Nursery Pig Feeding Programs and Phase Feeding

By Dr. Zubair Khalid, DVM, MS, PhD · 2026-08-14

Key Takeaways

Digestive Immaturity & Weaning Stress: Post-weaning, piglets experience villi shortening and reduced digestive enzyme activity, making them susceptible to diarrhea and poor nutrient absorption; this necessitates highly digestible ingredients like plasma and milk products in Phase 1 diets to support gut health and immune function.
Phase Feeding Rationale: Implementing 3-4 distinct diet phases (each 7-14 days) optimizes nutrient delivery to match the piglet's rapidly changing digestive capacity and metabolic demands, thereby controlling feed costs by utilizing expensive, highly digestible ingredients only when critically needed.
Critical Role of Feed Intake & Water: Feed intake in the first week post-weaning is paramount, directly influenced by water availability and palatability; inadequate intake triggers a cascade of negative growth effects, underscoring the need for constant access to clean water (0.5-1 gallon/day) and well-managed feeders.
Dietary Transition Protocol: Gradual feed transitions over 2-3 days, mixing old and new feed (e.g., 75/25, 50/50, 25/75), are essential to prevent digestive upset and scours, with the Phase 1 to Phase 2 transition being the most sensitive due to significant ingredient changes.
Nutritional & Environmental Support: Pharmacological levels of zinc oxide (2,000-3,000 ppm) for the first 2 weeks and organic acids are crucial for mitigating post-weaning diarrhea by supporting gut health; maintaining a thermoneutral environment (85-90°F for 12lb pigs) is critical for energy partitioning towards growth rather than thermoregulation.

Raising healthy nursery pigs starts with a feeding program that matches their changing digestive system. This guide covers the full nursery period from weaning to about 60 pounds, with practical details on phase feeding for pigs, nursery pig diet phases, piglet feeding schedules, and nursery pig feed transitions. It is written for swine producers, farm managers, and anyone responsible for feeding pigs in the nursery stage.

At a Glance

Weaned pigs need 5 to 7 days to adjust to dry feed after leaving the sow.
Use 3 to 4 diet phases during the nursery period, with each phase lasting 7 to 14 days.
Phase 1 diets should contain highly digestible ingredients like plasma, fish meal, and milk products.
Feed intake is the most important number to track. Low intake in the first week sets back the entire nursery period.
Provide fresh, clean water at all times. Pigs drink 0.5 to 1 gallon per day in the nursery.
Feed budget per pig is roughly 25 to 35 pounds of complete feed across the whole nursery period.
Sudden feed changes cause scours. Mix old and new feed over 2 to 3 days when changing phases.
Work with your feed mill or nutritionist to match diet specifications to your barn conditions and pig health status.

Understanding the Nursery Pig Digestive System

A newborn piglet has a digestive system built for milk. The enzymes needed to break down starch and plant proteins are present only at low levels at birth. During the first 2 to 3 weeks of life, the piglet relies almost entirely on sow milk, which is high in fat and lactose and highly digestible.

Weaning is a shock to the system. The pig is removed from the sow, moved to a new environment, mixed with unfamiliar pigs, and asked to eat dry feed. The small intestine undergoes structural changes. The villi, which are finger-like projections that absorb nutrients, shorten during the first week after weaning. This reduces the surface area available for absorption and makes the pig more vulnerable to diarrhea and poor growth.

The piglet also loses the passive immunity it received from colostrum. Maternal antibodies decline over the first 2 to 4 weeks of life. The pig's own immune system is still developing. This window, between weaning and about 6 weeks of age, is when the pig is most susceptible to disease. The feeding program must support both digestion and immunity during this period.

Stomach acid production is another limitation. Young pigs do not produce enough stomach acid to fully activate pepsin, the enzyme that starts protein digestion. This means undigested protein can reach the lower gut, where bacteria ferment it and cause scours. Highly digestible protein sources and organic acids in the diet help compensate for this limitation.

Why Phase Feeding Matters

Phase feeding for pigs means dividing the nursery period into distinct diet phases, each formulated for the pig's changing needs. This approach has several advantages over feeding a single diet for the whole nursery period.

First, it matches nutrient supply to nutrient demand. A 12-pound pig needs a different amino acid profile and energy density than a 45-pound pig. Feeding one diet that meets the needs of the smallest pig would waste nutrients on larger pigs. Feeding a diet for larger pigs would shortchange the smaller ones.

Second, phase feeding controls feed costs. The most expensive ingredients, like plasma and fish meal, are needed only in the first days after weaning. Once the pig's digestive system matures, cheaper ingredients like soybean meal and corn can replace them. Phase feeding lets you spend money where it matters most.

Third, phase feeding reduces digestive upset. Each phase is a gradual step toward a simpler diet. The transition from a highly digestible, milk-based diet to a corn-soy diet happens in stages, giving the digestive system time to adapt.

Fourth, phase feeding supports uniformity. Pigs that eat well in the first week after weaning stay on track for the rest of the nursery period. A good phase 1 diet encourages early intake, which leads to more uniform pigs at the end of the nursery period.

Nursery Pig Diet Phases Explained

The number of phases varies by operation, but most producers use 3 or 4 phases. The exact specifications depend on weaning age, weaning weight, barn conditions, and health status. The following is a common 4-phase approach.

Phase 1: Starter or Pre-Starter

Phase 1 begins at weaning and lasts 7 to 10 days. This is the most critical phase. The diet must be highly palatable and highly digestible to encourage intake during a stressful period.

Key ingredients in phase 1 diets include:

Dried whey or lactose: provides lactose, which is easily digested and encourages intake
Spray-dried plasma: highly digestible protein that also supports immune function
Fish meal: excellent amino acid profile and high palatability
Milk proteins like casein or whey protein concentrate
Oat groats or cooked cereals: easily digested carbohydrate sources
Organic acids: help compensate for low stomach acid production
Zinc oxide at pharmacological levels: supports gut health and reduces scours

Phase 1 diets are typically 20 to 23 percent crude protein, 1.5 to 1.7 percent lysine, and 5 to 7 percent fat. They are often fed as a pellet or crumble. The feed should be fresh and offered in small amounts frequently, 4 to 6 times per day if possible.

Phase 2: Starter 2

Phase 2 lasts from about day 7 to day 14 or 21 after weaning. The pig's digestive system is starting to mature, but it still needs highly digestible ingredients.

Phase 2 diets maintain some specialty ingredients but at lower levels than phase 1. Plasma and milk products are reduced or removed. Fish meal may be kept at moderate levels. Soybean meal starts to appear in larger amounts.

Typical specifications for phase 2 are 20 to 22 percent crude protein, 1.35 to 1.5 percent lysine, and 4 to 6 percent fat. The diet is still pelleted or crumbled for easy intake.

Phase 3: Grower 1

Phase 3 begins around day 14 to 21 after weaning and lasts until about day 28 to 35. By this point, the pig's digestive enzymes are more developed. The diet can transition to a more conventional corn-soybean meal base.

Phase 3 diets contain minimal specialty ingredients. Fish meal may be included at low levels. Soybean meal provides most of the protein. The diet is often fed as a meal rather than a pellet.

Typical specifications are 19 to 20 percent crude protein, 1.25 to 1.35 percent lysine, and 3 to 5 percent fat.

Phase 4: Grower 2

Phase 4 is the final nursery phase. It lasts from about day 28 to 35 after weaning until the pigs reach 50 to 60 pounds. This diet is essentially a simple corn-soybean meal diet.

Phase 4 diets contain no specialty ingredients. They are formulated for maximum growth at minimum cost. The transition to the grower-finisher diet happens after this phase.

Typical specifications are 18 to 19 percent crude protein, 1.15 to 1.25 percent lysine, and 3 to 4 percent fat.

Weaning Age and Its Effect on Feeding

Weaning age is the single biggest factor in how you structure your nursery pig feeding program. Pigs weaned at 3 weeks of age have a less mature digestive system than pigs weaned at 4 or 5 weeks. They need a longer phase 1 period and more highly digestible ingredients.

For pigs weaned at 21 days or younger:

Use a 4-phase program with a 10 to 14 day phase 1
Keep plasma and milk products in the diet for at least 10 days
Consider a gruel or porridge feeding system for the first 2 to 3 days
Expect slower initial growth and plan for a longer nursery period

For pigs weaned at 28 days or older:

A 3-phase program may be sufficient
Phase 1 can last 5 to 7 days
Specialty ingredients can be reduced sooner
Pigs will transition to grower-finisher diets more smoothly

Weaning weight matters as much as weaning age. A 28-day-old pig that weighs only 10 pounds is less mature than a 28-day-old pig that weighs 16 pounds. Lightweight pigs need extra attention and a more aggressive phase 1 program. Some operations sort light pigs into separate pens and give them an extended phase 1 diet.

Feed Budget for the Nursery Period

A feed budget tells you how much feed to expect each pig to consume during the nursery period. This helps with purchasing, storage, and monitoring. The following is a typical feed budget for a 4-phase program with pigs entering at about 12 pounds and leaving at about 55 pounds.

Phase 1: 3 to 5 pounds per pig
Phase 2: 6 to 10 pounds per pig
Phase 3: 10 to 15 pounds per pig
Phase 4: 15 to 25 pounds per pig
Total: 35 to 55 pounds per pig

These numbers vary with weaning age, genetics, health status, and environmental conditions. The key is to track actual intake against the budget. If pigs are eating less than expected, investigate the cause before the problem spreads through the barn.

Step-by-Step Nursery Pig Feed Transition

Changing from one phase to the next is a critical moment. A sudden diet change can cause scours and a drop in intake. Use the following process for each phase transition.

Check that pigs are eating well from the current feeder. If intake is low or scours are present, delay the transition.
Mix the old and new feed. Start with 75 percent old feed and 25 percent new feed for 1 to 2 days.
Move to 50 percent old and 50 percent new for 1 to 2 days.
Move to 25 percent old and 75 percent new for 1 to 2 days.
Switch to 100 percent new feed.
Monitor intake and stool consistency for 3 to 5 days after the transition is complete.

The transition from phase 1 to phase 2 is the most sensitive. The transition from phase 3 to phase 4 is usually easier because the diets are more similar.

If you use automated feeding systems, program the transition to happen gradually over 4 to 6 days. Do not switch the entire barn at once. If you have multiple rooms, stagger the transitions so you can respond to problems in one room without affecting the others.

Feeder Management for Nursery Pigs

The best diet in the world will not work if pigs cannot access it. Feeder management is a major part of a successful nursery pig feeding program.

Choose feeders sized for nursery pigs. Standard grow-finish feeders have openings too large for small pigs, allowing feed waste and contamination. Nursery feeders have smaller openings and shallower troughs.

Set feeder adjustments correctly. The goal is to have a thin layer of feed covering about 50 percent of the trough bottom. Pigs should be able to see and smell the feed but not root it out and waste it. Check feeders at least twice daily during the first week after weaning.

Clean feeders regularly. Old, stale feed accumulates in corners and becomes unpalatable. Remove wet or caked feed daily. Between groups, empty feeders completely, clean them, and allow them to dry before refilling.

Provide enough feeder space. For nursery pigs, provide about 1.5 to 2 inches of feeder space per pig. If pigs are crowding around the feeder at all times, you may need more feeder space or more feeders.

Water Management in the Nursery

Water is the most essential nutrient and the most commonly overlooked. A pig that does not drink will not eat. Water intake directly drives feed intake.

Provide clean, fresh water at all times. For the first few days after weaning, consider providing water in shallow pans or troughs in addition to nipple drinkers. Some pigs do not recognize nipple drinkers immediately and need time to learn.

Check water flow rates. Nipple drinkers should deliver 1 to 2 cups per minute for nursery pigs. If the flow is too slow, pigs become frustrated and reduce intake. If the flow is too fast, water is wasted and manure pits fill faster.

Monitor water intake. A sudden drop in water consumption is often the first sign of disease or a water system problem. A sudden increase can indicate diarrhea or a hot barn.

Water quality matters. Have your water tested for bacteria, nitrates, iron, and total dissolved solids. High mineral content can reduce palatability and cause scours. Iron bacteria can clog drinkers and reduce flow.

Feeding Systems for Nursery Pigs

Several feeding systems work well for nursery pigs. The choice depends on barn design, labor availability, and budget.

Dry feeders

The most common system. Pigs eat from a self-feeder that holds dry feed. These require minimal labor but need regular adjustment and cleaning. They work well for phases 2 through 4 but can be challenging for phase 1 if pigs are small.

Gruel or porridge feeding

Mix dry feed with water to create a slurry. This is very effective for the first 3 to 5 days after weaning. Pigs that are used to liquid milk transition more easily to a wet gruel than to dry pellets. Gruel feeding takes more labor but often pays off in reduced post-weaning lag.

To make gruel, mix 1 part feed with 2 to 3 parts warm water. Offer small amounts frequently, 4 to 6 times per day. Clean up uneaten gruel after 30 to 60 minutes to prevent spoilage. Gradually thicken the gruel over 3 to 5 days until pigs are eating dry feed.

Pan feeding

Place small amounts of feed on flat pans or trays on the floor for the first few days. This encourages exploration and intake. Pans must be cleaned and refilled frequently. This method is labor intensive but can help very small or reluctant eaters.

Automated feeding systems

Computerized feeders dispense small amounts of feed frequently throughout the day. These can be programmed to deliver specific amounts per pig per day and can track intake automatically. They are more expensive but reduce labor and can improve feed efficiency.

Common Mistakes in Nursery Pig Feeding Programs

Many nursery feeding problems trace back to a handful of common mistakes.

Switching phases too quickly

Producers often move pigs to the next phase to save money on feed costs. If the pig's digestive system is not ready, the result is scours, poor growth, and higher medication costs. The money saved on feed is lost many times over in poor performance. Follow the transition schedule and delay if pigs are not performing well.

Underfeeding phase 1

Some producers try to save money by shortening phase 1 or using a cheaper diet. This is false economy. The first 7 to 10 days after weaning set the pattern for the entire nursery period. Pigs that eat well in phase 1 maintain their advantage through the nursery and into the grow-finish period.

Poor feeder adjustment

Feeders set too open waste feed and allow contamination. Feeders set too closed restrict intake and slow growth. Check feeder adjustment daily, especially in the first week after weaning.

Inconsistent feed delivery

Pigs thrive on routine. If feed is delivered at different times each day, pigs become anxious and intake suffers. Establish a consistent feeding schedule and stick to it.

Ignoring water

Water is half of the feeding program. If water is unavailable, unpalatable, or flowing too slowly, no feed program will work. Check water systems daily.

Mixing pigs of different ages or sizes

Pigs of different weights have different nutritional needs. Mixing them forces you to feed one diet to all, which will be wrong for some. Sort pigs by size and feed each group appropriately.

Neglecting the first 24 hours

The first 24 hours after weaning are the most important. Pigs need to find feed and water quickly. Have feed in the feeder before the pigs arrive. Place small amounts of feed on mats or pans. Check pigs frequently and intervene with gruel feeding if intake is poor.

Monitoring Nursery Pig Performance

You cannot manage what you do not measure. Track the following numbers for each nursery group.

Feed intake

Record total feed delivered to each pen or room daily. Divide by the number of pigs to get average intake per pig per day. Compare against expected intake for the phase and age.

Expected daily feed intake for nursery pigs:

Week 1: 0.3 to 0.5 pounds per pig per day
Week 2: 0.7 to 1.0 pounds per pig per day
Week 3: 1.2 to 1.6 pounds per pig per day
Week 4: 1.8 to 2.2 pounds per pig per day
Week 5: 2.3 to 2.8 pounds per pig per day
Week 6: 2.8 to 3.5 pounds per pig per day

Average daily gain

Weigh a sample of pigs at weaning and again at the end of each phase. Calculate average daily gain by dividing weight gain by days in the phase.

Expected average daily gain for nursery pigs:

Week 1: 0.2 to 0.4 pounds per day
Week 2: 0.6 to 0.9 pounds per day
Week 3: 1.0 to 1.3 pounds per day
Week 4: 1.3 to 1.6 pounds per day
Week 5: 1.5 to 1.8 pounds per day
Week 6: 1.7 to 2.0 pounds per day

Feed conversion ratio

Divide total feed consumed by total weight gain for the group. A feed conversion ratio of 1.4 to 1.6 is typical for the nursery period. Higher numbers indicate feed waste, poor digestibility, or health problems.

Mortality and morbidity

Track the number of pigs that die and the number that require treatment. A mortality rate above 2 to 3 percent in the nursery warrants investigation. High treatment rates indicate a health problem that feeding changes alone will not solve.

Stool consistency

Check manure daily. Normal nursery pig manure is formed and brown. Loose, watery manure indicates scours. Gray, pasty manure can indicate a feed problem. Bloody mucus in manure is a red flag for swine dysentery or other serious conditions.

Decision Thresholds for Nursery Feeding

Knowing when to act is as important as knowing what to do. Use these thresholds to guide your decisions.

If average daily feed intake in week 1 is below 0.2 pounds per pig per day, intervene immediately. Check water flow, feeder adjustment, and feed palatability. Consider gruel feeding or adding a sweetener or flavoring to the feed.

If scours persist for more than 2 to 3 days after weaning, review the phase 1 diet and feeding management. Check water quality and feeder hygiene. If scours are severe or pigs are dehydrated, call your veterinarian.

If average daily gain is below 0.5 pounds per day in week 3, review the phase 2 to phase 3 transition. Check that feed intake is adequate and that the diet specifications match the pigs' needs.

If feed conversion ratio exceeds 1.8, check for feed waste. Inspect feeders for leaks and adjust as needed. Check that feed is not being contaminated with water or manure.

If mortality exceeds 2 percent in the first week after weaning, investigate immediately. Check barn temperature, draft, and ventilation. Review the weaning process and consider whether pigs were weaned too young or too light.

Adjusting the Feeding Program for Health Challenges

Nursery pigs face several common health challenges that affect feeding. The feeding program can be adjusted to support pigs through these challenges.

Post-weaning diarrhea

This is the most common nursery health problem. It is caused by E. coli and other bacteria that multiply when the digestive system is disrupted. Prevention through feeding is better than treatment.

To reduce post-weaning diarrhea:

Use highly digestible protein sources in phase 1 and 2
Include zinc oxide at 2,000 to 3,000 ppm for the first 2 weeks after weaning
Add organic acids like formic or citric acid to lower stomach pH
Keep feed fresh and feeders clean
Avoid overfeeding in the first 3 days after weaning
Ensure barn temperature is adequate, at least 85 degrees Fahrenheit for the first week

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome

PRRS is a viral disease that affects the respiratory and immune systems. Pigs infected with PRRS eat less and grow slower. The feeding program should support immune function during outbreaks.

To support PRRS-affected pigs:

Increase diet nutrient density, especially amino acids and energy
Use more highly digestible ingredients to reduce digestive workload
Add vitamins E and C at higher levels
Keep feed fresh and palatable to encourage maximum intake
Consider wet feeding to support intake in sick pigs

Streptococcus suis

This bacterial disease often appears 1 to 3 weeks after weaning. It is associated with stress and mixing. Feeding management can reduce the stress that triggers outbreaks.

To reduce Strep suis risk:

Minimize mixing and sorting of pigs after weaning
Keep groups stable through the nursery period
Maintain consistent feeding times
Ensure adequate feeder space to reduce competition
Reduce dust in the barn to protect respiratory health

Circovirus

Porcine circovirus type 2 causes a wasting disease that affects nursery and grow-finish pigs. Vaccination is the primary control, but feeding management supports recovery.

To support circovirus-affected pigs:

Maximize feed intake with highly palatable diets
Use extra amino acids to support immune response
Provide extra energy through added fat
Keep the environment warm and draft-free to reduce energy needs

Recordkeeping for Nursery Feeding

Good records help you identify problems early and make better decisions. Keep the following records for each nursery group.

Group information

Weaning date and average weaning age
Number of pigs and average weaning weight
Source of pigs, whether from your own sow herd or purchased
Barn or room location

Feed records

Feed type and phase for each day
Total feed delivered per day
Feed cost per pig
Feed mill and batch numbers for traceability
Any feed changes or transitions

Performance records

Feed intake per pig per day
Average daily gain by phase
Feed conversion ratio
Mortality and culls
Treatment records and medication costs

Health records

Scours incidence and duration
Respiratory signs
Vaccinations given
Veterinary visits and diagnoses

Review these records after each nursery group leaves the barn. Compare performance across groups and over time. Look for trends that indicate problems with feed, environment, or health. Share these records with your nutritionist and veterinarian.

Working with Your Nutritionist and Feed Mill

A nursery pig feeding program is only as good as the feed that arrives at the barn. Build a strong working relationship with your nutritionist and feed mill.

Provide your nutritionist with accurate information about your operation. This includes weaning age, typical weaning weight, barn conditions, health status, and performance targets. The more they know about your operation, the better they can formulate diets.

Review diet specifications with your nutritionist at least twice per year. Ingredient prices change, and the most cost-effective formulation changes with them. Your nutritionist can adjust the program to maintain performance while controlling costs.

Check feed deliveries for accuracy. Verify that the feed delivered matches what you ordered. Check for damage, contamination, or spoilage. Keep feed samples from each delivery in case of quality complaints.

Store feed properly. Keep feed in a clean, dry, rodent-proof area. Use older feed first. Do not store feed for more than 2 to 3 weeks, especially in warm, humid conditions. Moldy or stale feed will reduce intake and can cause health problems.

Economic Considerations in Nursery Feeding

Feed is the largest cost in nursery pig production, typically 60 to 70 percent of total nursery costs. Every feeding decision has an economic component.

The goal is not to minimize feed cost per pig. The goal is to maximize profit per pig. A more expensive phase 1 diet that improves growth and reduces mortality often produces a cheaper pig at the end of the nursery period than a cheaper diet that leads to poor performance.

Use the following framework to evaluate feeding decisions:

Calculate the cost per pound of gain for each phase
Compare the cost of different diet formulations
Factor in the value of reduced mortality and morbidity
Consider the impact on grow-finish performance, not just nursery performance
Account for labor costs in feeding management

Feed efficiency is the key economic driver. A 0.1 improvement in feed conversion ratio across the nursery period can save several dollars per pig in feed costs. Focus on management practices that improve feed efficiency, such as feeder adjustment, feed freshness, and minimizing stress.

When to Call a Veterinarian or Extension Agent

Most nursery feeding problems can be solved with good management. Some situations require professional help.

Call your veterinarian if:

Scours persist for more than 3 days despite feeding management changes
Mortality exceeds 2 to 3 percent in the first week after weaning
Pigs show signs of systemic illness such as fever, lethargy, or difficulty breathing
You suspect a specific disease like PRRS, circovirus, or swine dysentery
Pigs are not responding to treatment within 24 to 48 hours
You need help interpreting post-mortem findings or laboratory results

Call your extension agent or swine specialist if:

You need help designing a new nursery feeding program
You want to evaluate the economic impact of different feeding strategies
You need help troubleshooting performance problems
You want to learn about new feeding technologies or ingredients
You need assistance with recordkeeping or performance analysis

Do not wait until problems become severe. Early intervention is always cheaper and more effective than crisis management.

Environmental Factors That Affect Feed Intake

The best feeding program will fail if the environment is wrong. Nursery pigs are sensitive to temperature, drafts, and air quality.

Temperature

Nursery pigs need a warm environment. The thermoneutral zone for a 12-pound pig is about 85 to 90 degrees Fahrenheit. For a 25-pound pig, it is about 75 to 80 degrees. For a 50-pound pig, it is about 65 to 70 degrees.

If the barn is too cold, pigs eat more feed to stay warm, but they still grow slower because energy is diverted to heat production. If the barn is too hot, pigs reduce feed intake to reduce heat production.

Set barn temperature according to the pigs' weight and adjust as they grow. Provide a draft-free environment with a solid floor area that stays warm. Use heat lamps or pads for the first week after weaning.

Air quality

Ammonia, dust, and carbon dioxide reduce feed intake and increase respiratory disease. Keep ammonia levels below 10 to 15 parts per million. You can smell ammonia before it reaches harmful levels.

Ventilation must provide fresh air without creating drafts. In cold weather, the minimum ventilation rate should still remove moisture and gases. In warm weather, increase ventilation to remove excess heat.

Light

Pigs eat more when the barn is well lit. Provide 12 to 16 hours of light per day during the nursery period. Dimly lit barns reduce feed intake and activity.

Flooring and pen design

Wet, slippery floors discourage pigs from moving to the feeder. Provide a dry, solid area near the feeder. Keep pens clean and dry. Remove wet bedding promptly.

Weaning Day Management

The feeding program starts before the pigs arrive in the nursery. Weaning day management sets the stage for the entire nursery period.

Before weaning

Clean and disinfect the nursery barn at least 1 week before weaning
Allow the barn to dry completely
Set up feeders and waterers
Adjust barn temperature to 85 to 90 degrees Fahrenheit
Have phase 1 feed ready and in the feeders before pigs arrive
Place feed mats or pans on the floor if using them

During weaning

Wean the smallest pigs first or sort them into separate pens
Move pigs gently to minimize stress
Group pigs by size, not by litter
Keep littermates together when possible to reduce fighting
Place pigs in the nursery as quickly as possible after removal from the sow

After weaning

Check pigs within 1 hour of placement
Observe whether pigs are finding feed and water
Tap on the feeder or pan to teach pigs where feed is located
Dip pig snouts in water or show them the drinker
Check again in 2 to 3 hours and at least twice more during the day

The first 24 hours

The first 24 hours after weaning determine the trajectory of the nursery period. Pigs that learn to eat and drink quickly maintain growth. Pigs that do not learn quickly fall behind and may never catch up.

Spend extra time in the barn during the first 24 hours. Watch individual pigs. Identify pigs that are not eating or drinking and intervene. This may mean offering gruel, placing feed directly in front of a pig, or moving a pig to a different pen.

The Role of Feed Additives in Nursery Diets

Several feed additives are commonly used in nursery pig diets to support health and growth. Work with your nutritionist and veterinarian to decide which additives are appropriate for your operation.

Zinc oxide

Zinc oxide at pharmacological levels (2,000 to 3,000 ppm) reduces post-weaning diarrhea and supports growth. It is typically used for the first 14 days after weaning. High levels of zinc are an environmental concern, so use it only when needed and follow your nutritionist's recommendations.

Copper

Copper at 100 to 250 ppm stimulates growth in nursery pigs. Copper sulfate is the most common source. Copper has a lower environmental impact than zinc and can be used through the nursery period.

Organic acids

Formic, citric, and other organic acids lower stomach pH and help protein digestion. They also have antibacterial effects. Use them in phase 1 and 2 diets to support gut health.

Probiotics and prebiotics

These products support beneficial bacteria in the gut. Results vary, but they may help reduce scours and improve feed efficiency. Discuss with your nutritionist whether they are cost-effective for your operation.

Enzymes

Phytase releases phosphorus from plant sources, reducing the need for added phosphorus and lowering feed costs. Other enzymes like xylanase and beta-glucanase improve digestion of carbohydrates. These are standard in most commercial diets.

Sweeteners and flavors

Adding sweeteners or flavors to phase 1 diets can encourage intake in reluctant eaters. These are most useful for the first 3 to 5 days after weaning. They do not replace good feed management.

Formulating Nursery Pig Diets

Most producers do not formulate their own diets. They rely on a nutritionist or feed mill. However, understanding the basics helps you communicate with your nutritionist and evaluate feed quality.

Energy

Nursery pigs need high energy density because their intake is limited. Fat is added to increase energy density. However, too much fat can reduce intake and cause loose stools. Typical nursery diets contain 3 to 7 percent added fat.

Protein and amino acids

Lysine is the first limiting amino acid in pig diets. Formulate to meet lysine requirements, then ensure other amino acids are adequate relative to lysine. Common ratios are:

Threonine at 62 to 65 percent of lysine
Methionine plus cysteine at 55 to 58 percent of lysine
Tryptophan at 18 to 20 percent of lysine
Valine at 68 to 70 percent of lysine

Fiber

Nursery pigs do not digest fiber well. Keep fiber levels low in phase 1 and 2 diets. Some fiber in later phases can support gut health, but too much reduces energy intake.

Minerals and vitamins

Nursery diets are fortified with minerals and vitamins to meet requirements. Calcium and phosphorus must be balanced carefully. Too much calcium reduces feed intake. The calcium to phosphorus ratio should be about 1.2 to 1.4 to 1.

Feed form

Pellets and crumbles are preferred for nursery pigs because they reduce waste and encourage intake. Meal diets are cheaper but result in more waste and slower intake. If using meal, keep particle size moderate, around 600 to 700 microns.

Transitioning from Nursery to Grow-Finish

The nursery period ends when pigs reach about 50 to 60 pounds. The transition to grow-finish diets is another critical point.

Timing the transition

Move pigs to grow-finish when the average pig reaches 50 to 60 pounds. Do not move individual pigs based on weight. Move the whole group when the average is right.

Diet transition

The transition from phase 4 nursery to grow-finish phase 1 should be gradual, just like the nursery phase transitions. Mix old and new feed over 3 to 5 days.

Facility transition

Moving pigs to a new barn is stressful. Coordinate the diet transition with the facility transition carefully. Some producers move pigs first and let them settle before changing the diet. Others change the diet before moving. Work with your veterinarian and nutritionist to decide what works best for your operation.

Seasonal Considerations in Nursery Feeding

Feeding programs may need adjustment by season.

Summer

Heat reduces feed intake. Pigs eat less and grow slower. To support intake in summer:

Feed during cooler parts of the day
Increase diet nutrient density to compensate for lower intake
Ensure water is cool and plentiful
Increase ventilation and provide cooling systems
Reduce feeder adjustment to minimize waste

Winter

Cold increases energy needs. Pigs eat more but may still grow slower if the barn is too cold. To support growth in winter:

Maintain barn temperature in the thermoneutral zone
Increase diet energy density with added fat
Check that ventilation removes moisture without creating drafts
Provide dry bedding or solid flooring

Troubleshooting Common Nursery Feeding Problems

Use this section to diagnose and solve common feeding problems.

Problem: Pigs are not eating in the first 2 days after weaning

Possible causes:

Feed is not palatable enough
Pigs cannot find the feeder
Water is unavailable or unpalatable
Barn is too cold or too hot
Pigs are stressed from mixing

Solutions:

Offer gruel or porridge
Place feed on mats or pans
Check water flow and quality
Adjust barn temperature
Reduce mixing and sorting

Problem: Scours in the first week after weaning

Possible causes:

Too much feed intake too soon
Diet is not digestible enough
Water is contaminated
Barn is too cold or drafty
Disease challenge

Solutions:

Reduce feed amounts temporarily
Switch to a more digestible phase 1 diet
Test water quality
Improve barn conditions
Call your veterinarian if scours are severe or persistent

Problem: Pigs are eating but not growing

Possible causes:

Diet nutrient levels are too low
Feed is spoiled or unpalatable
Pigs are sick
Barn is too cold
Feed is being wasted

Solutions:

Review diet specifications with your nutritionist
Check feed quality and freshness
Observe pigs for signs of disease
Adjust barn temperature
Check feeder adjustment

Problem: Feed waste is high

Possible causes:

Feeder adjustment is too open
Feeder is damaged or worn
Feed is too fine or too coarse
Pigs are bored or stressed

Solutions:

Adjust feeder settings
Repair or replace feeders
Check feed particle size
Provide enrichment to reduce boredom

Problem: Pigs are drinking too much water

Possible causes:

Diet is too salty
Barn is too hot
Pigs have diarrhea
Waterers are leaking

Solutions:

Review diet salt levels
Check barn temperature
Check for scours
Inspect waterers for leaks

Frequently Asked Questions

How long should the nursery feeding period last?

The nursery period typically lasts 6 to 8 weeks, from weaning at about 3 to 4 weeks of age until pigs reach 50 to 60 pounds. The exact length depends on weaning age, genetics, and management. Pigs weaned at 21 days may need 8 weeks in the nursery. Pigs weaned at 28 days may need only 6 weeks.

How many feed phases should I use in the nursery?

Most operations use 3 to 4 phases. Four phases work best for pigs weaned at 21 days or younger or for operations with health challenges. Three phases can work for pigs weaned at 28 days or older with good health. The right number depends on your weaning age, pig quality, and budget.

What is the most important ingredient in a phase 1 nursery diet?

Highly digestible protein sources are the most important. Spray-dried plasma is the gold standard because it is highly palatable, highly digestible, and supports immune function. Fish meal and milk proteins are also excellent. If you must cut costs, keep the protein quality high and reduce other ingredients first.

How much feed should a nursery pig eat per day?

A nursery pig eats about 0.3 to 0.5 pounds per day in the first week after weaning. This increases to 0.7 to 1.0 pounds in week 2, 1.2 to 1.6 pounds in week 3, and up to 2.8 to 3.5 pounds by week 6. These numbers vary with pig size, diet quality, and environmental conditions.

Why are my nursery pigs scouring after I change feed phases?

Scours after a phase change usually mean the transition was too abrupt or the new diet is too complex for the pigs' digestive system. Slow down the transition by mixing old and new feed over 4 to 6 days. If scours persist, the new diet may be too high in fiber or soybean meal. Talk to your nutritionist about adjusting the formulation.

Should I feed nursery pigs pellets or meal?

Pellets or crumbles are better for phase 1 and 2 diets. They reduce waste, encourage intake, and are easier for small pigs to eat. Meal diets are cheaper but result in more waste and slower intake. Many producers switch to meal in phase 3 or 4 to save money.

How do I know if my nursery feeding program is working?

Track feed intake, average daily gain, feed conversion ratio, and mortality. Compare your numbers to targets for each phase. If intake is on target, growth is on target, and mortality is below 2 to 3 percent, your program is working. Review your records after each group to identify areas for improvement.

Can I feed the same diet to all nursery pigs regardless of weight?

No. Pigs of different weights have different nutritional needs. Lightweight pigs need a more digestible, higher nutrient density diet. Heavy pigs can handle a simpler, cheaper diet. Sort pigs by size and feed each group according to its needs. This is especially important in the first 2 weeks after weaning.

Related Farming Guides

This section will be populated with links to related farming guides on pig production, swine health, and feed management. Check back for additional resources on grow-finish feeding, sow nutrition, and pig barn management.

Related Clinical & Scientific Guides

References

National Pork Board: https://www.pork.org/
USDA APHIS Swine Health: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/swine
FAO Pig Production: https://www.fao.org/pig-production-and-products/en/
FAO Animal Production and Health: https://www.fao.org/animal-production/en/
WOAH (World Organisation for Animal Health): https://www.woah.org/en/home/

This article is educational and is not a substitute for veterinary diagnosis, treatment, public-health guidance, or regulatory reporting.