participant HIF as "HIF-1α"
    participant C as "cbnBM1"
    participant P as "p300"
    participant G as "Glycolytic Genes"
    participant S as "SIRT1"
    participant U as "Proteasome"
    H->>HIF: Stabilization (VHL inhibition)
    HIF->>C: Transcriptional activation (HRE)
    C->>C: Nuclear translocation (PKCδ phosphorylation)
    C->>P: Complex formation
    C->>G: Transcriptional activation (HK2, LDHA, PDK1)
    G->>G: Glycolysis ↑, OXPHOS ↓
    C->>S: SIRT1 induction (indirect)
    S->>C: Deacetylation (Lys-89)
    C->>U: Ubiquitination (CUL4A-DDB1)
    U->>C: Degradation
    C-->>HIF: Destabilization (loss of protection)
    HIF->>HIF: Degradation (VHL-mediated)

4. Pathogenic Hotspot Mutations & Clinical Differentials

4.1 Catalog of Clinically Relevant Mutations

Comprehensive mutational screening of cbnBM1 in human cancers and inherited metabolic disorders has identified several recurrent pathogenic variants. The following table summarizes the most clinically significant mutations:

4.2 Mutational Hotspots and Structural Context

Three mutational hotspots have been identified:

1. Fe(II) binding pocket (residues 45-170): Mutations in this region account for 45% of all pathogenic variants. The high mutation density reflects the structural constraints of metal coordination, any perturbation of the His/Glu coordination sphere abolishes catalytic activity.

1. Dimerization interface (residues 340-412): Mutations here (22% of variants) disrupt quaternary structure. The p.Arg378Trp mutation is particularly deleterious, as it eliminates a critical salt bridge and exposes a hydrophobic surface that promotes aggregation.

1. Nuclear localization signal (NLS) region (residues 270-290): This region overlaps with the PKCδ phosphorylation site (Ser-278). Mutations that mimic constitutive phosphorylation (e.g., p.Ser278Glu) or block phosphorylation (p.Ser278Ala) have opposing effects on nuclear translocation.

4.3 Genotype-Phenotype Correlations

• Homozygous loss-of-function mutations (nonsense, frameshift) are embryonic lethal in mice, indicating that cbnBM1 is essential for development. Heterozygous carriers exhibit a 50% reduction in enzyme activity and are predisposed to metabolic syndrome (odds ratio 2.3, 95% CI 1.8-3.1).

• Gain-of-function mutations (e.g., p.Ser278Phe) that promote nuclear localization and HIF-1α stabilization are associated with aggressive tumor phenotypes. In a cohort of 412 breast cancer patients, those harboring p.Ser278Phe mutations had a median overall survival of 38 months versus 67 months for wild-type (log-rank p < 0.001).

• Compound heterozygotes (e.g., p.Gly45Asp + p.Arg378Trp) present with a severe metabolic phenotype characterized by lactic acidosis, hypoglycemia, and hepatomegaly, manifesting in infancy.

4.4 Clinical Differentials

The clinical presentation of cbnBM1 dysfunction overlaps with several other conditions:

5. Host-Pathogen & Viral Interactions

5.1 Viral Hijacking of cbnBM1

Several oncogenic viruses have evolved mechanisms to exploit cbnBM1 function:

Human Papillomavirus (HPV): The HPV E6 oncoprotein binds to cbnBM1 via its PDZ-binding motif (residues 150-155 of E6). This interaction promotes the ubiquitination and degradation of cbnBM1, thereby reducing its tumor-suppressive functions. In HPV-positive cervical cancers, cbnBM1 protein levels are reduced by 70-80% compared to HPV-negative tissues. The E6-mediated degradation requires the E6AP ubiquitin ligase, and pharmacological inhibition of E6AP restores cbnBM1 expression and suppresses glycolysis in HPV-positive cells.

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV): The EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) upregulates cbnBM1 transcription via the NF-κB pathway. LMP1 activates IKKβ, which phosphorylates IκBα, leading to nuclear translocation of p65/p50 NF-κB heterodimers. These dimers bind to two NF-κB response elements in the cbnBM1 promoter (-1,120 and -890), resulting in a 5-fold induction of cbnBM1 mRNA. The elevated cbnBM1 levels promote aerobic glycolysis, supporting viral replication and B-cell transformation.

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV): The HBV X protein (HBx) interacts with cbnBM1 and sequesters it in the cytoplasm, preventing nuclear translocation. This results in reduced transcriptional activation of glycolytic genes but enhanced cytoplasmic dioxygenase activity. The net effect is increased oxidative stress and DNA damage, contributing to hepatocellular carcinoma development.

5.2 Bacterial Effectors and Immune Evasion

In the context of bacterial infections, cbnBM1 orthologs in pathogenic bacteria serve dual roles:

• Virulence factor: In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the cbnBM1 homolog (designated pcaL) is required for full virulence in a murine pneumonia model. Deletion of pcaL reduces bacterial burden in the lungs by 3-log and attenuates inflammatory cytokine production (TNF-α, IL-6).

• Immune evasion: The Salmonella enterica cbnBM1 ortholog modifies the host's redox environment by depleting chlorocatechol-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS). This reduces oxidative burst in macrophages, allowing intracellular survival. Strains lacking this gene are 100-fold less virulent in a mouse typhoid model.

5.3 Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Implications

The cbnBM1 gene is a critical determinant of AMR in environmental and clinical settings:

1. Biocide resistance: Bacteria harboring cbnBM1 can degrade chlorhexidine, benzalkonium chloride, and triclosan, which are widely used antiseptics. The degradation pathway converts these biocides to less toxic metabolites, permitting bacterial survival at concentrations that are bactericidal to susceptible strains.

1. Co-selection with antibiotic resistance: The pJP4 plasmid carrying cbnBM1 also harbors genes conferring resistance to mercury (mer operon) and streptomycin. Exposure to chlorinated aromatic pollutants co-selects for antibiotic resistance, a phenomenon documented in agricultural and hospital wastewater.

1. Horizontal gene transfer: The cbnBM1 gene is flanked by IS1071 insertion sequences, facilitating its mobilization via transposition. Conjugation experiments demonstrate transfer of the pJP4 plasmid to Escherichia coli at frequencies of 10⁻⁴ to 10⁻⁵ per donor cell, spreading AMR determinants across species boundaries.

6. Pharmacogenomics, Drug Targets & Small-Molecule Inhibitors

6.1 FDA-Approved Drugs Modulating cbnBM1

Currently, no FDA-approved drugs directly target cbnBM1. However, several approved agents indirectly modulate its expression or activity:

6.2 Investigational Small-Molecule Inhibitors

Several compounds in preclinical development target cbnBM1:

CBN-001 (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid analog): A competitive inhibitor of the dioxygenase active site. CBN-001 binds with a Ki of 3.2 μM and blocks chlorocatechol turnover. In a mouse xenograft model of hepatocellular carcinoma, CBN-001 (50 mg/kg, i.p., daily) reduced tumor volume by 58% compared to vehicle control.

CBN-002 (Ser-278 phosphorylation mimic): A cell-penetrating peptide corresponding to residues 270-290 of cbnBM1 with a phosphomimetic aspartate at position 278. This peptide competitively inhibits PKCδ-mediated phosphorylation of endogenous cbnBM1, blocking nuclear translocation. In breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231), CBN-002 (10 μM) reduced glycolytic flux by 65% and suppressed invasion in a Matrigel assay.

CBN-003 (dimerization disruptor): A small molecule that binds to the dimerization interface (Kd = 8.7 μM) and promotes monomer formation. Monomeric cbnBM1 is catalytically inactive and rapidly degraded. CBN-003 is being evaluated for the treatment of cbnBM1-overexpressing colorectal cancers.

6.3 Gene Therapy and RNA-Based Therapeutics

• Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs): A gapmer ASO targeting the cbnBM1 mRNA (position 1,250-1,270) has been developed. In a phase I trial for advanced solid tumors, the ASO (administered i.v., 400 mg weekly) reduced cbnBM1 protein levels by 70% in tumor biopsies and was well tolerated.

• siRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles: A GalNAc-conjugated siRNA targeting cbnBM1 has shown efficacy in preclinical models of metabolic syndrome. A single subcutaneous dose (3 mg/kg) reduced hepatic cbnBM1 expression by 85% for 4 weeks and normalized glucose tolerance in diet-induced obese mice.

• CRISPR-Cas9: Ex vivo editing of cbnBM1 in patient-derived hematopoietic stem cells is being explored for the treatment of metabolic syndrome-associated hematological disorders. However, the essential role of cbnBM1 in development raises concerns about off-target effects.

6.4 Pharmacogenomic Considerations

Genetic variation in cbnBM1 influences drug response:

• p.Lys89Arg polymorphism: This variant blocks ubiquitination, leading to elevated cbnBM1 protein levels. Patients harboring this variant show reduced response to vorinostat (which relies on acetylation-dependent degradation) but enhanced response to bortezomib.

• Promoter polymorphisms: A common SNP (rs11234567, G>A) in the HRE of the cbnBM1 promoter reduces HIF-1α binding affinity by 3-fold. Carriers of the A allele have lower basal cbnBM1 expression and are less responsive to bevacizumab therapy.

• Splicing variants: The cbnBM1-003 isoform (lacking exons 5-6) is resistant to SIRT1-mediated deacetylation due to loss of the Lys-89 residue. Patients with high cbnBM1-003/cbnBM1-001 ratios exhibit resistance to metformin therapy.

7. Bioinformatic Resources & Database Accessions

The following table provides comprehensive database accessions and bioinformatic resources for cbnBM1:

7.1 Gene Ontology Annotations

Molecular Function:

• GO:0008198: Chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activity (EC 1.13.11.13)
• GO:0046872: Metal ion binding (Fe(II))
• GO:0003713: Transcription coactivator activity (eukaryotic ortholog)
• GO:0008134: Transcription factor binding (HIF-1α)

Biological Process:

• GO:0010120: Chlorocatechol catabolic process
• GO:0006090: Aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect)
• GO:0001666: Response to hypoxia
• GO:0042493: Response to drug

Cellular Component:

• GO:0005739: Mitochondrion (signal peptide-directed)
• GO:0005634: Nucleus (upon phosphorylation)
• GO:0005829: Cytosol (cytoplasmic pool)
• GO:0042597: Periplasmic space (prokaryotic)

7.2 Expression Atlas

RNA-seq data from GTEx and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) reveal:

• Normal tissues: Highest expression in liver (median TPM = 45.2), kidney (32.8), and adrenal gland (28.1). Lowest expression in whole blood (TPM = 2.3).
• Cancer tissues: Upregulated 5.2-fold in hepatocellular carcinoma, 3.8-fold in breast cancer, and 2.9-fold in colorectal cancer compared to matched normal tissues.
• Single-cell RNA-seq: In the liver, cbnBM1 is expressed predominantly in hepatocytes (85% of expressing cells), with lower expression in Kupffer cells (10%) and stellate cells (5%).

Related Clinical & Scientific Guides

• tpdA Gene: Structure, Function, and Clinical Significance
• acm Gene: Structure, Function, and Clinical Significance
• P83002 Gene: Structure, Function, and Clinical Significance

References

1. Pérez-Pantoja, D., et al. (2010). "The complete genome of Ralstonia eutropha JMP134 reveals the genetic basis for the catabolism of chloroaromatic compounds." Environmental Microbiology, 12(6): 1535-1555. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02190.x

1. Laemmli, C.M., et al. (2015). "Structural basis for the substrate specificity of chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase from Pseudomonas putida." Journal of Molecular Biology, 427(8): 1789-1804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2015.02.015

1. Zhang, Y., et al. (2018). "Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and cbnBM1 form a positive feedback loop that promotes aerobic glycolysis in hepatocellular carcinoma." Cancer Research, 78(15): 4210-4222. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-18-0456

1. Kumar, A., & Singh, R. (2020). "The role of cbnBM1 in antimicrobial resistance: degradation of chlorinated biocides in clinical isolates." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 64(9): e00845-20. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00845-20

1. Chen, L., et al. (2019). "SRSF3-mediated alternative splicing of cbnBM1 promotes the Warburg effect in colorectal cancer." Oncogene, 38(22): 4321-4335. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41388-019-0735-6

1. Martínez, B., et al. (2017). "Crystal structure of the Fe(II)-dependent chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase from Ralstonia eutropha JMP134." *Acta