Swine Production Record Keeping: Essential Metrics and Software Solutions

Record keeping in swine production is the systematic capture, storage, and analysis of data about breeding, farrowing, weaning, growth, health, and feed use on a pig farm. For farmers, farm employees, veterinarians, advisers, and students, these records transform daily observations into measurable indicators such as pigs per sow per year, which support decisions about culling, feeding, health interventions, and marketing. This article explains the essential records to maintain, how to calculate key performance indicators, the tradeoffs between manual and software systems, and how to build a practical record template for your operation.

Why Production Records Matter in Swine Operations

Limited record keeping prevents farmers from assessing the productivity and profitability of their pig enterprises. In a participatory study of smallholder pig production in San Simon, Pampanga, Philippines, researchers identified that farmers who kept few records could not evaluate how their herds performed or where losses occurred. The same study prioritized record keeping as a joint action for improving smallholder competitiveness, alongside water supply, nutrition, and piglet management training. This finding reflects a broader pattern: without records, you cannot know which sows are profitable, which feed programs work, or when disease patterns emerge. See the study details at Combining conventional and participatory approaches to identify and prioritise management and health-related constraints to smallholder pig production.

Records also support herd health management, which is a continuous, cyclic process of planning, implementing, and evaluating decisions to promote normal biological function and absence of disease in the animals on a given farm. Herd health management includes decisions at strategic, tactical, and operational levels, and the tactical steps involve evaluating the current situation, defining goals, identifying risks, planning new practices, and monitoring indicators of success. See the definition and framework at What is herd health management? A narrative review. Production records are the monitoring layer that makes this cycle possible.

In addition, official assurance systems for animal health depend on record keeping as one of their core principles. South Africa's compartmentalisation approach for the pig sector, developed to protect domestic pigs from African swine fever endemic in wildlife, uses five principles: segregation, biosecurity, record keeping, surveillance, and official inspection. Farmers bear the costs of these systems but gain disease protection and trade advantages from documented health assurances. See Compartmentalisation: an example of a national official assurance system. This example shows that records are also a management tool but also a requirement for participating in certain markets and disease control programs.

At a Glance: Core Records and Their Uses

The table below summarizes the main record categories, the data they capture, and the management decisions they support.

Breeding Records: The Foundation of Sow Productivity

Breeding records track every service or insemination event for each sow and gilt. The minimum data set includes the animal identification, the service date, the boar or semen source, the parity at service, and the expected farrowing date. For farms using artificial insemination, the semen batch number and the insemination technician should also be recorded so that fertility problems can be traced to a specific source.

Sow productivity depends heavily on gilt management, which starts at birth. Litter of origin, lactation management, and early selection are early indicators of future performance and efficiency. Failure to select gilts with the greatest reproductive potential and inappropriate management of their physiological state and metabolic condition at service are key risk factors for poor sow lifetime productivity. See Gilt Management for Fertility and Longevity. Breeding records for gilts should therefore include birth litter data, growth rate, age at first service, and weight at first service.

Group housing of sows has been compulsory within the European Union since January 2013 for holdings with more than ten sows, with sows and gilts kept in groups from four weeks after service to one week before expected farrowing. Field observations in Sweden suggest that efficient batch-wise breeding can be achieved without pharmacological interventions when basic reproductive physiology is understood. However, group housing during lactation has some production disadvantages, and somewhat lower productivity would likely have to be expected. See A 25 years experience of group-housed sows-reproduction in animal welfare-friendly systems. Breeding records help you detect whether your housing system is affecting conception rates or litter sizes.

Farrowing Records: Measuring Litter Performance

Farrowing records capture the outcome of each pregnancy. For every farrowing event, record the sow identification, farrowing date, total number of piglets born, number born alive, number stillborn, number of mummies, and individual birth weights if practical. These data allow you to calculate stillbirth rates, identify sows with consistently small litters, and detect changes in litter size over time.

Litter size at birth and at weaning are the raw materials for calculating pigs per sow per year, which is the most widely used measure of breeding herd productivity. To calculate this metric, divide the total number of pigs weaned in a year by the average number of sows in the herd during that year. For example, if a 100 sow herd weans 2,400 pigs in a year, the pigs per sow per year is 24. This single number summarizes the combined effects of farrowing rate, litter size, and pre-weaning survival.

Farrowing records also support decisions about nurse sows in hyper prolific herds. Farm managers selecting nurse sows to manage surplus piglets consider several attributes, including the sow's current litter health, body condition score, current litter size, behavior, teat number, lactation stage, and parity. Research with 51 farm managers found that current litter health was the most important attribute, while parity was the least important. See Investigating attributes for selecting nurse sows in swine herds of Minnesota, USA. Your farrowing records should be detailed enough to support nurse sow selection when surplus piglets occur.

Weaning Records: Tracking Lactation Success

Weaning records document the end of the lactation period for each litter. Record the weaning date, the number of piglets weaned, the weaning weight or average weaning weight, and the lactation length. Pre-weaning mortality is calculated by comparing the number born alive with the number weaned, and this figure is a direct indicator of piglet care quality during lactation.

Weaning age is a management decision that affects both sow and piglet performance. Shorter lactations allow more litters per sow per year but may reduce piglet maturity at weaning. Longer lactations improve piglet weight but reduce the number of litters each sow can produce annually. Your weaning records should allow you to compare outcomes across different weaning ages so you can find the balance that works for your facilities and market.

The weaning record also marks the start of the next reproductive cycle for the sow. The interval from weaning to first service is a key indicator of sow health and condition. Sows that take longer to return to estrus after weaning may have inadequate body condition, poor lactation nutrition, or underlying health problems. Tracking this interval across your herd helps you identify sows that need extra attention before breeding.

Growth and Feed Records: Calculating Efficiency

Growth records track body weight and gain through the nursery, grower, and finisher phases. The essential measurements are starting weight, ending weight, and the days between those measurements. From these, you can calculate average daily gain, which is the weight gained per day, and feed conversion ratio, which is the feed consumed divided by the weight gained.

Feed records should capture the amount and type of feed delivered to each group of pigs, the cost of that feed, and the dates of feed deliveries. When combined with growth data, feed records allow you to calculate feed cost per kilogram of gain, which is often the largest variable cost in swine production. Feed conversion ratio is influenced by genetics, diet formulation, health status, and environmental conditions, so changes in this metric should prompt investigation into all of these areas.

Serum biochemical parameters have been studied as early indicators of growth performance in pigs. In a study of 274 Large White pigs, serum creatinine was negatively correlated with residual feed intake, average daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and backfat thickness, while lactate dehydrogenase was negatively correlated with feed conversion ratio and residual feed intake. See Association of serum biochemical parameters with growth performance and gut microbiota in large white pigs. While routine blood testing is not practical on most farms, this research points to the value of tracking performance indicators that can flag efficiency problems before they become visible in feed bills.

Health and Treatment Records: Supporting Herd Health Decisions

Health records document disease events, treatments, and outcomes for individual pigs and groups. For each treatment, record the animal or group identification, the date, the clinical signs observed, the diagnosis if known, the product used, the dose, and the withdrawal period. This information supports antimicrobial stewardship, which is a growing concern in intensive pig systems where high animal density and economic pressures elevate both zoonotic risks and public health concerns. See Farmer-veterinarian interaction as multi-level situated learning.

A study of health-classified fattening herds using all in all out management found that 91% of pigs received no treatments, and only 4% of batches received antimicrobial mass medications. The local veterinarian visited herds on average 2.6 times during the finishing period and made diagnoses in more than half of the cases. Arthritis or tail biting affected at least one pig in more than half of the batches, and locomotory diseases were recorded in one third of batches. The study noted that the diagnosis was missing for at least one pig in 29% of batches and medicine use information was missing in 8% of treatments, and it concluded that farmers and veterinarians should be educated about the importance of proper record keeping. See Diagnoses and treatments in health-classified fattening herds rearing pigs all in all-out. Complete health records are essential for identifying disease patterns and evaluating treatment effectiveness.

Health records also support disease surveillance and early warning. Environmental monitoring systems that track barn temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, relative humidity, and water consumption can be combined with health and production data to predict respiratory disease onset. Changes in environmental conditions have management value as predictors of disease. See Environmental monitoring and disease prediction. Your health records should be detailed enough to reveal temporal patterns in disease incidence that correlate with environmental changes.

Mortality and Culling Records: Identifying Loss Patterns

Mortality records capture every death in the herd, including the date, the animal identification, the production stage, and the probable cause. Culling records document the removal of breeding animals from the herd, including the date, the reason, and the animal's lifetime production history. Together, these records reveal loss patterns that can be addressed through management changes.

A retrospective study of mortality in grow-finish pigs in a multi-site production system examined death patterns across the finishing phase. See A retrospective study of mortality in grow-finish pigs in a multi-site production system. Mortality records allow you to calculate mortality rates by production stage and to compare your rates with benchmarks for your production system. Sudden increases in mortality should trigger immediate investigation into disease, feed, water, or environmental problems.

Culling records are equally important for breeding herd management. Sows are culled for reproductive failure, poor litter performance, lameness, disease, and old age. By tracking cull reasons, you can identify whether your culling policy is removing the right animals at the right time. Sows that are culled too early may not have repaid their development costs, while sows kept too long may have declining litter sizes and higher health risks.

Manual Record Keeping Systems: Paper, Cards, and Boards

Manual record keeping systems use paper forms, record cards, and wall boards to capture production data. These systems are inexpensive to establish, require no electricity or internet connection, and can be used by anyone who can read and write. For small herds and operations in areas with unreliable power or internet, manual systems may be the most practical option.

The most common manual systems include individual sow record cards, which track the breeding and farrowing history of each sow, and batch or group records, which track the performance of groups of pigs through the nursery and finishing phases. Wall boards can display current breeding schedules, farrowing dates, and weaning dates so that all staff can see the day's tasks at a glance.

The main limitation of manual systems is the difficulty of analysis. Calculating pigs per sow per year, average daily gain, or feed conversion ratio by hand is time consuming and prone to arithmetic errors. Manual systems also make it harder to detect trends over time because the data are scattered across many cards and forms. A study of the United States National Animal Health Monitoring System 1995 National Swine Study found that participation in the study was higher among operations that used advanced record keeping systems such as record cards for individual breeding hogs or computer based record keeping systems. See Design and implementation of the United States National Animal Health Monitoring System 1995 National Swine Study. This suggests that farms with more structured records are better positioned to participate in health monitoring and improvement programs.

Software Record Keeping Systems: Spreadsheets and Farm Management Programs

Software systems range from simple spreadsheets to specialized swine farm management programs. Spreadsheets offer flexibility and low cost, and they can be customized to match your specific record needs. However, spreadsheets require manual data entry, are vulnerable to errors, and do not automatically calculate performance indicators unless you build the formulas yourself.

Specialized swine management software automates data entry, calculation, and reporting. These programs typically include modules for breeding, farrowing, weaning, growth, feed, health, and mortality, and they generate the key performance indicators automatically. Many programs also support electronic identification systems, so that data can be captured automatically when animals pass through weigh stations or sorting gates.

Advanced technologies are expanding the possibilities for automated data capture. Electronic automated feeding systems generate data on feeding dynamics that can be used for early warning models. See Research on Early Warning Models for Swine Feeding Dynamic Signatures Based on Electronic Automated Feeding Data. Pig face recognition algorithms have been developed for individual identification across growth stages, with one study reporting a mean average precision of 93.7% using an improved YOLO11 model. See DESA-YOLO: A Growth-Stage Adaptive Pig Face Recognition Algorithm. Non-invasive temperature monitoring using thermal imaging combined with environmental parameters has shown promise for predicting rectal temperature without stressing animals. See A Two-Stage Deep Learning Method for Non-Invasive Sow Body Temperature Prediction. These technologies are not yet standard on most farms, but they indicate the direction of automated record keeping.

The choice between manual and software systems depends on herd size, staff skills, infrastructure, and budget. A small herd with one or two workers may find a well organized manual system sufficient. A large herd with multiple staff and complex breeding schedules will almost certainly benefit from software that automates calculations and reporting. The key is to choose a system that you will actually use consistently, because incomplete records are of limited value regardless of the format.

Building a Practical Record Template

A practical record template should capture the minimum data needed for your key decisions without creating excessive paperwork. The template should be simple enough that staff can complete it accurately during busy periods, and it should be structured so that data can be transferred to analysis tools easily.

For breeding records, create a form with columns for sow identification, service date, boar or semen source, parity, expected farrowing date, and pregnancy check result. For farrowing records, use a form with sow identification, farrowing date, total born, born alive, stillborn, mummies, and birth weights. For weaning records, capture sow identification, weaning date, number weaned, weaning weight, and lactation length.

For growth and feed records, create a group record that tracks the group identification, start date, start weight, end date, end weight, total feed consumed, and feed cost. For health records, use a treatment log with animal or group identification, date, clinical signs, diagnosis, product, dose, and withdrawal date. For mortality records, track date, animal identification, production stage, and probable cause.

The template should include a column for notes or observations that do not fit into the standard categories. These notes often capture important context, such as weather conditions, staff changes, or unusual events, that help explain variations in the numbers.

Calculating Key Performance Indicators

Pigs per sow per year is the primary measure of breeding herd productivity. Calculate it by dividing the total pigs weaned in a year by the average sow inventory during that year. This metric combines farrowing rate, litter size, and pre-weaning survival into a single number that can be compared across time periods and against industry benchmarks.

Farrowing rate is the percentage of mated sows and gilts that farrow. Calculate it by dividing the number of females that farrow by the number of females served, then multiplying by 100. A low farrowing rate indicates problems with conception, pregnancy loss, or service timing.

Litter size born alive is the average number of live piglets per litter. Calculate it by dividing the total number of piglets born alive by the number of litters farrowed. Pre-weaning mortality is the percentage of piglets born alive that die before weaning. Calculate it by dividing the number of deaths before weaning by the number born alive, then multiplying by 100.

Average daily gain is the weight gained per day during a specific period. Calculate it by subtracting the starting weight from the ending weight and dividing by the number of days. Feed conversion ratio is the feed consumed divided by the weight gained. Calculate it by dividing the total feed consumed by the total weight gained for the group.

Mortality rate for a production stage is the percentage of pigs that die during that stage. Calculate it by dividing the number of deaths by the number of pigs at the start of the stage, then multiplying by 100. Culling rate for the breeding herd is the percentage of sows removed from the herd for reasons other than death. Calculate it by dividing the number of sows culled by the average sow inventory, then multiplying by 100.

Using Records for Herd Health Management

Herd health management is a continuous, cyclic process that involves planning, implementing, and evaluating decisions to promote herd health and achieve the producer's goals regarding productivity, animal health, and externalities. See What is herd health management? A narrative review. Your records are the evidence base for each cycle of this process.

The evaluation step begins with reviewing your production data to identify problems and opportunities. Compare your current performance with your historical performance and with benchmarks for your production system. Look for trends over time, such as declining litter size, increasing mortality, or worsening feed conversion. Investigate the causes of these trends using your health, feed, and environmental records.

The planning step involves setting goals and identifying the practices that will achieve those goals. For example, if your pre-weaning mortality is higher than your target, you might plan improvements in farrowing management, piglet warming, or colostrum intake. Your records will help you monitor whether these changes produce the desired results.

The implementation step is where you put the plan into action. This may involve changes to feeding programs, breeding schedules, health protocols, or facility management. The monitoring step uses your records to track progress toward your goals. If the records show that the changes are not working, you can adjust the plan and try again.

Common Failure Patterns in Record Keeping

The most common failure in record keeping is inconsistency. Records that are completed sporadically, or only when problems occur, do not provide the baseline data needed to detect changes. Make record keeping a daily routine that is completed at the same time each day, and assign responsibility to specific staff members.

Another common failure is collecting data that is never analyzed. Records that are filed away without regular review have no value. Schedule a regular time, such as weekly or monthly, to review your production data and calculate your key performance indicators. Use this review to identify problems and plan corrective actions.

Incomplete records are also a significant problem. Missing diagnoses, missing treatment information, and missing weights reduce the value of the data that is collected. A study of finishing herds found that the diagnosis was missing for at least one pig in 29% of batches and medicine use information was missing in 8% of treatments. See Diagnoses and treatments in health-classified fattening herds rearing pigs all in all-out. Train staff to complete all fields on every record, and check records regularly for completeness.

Inaccurate records are another failure pattern. Errors in animal identification, dates, or weights can lead to incorrect conclusions and poor decisions. Use standardized forms and clear definitions for each data field. If possible, use electronic identification and automated data capture to reduce transcription errors.

Limitations of Production Records

Production records have inherent limitations that you should understand when interpreting your data. Records capture what happened, but they do not always explain why it happened. Investigating the causes of production changes requires additional information about nutrition, health, environment, and management.

Records are only as good as the data entered. Incomplete, inaccurate, or inconsistent records will produce misleading indicators. Regular audits of your record keeping system can help identify and correct data quality problems.

Benchmarks from other farms may not apply to your situation. Differences in genetics, facilities, climate, and management mean that your targets should be based on your own historical performance and realistic goals, not on numbers from unrelated operations.

Records also cannot capture everything that matters. Animal welfare, staff morale, and customer relationships are important aspects of farm management that may not appear in production data. Use your records as one source of information, and combine them with direct observation and professional advice.

Welfare and Safety Context for Record Keeping

Record keeping supports animal welfare by helping you identify and address problems that affect pig comfort and health. A welfare assessment protocol for smallholder pig production in low to middle income countries identified five critical indicators that require immediate intervention when they score zero: access to water, access to feed, body condition score, space allowance, and negative social behavior. See Framing a pig welfare assessment protocol suitable for smallholder settings in low-to-middle income countries. Your records should capture data on these indicators so that welfare problems can be detected early.

Worker safety is also relevant to record keeping. Records of treatments and health events help staff know which animals have been handled and what precautions are needed. Records of facility maintenance can help prevent accidents caused by broken equipment or unsafe conditions.

Food safety is supported by treatment records that document withdrawal periods. Accurate records of medication use ensure that pigs are not sent to market before withdrawal periods have elapsed. This protects consumers and maintains market access. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration provides resources on animal veterinary topics, including the safe use of medications in food animals. See Animal and Veterinary Resources.

Biosecurity records support disease prevention. Records of visitor entry, animal movements, and vehicle access help you identify potential disease introduction routes. The World Organisation for Animal Health provides guidance on animal health and welfare, including biosecurity measures. See Animal Health and Welfare. The USDA National Agricultural Library also offers resources on animal health and welfare. See Animal Health and Welfare.

Professional Escalation Criteria

Some situations require professional assistance beyond routine record analysis. Contact your veterinarian if you observe sudden increases in mortality, severe disease outbreaks, or signs of notifiable diseases. African swine fever, for example, can cause devastating losses, and virus may be present even when no outbreaks are reported. A study in western Kenya detected African swine fever virus in pigs delivered for slaughter during a period with no reported outbreaks, suggesting that subclinical, chronically infected, or recovered pigs may contribute to virus persistence. See Evidence for the presence of African swine fever virus in an endemic region of Western Kenya.

Contact your veterinarian if you see patterns in your records that suggest reproductive problems, such as declining farrowing rate, increasing stillbirths, or poor conception rates. Leptospirosis, for example, is characterized in pigs by abortion, stillbirths, and weak piglets, and it can be transmitted to humans through contact with contaminated soil, water, or urine. See Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of leptospirosis in slaughter pigs.

Contact your veterinarian or an extension specialist if you need help interpreting your records or developing a record keeping system. Veterinarians in intensive pig farming are increasingly positioned as strategic partners in herd health management, and their influence depends on trust, embeddedness in local practice, and their role in enabling ongoing learning in complex farm environments. See Farmer-veterinarian interaction as multi-level situated learning. A professional can help you identify the records that matter most for your operation and the indicators that will guide your decisions.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is pigs per sow per year and how do I calculate it?

Pigs per sow per year is the total number of pigs weaned in a year divided by the average number of sows in the herd during that year. For example, if a herd of 100 sows weans 2,400 pigs in a year, the pigs per sow per year is 24. This metric combines farrowing rate, litter size, and pre-weaning survival into one number that summarizes breeding herd productivity.

What records should I keep for each sow?

For each sow, keep a breeding record with service dates, boar or semen source, parity, and pregnancy check results. Keep a farrowing record with farrowing date, total born, born alive, stillborn, mummies, and birth weights. Keep a weaning record with weaning date, number weaned, weaning weight, and lactation length. Also track health treatments, mortality, and culling reasons for each sow.

How often should I review my production records?

Review your production records at least monthly to calculate key performance indicators and identify trends. Some indicators, such as mortality and disease events, should be reviewed weekly or even daily. The review should compare current performance with historical performance and with your goals, and it should lead to specific management actions.

What is the difference between manual and software record keeping?

Manual systems use paper forms, record cards, and wall boards. They are inexpensive and simple but make analysis difficult. Software systems use spreadsheets or specialized swine management programs that automate data entry, calculation, and reporting. Software is more efficient for large herds but requires infrastructure and training. Choose the system you will use consistently.

How do I calculate feed conversion ratio?

Feed conversion ratio is the feed consumed divided by the weight gained. For a group of pigs, divide the total feed consumed by the total weight gained during the same period. For example, if a group of pigs consumes 10,000 kilograms of feed and gains 5,000 kilograms, the feed conversion ratio is 2.0.

What should I do if my records show a sudden increase in mortality?

A sudden increase in mortality requires immediate investigation. Check for signs of disease, feed and water problems, and environmental issues such as temperature extremes or ventilation failure. Contact your veterinarian promptly, especially if the deaths are numerous or if you suspect a notifiable disease such as African swine fever.

How do records support biosecurity?

Records of visitor entry, animal movements, vehicle access, and health events help you identify potential disease introduction routes and monitor the effectiveness of your biosecurity measures. Official assurance systems such as compartmentalisation depend on record keeping as one of their core principles, along with segregation, biosecurity, surveillance, and official inspection.

What are the most important records for a small herd?

For a small herd, focus on breeding records, farrowing records, weaning records, and health treatment records. These four categories capture the data needed to calculate pigs per sow per year, monitor litter performance, and track disease events. Add growth and feed records if you are raising pigs to market weight.

Related Farming Guides

• Camel Farm Record Keeping: Production, Health, and Financial Records
• Alpaca and Llama Farm Record Keeping: Health, Breeding, and Financial Records
• Working Equid Record Keeping: Health, Breeding, and Work Logs
• Cervid Breeding Season Management: Timing, Buck-to-Doe Ratios, and Record Keeping
• Sow Estrus Detection and Breeding Records

References and Further Reading

• FAO Animal Production and Health. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
• Animal Health and Welfare. USDA National Agricultural Library.
• Animal and Veterinary Resources. U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
• Animal Health and Welfare. World Organisation for Animal Health.
• Animal Production and Protection. USDA Agricultural Research Service.
• A 25 years experience of group-housed sows-reproduction in animal welfare-friendly systems.. Acta veterinaria Scandinavica, 2014.
• Prediction of Pig Trade Movements in Different European Production Systems Using Exponential Random Graph Models.. Frontiers in veterinary science, 2017.
• Combining conventional and participatory approaches to identify and prioritise management and health-related constraints to smallholder pig production in San Simon, Pampanga, Philippines.. Preventive veterinary medicine, 2020.
• Compartmentalisation: an example of a national official assurance system.. Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics), 2020.
• Design and implementation of the United States National Animal Health Monitoring System 1995 National Swine Study.. Preventive veterinary medicine, 1998.
• Evidence for the presence of African swine fever virus in an endemic region of Western Kenya in the absence of any reported outbreak.. BMC veterinary research, 2016.
• Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of leptospirosis in slaughter pigs, a neglected public health risk, western Kenya.. BMC veterinary research, 2019.
• Diagnoses and treatments in health-classified fattening herds rearing pigs all in-all out.. Acta veterinaria Scandinavica, 2001.
• Framing a pig welfare assessment protocol suitable for smallholder settings in low-to-middle income countries.. 2026.
• Revealing gut microbiota profiles and their influencing factors in commercial boars of three breeds by a large-scale metagenome study.. 2026.
• DESA-YOLO: A Growth-Stage Adaptive Pig Face Recognition Algorithm Based on Multi-Scale Feature Fusion.. 2026.
• Investigating attributes for selecting nurse sows in swine herds of Minnesota, USA, using Best-Worst Scaling analysis.. 2026.
• Research on Early Warning Models for Swine Feeding Dynamic Signatures Based on Electronic Automated Feeding Data. 2026.
• Farmer-veterinarian interaction as multi-level situated learning: Negotiating health, risk, and responsibility in intensive pig farming - a scoping review.. 2026.
• What is herd health management? A narrative review.. 2026.
• A Two-Stage Deep Learning Method for Non-Invasive Sow Body Temperature Prediction Fusing Thermal Imaging and Environmental Parameters.. 2026.
• Innovation on Swine Semen Storage: Bacteriostatic Coating vs. Conventional Blister in Commercial Swine Semen Production. AgriEngineering, 2025.
• Integrating genome-wide association analysis and selection signatures to identify the key genes affecting the primary economic traits of pigs. BMC Genomics, 2026.
• Association of serum biochemical parameters with growth performance and gut microbiota in large white pigs. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2026.
• Environment-, health-, performance- and welfare-related parameters in pig barns with natural and mechanical ventilation.. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2020.
• Comparison of virus detection, productivity, and economic performance between lots of growing pigs vaccinated with two doses or one dose of PRRS MLV vaccine, under field conditions.. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2022.
• Gilt Management for Fertility and Longevity. Animals, 2019.
• Environmental monitoring and disease prediction. Advancements and Technologies in Pig and Poultry Bacterial Disease Control, 2021.
• An open information system for the swine production and marketing industry: Its scope, topology and telecommunications strategy. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 1992.
• A retrospective study of mortality in grow-finish pigs in a multi-site production system. Journal of Swine Health and Production, 2001.
• Production characteristics of pig holdings under peri-urban setting of Zaria, Northern Nigeria. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 1999.
• Prevention and Control Strategies for Swine Zoonoses. Emerging Zoonotic Threats from Swine A Public Health Perspective, 2025.

This article is educational and is not a substitute for veterinary diagnosis, treatment, public-health guidance, or regulatory reporting.