Broiler Feed Quality Testing: Sampling and Analysis

By Dr. Zubair Khalid, DVM, MS, PhD · 2026-08-14

Key Takeaways

• Representative sampling is paramount: Utilize a probe or thief sampler to collect a composite sample of 1-2 pounds from 5-10 subsamples across multiple locations (delivery, bin, feeder line) and depths to accurately reflect the entire feed lot, avoiding surface grabs which skew results towards fines.
• Accredited laboratories and specific analyses are crucial: Submit samples to laboratories accredited by recognized bodies like AAVLD, requesting proximate analysis (moisture, protein, fat, fiber, ash) plus calcium, phosphorus, and salt for routine checks, and specific panels for mycotoxins (quarterly or during performance drops) and pellet durability index (PDI) for pelleted feeds.
• Interpreting results requires defined targets and context: Compare laboratory findings against the feed tag or mill's target formulation, not memory, and always verify the "as-fed" versus "dry matter" basis for moisture and nutrient calculations, as deviations can significantly impact nutrient density and bird performance.
• Proactive monitoring and recordkeeping prevent losses: Implement a routine sampling schedule (e.g., every delivery, monthly proximate, quarterly mycotoxins) and maintain detailed logs of samples, lab reports, and flock responses to identify trends, such as declining protein or increasing moisture, before they cause significant economic impact.
• Actionable thresholds guide intervention: Respond to deviations such as protein below target by 1% or more, mineral levels outside target by 10% or more, mycotoxins exceeding regulatory limits (e.g., aflatoxin >20 ppb, DON >5 ppm), PDI below 70%, or moisture above 13%, by contacting suppliers, veterinarians, or extension specialists for corrective measures.

Feed is the largest single input cost in broiler production, often representing 60 to 70 percent of total grow-out expenses. When feed quality slips, birds eat less, gain slower, convert feed poorly, and become more vulnerable to disease. Yet many growers rely on mill paperwork rather than independent testing to verify what actually reaches the feeder. This guide covers the practical side of broiler feed quality testing: why testing matters, how to sample feed correctly, which laboratory analyses to request, how to interpret the results, and how to build a simple monitoring program. It is written for broiler growers, farm managers, feed mill staff, and poultry advisors who want a dependable system for verifying feed quality from delivery to final flock performance.

At a Glance

• Sample feed at multiple points: at delivery, at the bin, and at the feeder line, not just at the mill.
• Use a probe or thief sampler, never grab a handful from the top of a bag or truck.
• Take a minimum of 5 to 10 subsamples per lot and combine them into one composite sample of about 1 to 2 pounds.
• Submit samples to a laboratory accredited by a recognized program such as the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians (AAVLD) or an equivalent national body.
• Request proximate analysis (moisture, protein, fat, fiber, ash) plus calcium, phosphorus, and salt on every routine sample.
• Test for mycotoxins at least quarterly and whenever birds show unexplained performance drops.
• Check pellet durability index (PDI) if you feed pellets, because fines reduce intake and increase feed waste.
• Compare lab results against the feed tag or the mill's target formulation, not against memory.
• Keep a written log of every sample, the lab report, and the flock response so you can spot trends before they become losses.
• Call a veterinarian or extension poultry specialist when feed analysis confirms a problem or when birds fail to respond to feed changes.

Why Feed Quality Testing Matters

Broiler feed is a manufactured product with a target nutrient profile. The mill formulates to a specification, but the actual delivered feed can differ from that specification for many reasons. Ingredient variability is the most common cause. Corn protein can vary by 2 to 3 percentage points between loads. Soybean meal quality shifts with processing temperature and source. Fats and oils oxidize and lose energy value over time. Vitamin and mineral premixes can separate during mixing or transit. Even a well-run mill produces feed that varies from batch to batch.

The consequences of poor feed quality are rarely dramatic. Birds do not usually die from a slightly low protein level. Instead, they gain a little less, convert a little worse, and finish a few days late. On a 50,000 bird farm, a 0.05 point increase in feed conversion ratio can cost thousands of dollars over a single flock. Over a year, the losses from undetected feed variation can exceed the cost of a comprehensive testing program many times over.

Feed quality testing serves three purposes. First, it verifies that the feed you paid for matches the feed you received. Second, it provides a baseline so you can identify when something changes. Third, it gives you evidence when you need to negotiate with a feed supplier or when you suspect a feed-related health problem. Without testing, you are guessing. With testing, you are managing.

Understanding Feed Nutrient Targets for Broilers

Before you can interpret a lab report, you need to know what the feed should contain. Broiler diets are typically formulated in phases: starter (day 0 to 10 or 14), grower (day 11 to 24 or 28), and finisher (day 25 to market). Each phase has a different nutrient density.

A typical broiler starter feed contains about 22 to 24 percent crude protein, 1.0 to 1.1 percent calcium, 0.45 to 0.50 percent available phosphorus, and 1,300 to 1,400 kcal of metabolizable energy per pound. Grower feeds drop protein to about 20 to 22 percent and energy rises slightly. Finisher feeds run about 18 to 20 percent protein with higher energy density. These are general ranges. Your integrator or feed supplier will have specific targets, and those targets are the numbers you should compare against.

The key point is that you cannot evaluate a lab report without a target. If you do not have the target formulation for the feed you are testing, request it from the mill or integrator before you collect samples. Testing without a target is like weighing a pig without a scale reading. You get a number, but you cannot tell if it is good or bad.

Feed Sampling Methods and Equipment

Sampling is the most important step in feed quality testing. No matter how sophisticated the laboratory is, the results are only as good as the sample you submit. A poorly taken sample can tell you nothing about the feed in the bin or the truck, and it can lead you to make wrong decisions.

Sampling Equipment

The best tool for sampling dry feed is a grain probe or feed thief. This is a long tube with slots or openings that collects feed from the full depth of the container. A standard grain probe is 3 to 6 feet long and works well for bags, totes, and shallow bins. For deep bins and trucks, you may need a longer probe or a pneumatic sampler that draws feed from multiple depths.

Do not sample by grabbing a handful from the top of a bag or truck. Surface feed is not representative. Fines and dust collect on top, while whole pellets and larger particles settle deeper. A handful will overrepresent fines and underrepresent the actual particle mix. It will also miss any separation that occurred during loading or transit.

If you must sample a bag, use a probe inserted diagonally from the top corner to the opposite bottom corner. This collects feed from the full depth of the bag. For bulk trucks, sample at multiple points across the load and at multiple depths. The goal is to collect a sample that reflects the average composition of the entire lot.

How to Take a Representative Sample

Follow this procedure for every lot of feed you test:

1. Identify the lot. A lot is a single delivery, a single batch, or a defined quantity of feed produced at one time. Do not mix feed from different lots in one sample.
2. Collect subsamples from multiple locations. For bags, sample 5 to 10 bags from different parts of the pallet or stack. For bulk deliveries, sample from 5 to 10 points across the truck or bin.
3. Use the probe correctly. Insert the probe fully, open the slot, and withdraw it slowly so feed flows into the chamber. Empty the probe into a clean bucket.
4. Combine all subsamples in a clean bucket and mix thoroughly.
5. Reduce the combined sample to the final size. Laboratories typically need 1 to 2 pounds (about 500 to 1,000 grams) for a complete analysis. If your combined sample is larger, use a sample splitter or the quartering method to reduce it. Do not just scoop out a handful, because the larger particles and fines will separate during handling.
6. Place the final sample in a clean, labeled plastic bag or container. Squeeze out as much air as possible and seal it.
7. Label the sample immediately with the date, time, feed type, lot number, mill name, and your name. An unlabeled sample is worthless.

Sampling from the Feeder Line

Sampling at delivery tells you what the mill sent. Sampling from the feeder line tells you what the birds actually receive. These can be different. Feed separates during auger transport and in the feeder pans. Fines accumulate at the bottom of pans, and birds may sort particles. If you suspect feed intake problems or uneven growth, collect samples from multiple feeder lines and compare them to the delivery sample.

To sample from a feeder line, stop the auger and collect feed from the pan at several points along the line. Combine these into one composite sample. Do this at the same time of day each sampling to reduce variability from feeding behavior.

Sample Frequency

How often should you test feed? The answer depends on your situation. If you are buying feed from a commercial mill and your birds are performing well, quarterly testing is a reasonable baseline. If you are mixing feed on farm, test every batch or at least every week. If you are troubleshooting a performance problem, test immediately and test frequently until the problem is resolved.

You should also test whenever any of the following occur:

• A new supplier or new ingredient source is introduced
• The feed mill changes its formulation or process
• Birds show unexplained drops in feed intake or weight gain
• A disease outbreak occurs that might be feed related
• You receive a complaint from a processor about carcass quality or uniformity
• Weather conditions are extreme, especially heat and humidity, which can affect ingredient quality and mycotoxin levels

Choosing a Laboratory and Testing Package

Not all feed testing laboratories are equal. Some focus on agricultural samples, others on pet food or human food. For broiler feed, you want a laboratory with experience in poultry nutrition and access to validated analytical methods.

Laboratory Accreditation

Look for a laboratory accredited by a recognized program. In the United States, the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians (AAVLD) accredits veterinary diagnostic laboratories. The Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) provides guidance on feed labeling and sampling. The USDA and many state departments of agriculture also operate or certify feed testing programs. In other countries, look for equivalent national accreditation bodies.

Accreditation matters because it means the laboratory follows standard procedures, participates in proficiency testing, and can produce defensible results. If you ever need to use a lab report in a dispute with a feed supplier, an accredited laboratory result carries more weight.

Routine Testing Package

For routine monitoring, request a proximate analysis plus mineral analysis. This is sometimes called a "complete feed" or "proximate plus minerals" package. It should include:

• Moisture (dry matter)
• Crude protein
• Crude fat
• Crude fiber
• Ash
• Calcium
• Phosphorus
• Salt (sodium chloride) or sodium

This package gives you the basic nutrient profile you need to verify that the feed matches the target. It also gives you a baseline for troubleshooting. Costs typically range from 50 to 150 dollars per sample depending on the laboratory and the number of analytes.

Additional Tests

Depending on your situation, you may want additional tests:

• Amino acid analysis: Methionine, lysine, threonine, and cysteine are critical for broiler growth. If you are seeing poor feathering or slow growth, request a full amino acid profile.
• Mycotoxin panel: Aflatoxin, deoxynivalenol (DON or vomitoxin), fumonisin, zearalenone, and T-2 toxin are the most common mycotoxins in poultry feed. Test quarterly as a baseline and whenever you suspect mold contamination.
• Pellet durability index (PDI): This measures how well pellets hold together during handling. Low PDI means more fines, which reduce feed intake and increase waste.
• Fat quality tests: Peroxide value and free fatty acids indicate whether fats are rancid. Rancid fat reduces energy availability and can cause feed refusal.
• Particle size analysis: If you are grinding your own grain, particle size affects digestibility and gizzard development. A sieve analysis can tell you if your grinder is set correctly.

Your veterinarian or extension poultry specialist can help you decide which tests are worth the cost for your specific operation.

How to Collect and Submit Samples for Different Feed Forms

Mash Feed

Mash is the simplest form to sample because it is already a loose mixture. Use a grain probe to collect subsamples from multiple locations. Mash can separate during handling, with denser particles settling to the bottom. Sampling at multiple depths and locations is essential.

Pelleted Feed

Pellets present a special challenge because they are larger and denser than mash particles. Fines are a major concern. When sampling pellets, collect both whole pellets and fines in proportion to what is actually in the bin or feeder. If you separate them, record the percentage of fines separately. The laboratory can analyze both fractions, but you need to know the fines percentage to interpret the results.

Crumbles

Crumbles are pellets that have been broken into smaller pieces. They are often fed to young chicks. Sampling crumbles is similar to sampling pellets, but the smaller particle size makes separation less of an issue. Still, use a probe and collect multiple subsamples.

Liquid or Semi-Solid Feeds

Some broiler operations use liquid feed supplements or fat additions. Liquid samples require different handling. Use a clean container and collect from the top, middle, and bottom of the tank or drum. Mix thoroughly before sampling. Some laboratories offer special handling for liquid samples, so ask about their requirements before you collect.

Sending Samples to the Laboratory

Once you have collected your samples, package them properly for shipping. Use a sturdy, leak-proof container. Plastic zipper bags work well for dry feed. For liquid samples, use a screw-cap bottle with a secure seal. Double-bag samples to prevent leakage.

Include a submission form with each shipment. The form should list:

• Your name and contact information
• The sample identification (matching the label on the bag)
• The feed type and phase (starter, grower, finisher)
• The lot number and date of manufacture
• The date the sample was collected
• Any specific tests you are requesting
• Any relevant flock information, such as bird age or health status

Ship samples to arrive early in the week, Monday through Wednesday, to avoid weekend delays. Use overnight or expedited shipping for samples that need to be tested quickly. Do not leave samples in a hot vehicle or in direct sunlight, as heat can change the moisture content and nutrient composition.

Interpreting Feed Analysis Results

When the laboratory report comes back, you need to compare the results to the target formulation. Do not compare to what you remember from last year or what another farm is feeding. Use the written target for the specific feed you tested.

Moisture and Dry Matter

Moisture content affects everything else on the report. Nutrients are reported either "as fed" or "as dry matter." As-fed means the nutrient concentration in the feed as you would feed it, including its natural moisture. Dry matter basis means the nutrient concentration after removing all moisture.

Always check which basis the laboratory used. If the report is on an as-fed basis and the target is on a dry matter basis, you need to convert. The formula is:

Nutrient on dry matter basis = Nutrient on as-fed basis divided by (1 minus moisture fraction)

For example, if a feed has 12 percent moisture and 20 percent protein as fed, the dry matter protein is 20 divided by 0.88, which equals 22.7 percent.

Moisture above 13 percent in stored feed is a warning sign. High moisture reduces nutrient density, meaning birds must eat more feed to get the same nutrients. It also promotes mold growth and mycotoxin production.

Crude Protein

Crude protein is a measure of total nitrogen, multiplied by a conversion factor. It does not tell you the quality of the protein or the amino acid profile. Two feeds with the same crude protein can have very different amino acid content.

If crude protein is below target, check the amino acid results. Methionine and lysine are usually the first limiting amino acids in broiler diets. A small deficiency in methionine can reduce growth even when crude protein looks adequate.

Crude Fat

Fat provides energy and essential fatty acids. Low fat can mean the feed is lower in energy than intended, forcing birds to eat more to meet their energy needs. High fat can cause handling problems, especially in warm weather. Fat quality matters more than quantity. If the fat is rancid, birds may refuse the feed even if the fat percentage is correct.

Crude Fiber

Fiber is mostly indigestible for broilers. High fiber dilutes the nutrient density of the feed. If fiber is above target, the feed may contain too much low-quality filler or the grain source may be contaminated with weed seeds or other fiber-rich material.

Ash

Ash is the mineral residue after burning. High ash can indicate excessive mineral inclusion or contamination with soil or sand. It can also indicate that the feed contains bone meal or other animal byproducts. If ash is above target, check the calcium and phosphorus values to see if the mineral premix is correct.

Calcium and Phosphorus

Calcium and phosphorus are critical for bone development. The ratio between them matters as much as the absolute levels. A typical broiler diet has a calcium to available phosphorus ratio of about 2 to 1. Too much calcium with too little phosphorus can cause rickets and leg problems. Too little calcium can cause thin eggshells in breeders and poor bone strength in growing birds.

Salt

Salt (sodium chloride) affects water intake and electrolyte balance. Low salt can reduce feed intake. High salt can cause wet litter and increased water consumption. The target is usually 0.3 to 0.5 percent in broiler feed.

Mycotoxin Results

Mycotoxin results are reported in parts per billion (ppb) or parts per million (ppm). Regulatory limits vary by country and by toxin. For aflatoxin, the FDA action level for feed for growing broilers is 20 ppb. For DON, the guidance level is 5 ppm for poultry feed. Other mycotoxins have no official limits but still cause performance problems.

Mycotoxin effects are often additive. Low levels of several different mycotoxins can cause more harm than a high level of one. If any mycotoxin is detected above trace levels, consider the total mycotoxin load in the feed.

Common Mistakes in Feed Sampling and Testing

Mistake 1: Sampling Only at the Mill

The feed that leaves the mill is not the same as the feed that reaches the birds. Ingredients can separate during transport. Pellets can break into fines. Moisture can change with weather conditions. If you only test at the mill, you are not testing what the birds eat. Sample at the bin and at the feeder line as well.

Mistake 2: Taking a Grab Sample

A handful from the top of a bag or truck is not representative. It overrepresents fines and surface material. Use a probe and take multiple subsamples. This is the single most common mistake in feed testing, and it invalidates every result.

Mistake 3: Mixing Lots

Do not combine feed from different lots into one sample. If you have two deliveries of the same feed from different batches, test them separately. Mixing lots gives you an average that may hide a problem in one lot.

Mistake 4: Not Labeling Samples

An unlabeled sample is worthless. You cannot interpret a result if you do not know which lot, which feed type, or which date it came from. Label every sample immediately at the point of collection.

Mistake 5: Comparing to the Wrong Target

Always compare lab results to the written target formulation for that specific feed. Do not compare to last month's results or to what a neighboring farm feeds. Feed formulations change, and your comparison must use the current target.

Mistake 6: Ignoring Fines in Pelleted Feed

If you feed pellets, the fines fraction is part of what the birds eat. If you only analyze the whole pellets, you miss the fines, which may have a different nutrient composition. Analyze the whole sample as it would be fed, and track the fines percentage separately.

Mistake 7: Testing Too Infrequently

Quarterly testing is a minimum for most operations. If you are troubleshooting a problem, test weekly or even daily until the issue is resolved. Feed quality can change quickly with ingredient supply and weather.

Mistake 8: Not Keeping Records

A lab report is only useful if you can compare it to past results and to flock performance. Keep a log of every sample, the results, and the corresponding flock data. This record becomes your baseline for detecting trends.

Decision Thresholds and When to Take Action

Knowing what the lab results mean is one thing. Knowing when to act is another. The following thresholds are general guidelines. Your integrator or feed supplier may have specific action levels that differ.

Protein Below Target by 1 Percentage Point or More

A 1 point drop in crude protein is significant. It can reduce growth and increase feed conversion by several points. Contact your feed supplier and request a reanalysis of the same lot. Take a new sample from the bin to confirm the result. If the second analysis confirms the deficiency, ask the supplier to explain and to adjust the next delivery.

Calcium or Phosphorus Outside Target by 10 Percent or More

Mineral imbalances can cause leg problems, poor bone development, and increased mortality. If calcium or phosphorus is outside the target range by 10 percent or more, investigate immediately. Check the mineral premix and the ingredient sources. Monitor birds for lameness and leg issues.

Mycotoxins Above Regulatory Limits

If aflatoxin exceeds 20 ppb or DON exceeds 5 ppm, do not feed the affected feed to broilers. Remove it from the feeders and contact your supplier and veterinarian. Depending on the toxin and the level, you may be able to dilute the contaminated feed with clean feed, but only under veterinary guidance. In severe cases, you may need to dispose of the feed.

Pellet Durability Index Below 70 Percent

A PDI below 70 percent means the pellets are breaking apart easily. Fines in the feeder reduce feed intake and increase waste. Check the pellet mill settings, the conditioning temperature, and the binder usage. If the problem persists, ask the mill to adjust the process.

Moisture Above 13 Percent

Moisture above 13 percent increases the risk of mold and reduces nutrient density. If you store feed on farm, check your bin seals and ventilation. Feed should be used within 7 to 10 days of delivery in warm weather. Do not accept deliveries with moisture above 13 percent without discussing the issue with the supplier.

Unexplained Performance Drop with Normal Feed Analysis

If the feed analysis is within target but birds are still performing poorly, do not assume the feed is fine. The problem may be in the feed's physical form, palatability, or the presence of an unmeasured toxin. Consider a full mycotoxin panel, an amino acid analysis, and a check of the feed's odor and appearance. Also look at water quality, stocking density, and environmental conditions.

Building a Feed Quality Monitoring Program

A feed testing program does not need to be complicated. The goal is to catch problems early, before they cost you money. A simple program has four components: routine sampling, recordkeeping, trend analysis, and response planning.

Routine Sampling Schedule

Set a fixed schedule for feed sampling. A practical schedule for most broiler farms is:

• Every delivery: collect a sample from the truck or bin and store it in a labeled bag in a cool, dry place. You do not need to test every sample, but you should have a sample for every lot in case a problem arises later.
• Monthly: submit one composite sample from each feed phase for proximate analysis plus minerals.
• Quarterly: submit a sample for mycotoxin analysis.
• At the end of each flock: submit a sample from any remaining feed for analysis, especially if the flock performed poorly.

This schedule gives you both a baseline and a history. If a problem appears, you have stored samples to test retroactively.

Recordkeeping System

Keep a simple log for every sample. This can be a paper notebook or a spreadsheet. Include:

• Date and time of sampling
• Feed type and phase
• Lot number and mill name
• Sampling location (truck, bin, feeder line)
• Sample identification number
• Date submitted to the laboratory
• Laboratory name and report number
• Key results (protein, fat, fiber, moisture, calcium, phosphorus)
• Any flock performance data for the same period

Update the log as soon as results come back. Do not leave this for later, because you will forget the details.

Trend Analysis

At the end of each month or each flock, review your feed test results. Look for trends even when individual results are within target. Is protein drifting downward over time? Is moisture creeping up? Is the fines percentage in pellets increasing? These trends can signal a developing problem at the mill or in your storage system.

Plot your results on a simple chart if you can. A visual trend is easier to spot than a column of numbers. Even a simple spreadsheet chart will help you see changes that you might otherwise miss.

Response Planning

Write down what you will do when specific problems appear. For example:

• If protein is low by 1 point or more, contact the supplier and request a reanalysis.
• If mycotoxins are detected above trace levels, call the veterinarian and discuss options.
• If moisture is above 13 percent, reject the delivery or use the feed immediately and check storage conditions.
• If fines exceed 20 percent in pelleted feed, request a PDI test and discuss with the mill.

Having a plan in advance means you do not have to make decisions under pressure when a problem appears.

Troubleshooting Feed-Related Performance Problems

When birds are not performing as expected, feed quality is one of the first things to check. The following step-by-step approach will help you identify whether feed is the cause.

Step 1: Rule Out Management and Health Issues

Before blaming the feed, check the obvious non-feed factors. Water intake and quality, temperature, ventilation, stocking density, lighting, and disease status all affect bird performance. If birds are sick or stressed, they will eat less regardless of feed quality. Work with your veterinarian to rule out infectious disease first.

Step 2: Observe Feed Intake and Feeding Behavior

Watch the birds at the feeder. Are they eating normally? Are they sorting the feed and leaving fines? Are they drinking more water than usual? Changes in feeding behavior can signal palatability problems. If birds are avoiding the feed, the problem may be rancid fat, mycotoxins, or an off-flavor ingredient.

Step 3: Check the Physical Condition of the Feed

Look at the feed in the bins and feeders. Is it moldy? Does it smell rancid or musty? Are there clumps or signs of moisture? Are the pellets intact or mostly fines? Take note of the feed's appearance and odor before you send samples to the laboratory.

Step 4: Collect Samples and Submit for Analysis

Follow the sampling procedures described earlier. Collect samples from the feeder line, the bin, and any remaining feed in storage. Submit them for proximate analysis, minerals, and a mycotoxin panel. If you have stored samples from the delivery, submit those as well so you can compare the feed as delivered to the feed as fed.

Step 5: Compare Results to Targets and History

Once the results come back, compare them to the target formulation and to your historical results for the same feed. A result that is within target but different from your usual results can still be a problem if the change affects palatability or nutrient availability.

Step 6: Make Decisions Based on Evidence

If the feed analysis confirms a problem, act on it. Contact the feed supplier and share the laboratory report. Work with your veterinarian to determine whether the feed is safe to continue feeding. If the analysis shows no problem, continue looking at other causes. Do not automatically blame the feed just because you have a laboratory report in hand.

When to Call a Veterinarian or Extension Specialist

Feed testing is a management tool, not a substitute for professional advice. There are times when you should call for help rather than trying to solve the problem yourself.

Call a Veterinarian When

• Birds show signs of disease, including diarrhea, respiratory distress, sudden death, or neurological signs, and feed quality is suspected.
• Mycotoxin levels are above regulatory limits and you need guidance on whether to feed, dilute, or dispose of the feed.
• Birds are refusing feed or water and you cannot identify the cause.
• You see signs of nutritional deficiency, such as rickets, poor feathering, or leg problems, and feed analysis suggests a mineral or vitamin imbalance.
• You need to rule out disease as a cause of poor performance before you can focus on feed issues.

Call an Extension Poultry Specialist When

• You need help interpreting laboratory results or setting up a feed testing program.
• You want guidance on sampling procedures or laboratory selection.
• You are considering changing feed formulation or ingredient sources and need advice.
• You want to analyze trends in your feed test results and flock performance data.
• You need to understand new regulatory requirements for feed testing or mycotoxin limits.

Your veterinarian and extension specialist are there to help you make better decisions. Use them when you are uncertain or when the stakes are high.

Feed Storage and Its Effect on Quality

Even the best feed from the mill can degrade on your farm if storage conditions are poor. Feed quality testing does not stop at the bin. You need to manage storage to preserve the quality that was present at delivery.

Bin Maintenance

Clean your feed bins between lots and at least once per flock. Old feed stuck to the bin walls can mold and contaminate new feed. Check bin seals and gaskets for damage. Make sure the bin vents are clear so condensation can escape. A bin that sweats on warm days can create moisture that promotes mold growth.

First In, First Out

Use feed on a first in, first out basis. Do not keep old feed in the bottom of the bin while new feed sits on top. This requires you to empty the bin completely before adding new feed, or at least to know which feed is in the bin and when it was delivered. Old feed that sits in the bin for weeks can lose vitamins and develop rancid fat.

Temperature and Humidity

Store feed in a cool, dry place. High temperatures accelerate vitamin degradation and fat oxidation. High humidity increases moisture content and promotes mold. In hot, humid climates, consider using feed within 5 to 7 days of delivery. In cooler climates, feed can be stored for up to 2 weeks, but check the moisture content regularly.

Pest Control

Rodents and insects can contaminate feed and spread disease. Keep feed storage areas clean and free of spills. Use bait stations and traps around the feed storage area. Inspect feed regularly for signs of insect infestation.

Mycotoxin Management in Broiler Feed

Mycotoxins are a persistent threat to broiler feed quality. They are produced by molds that grow on grains in the field or during storage. The most common mycotoxins in broiler feed are aflatoxin, deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin, zearalenone, and T-2 toxin.

Effects on Broilers

Mycotoxins reduce feed intake, impair nutrient absorption, suppress the immune system, and damage the liver and kidneys. Even low levels of multiple mycotoxins can cause performance problems. Birds may show poor growth, reduced feed conversion, increased susceptibility to disease, and higher mortality.

Testing for Mycotoxins

Test for mycotoxins at least quarterly and whenever you suspect a problem. The test should cover the five major mycotoxins. Some laboratories offer a "mycotoxin panel" that includes all five at a reduced price. If you are feeding corn-based diets, mycotoxin testing is especially important because corn is the most common source of contamination.

Reducing Mycotoxin Risk

You cannot eliminate mycotoxins entirely, but you can reduce the risk. Buy grain from reputable suppliers who test for mycotoxins. Store grain at moisture levels below 14 percent. Use mold inhibitors in feed, such as propionic acid products. Consider adding a mycotoxin binder to the feed if you have a history of mycotoxin problems. Work with your feed supplier to ensure that the raw ingredients are tested and that the finished feed is within safe limits.

Pellet Quality and Feed Intake

Pelleted feed is the standard for commercial broiler production because it increases feed intake and reduces feed waste. But pellet quality varies, and poor pellets can cost you money.

Why Pellet Quality Matters

Birds eat fewer fines than whole pellets. Fines also get wasted more easily in the feeder and on the floor. A feed with high fines reduces actual nutrient intake even if the nutrient concentration is correct. In addition, birds may sort pellets from fines, leaving the fines in the feeder and eating only the whole pellets. This selective feeding can lead to uneven nutrient intake within the flock.

Measuring Pellet Quality

The standard test is the pellet durability index (PDI). This test measures the percentage of pellets that remain intact after tumbling in a standardized drum. A PDI above 80 percent is generally considered good. Below 70 percent indicates a problem with the pellet mill, the conditioning process, or the binder.

Improving Pellet Quality

If your PDI is low, work with your feed mill to adjust the process. Common fixes include increasing the conditioning temperature, adding a binder such as lignin sulfonate or bentonite, adjusting the die specification, or reducing the production rate. On the farm side, handle pellets gently. Use augers with lower speeds and avoid dropping feed from a great height into the bin.

Water Quality Interaction with Feed

Water is the most essential nutrient, and water quality affects feed intake and nutrient utilization. If water is contaminated or unpalatable, birds will drink less and eat less. This can look like a feed problem when the feed itself is fine.

Check water quality at least annually. Test for total dissolved solids, pH, and bacterial contamination. High levels of minerals such as iron, sulfate, or nitrate can affect water palatability. Bacterial contamination can cause disease and reduce feed intake. If water quality is poor, treat the water or find an alternative source.

Recordkeeping and Documentation

Good recordkeeping is the backbone of a feed quality program. You cannot manage what you do not measure, and you cannot measure without records.

What to Record

Keep a feed log for every delivery and every sample. Record the date, feed type, lot number, quantity, and the results of any tests. Also record flock performance data: feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion, mortality, and any health problems. This allows you to correlate feed quality with bird performance.

How Long to Keep Records

Keep feed records for at least the life of the flock plus one year. If you have a dispute with a feed supplier or a regulatory issue, you may need records from several flocks. Store paper records in a dry, accessible place. Digital records are easier to search and analyze.

Using Records for Decision Making

Review your feed records at the end of each flock. Look for patterns. Is feed conversion better when protein is at the high end of the target range? Is mortality higher when mycotoxin levels are elevated? These patterns can guide your future decisions about feed purchasing and testing frequency.

Cost of Feed Testing and Return on Investment

Feed testing costs money, and you need to know whether it is worth the expense. A single proximate analysis plus minerals typically costs 50 to 150 dollars. A mycotoxin panel costs 80 to 200 dollars. A full amino acid analysis costs 100 to 250 dollars. For a farm that uses 100 tons of feed per flock, the cost of testing is a tiny fraction of the total feed bill.

The return on investment comes from catching problems early. A single undetected feed problem that reduces feed conversion by 0.05 points on a 50,000 bird flock can cost 2,000 to 5,000 dollars. One problem caught by testing can pay for years of routine testing.

Do not cut corners on testing frequency to save money. The cost of one missed problem far exceeds the cost of testing. If you are on a tight budget, prioritize testing at delivery and at the end of the flock. These two samples give you the most information for the least cost.

Working with Your Feed Supplier

Your feed supplier is a partner in your operation, not just a vendor. A good supplier wants to know about feed quality problems so they can fix them. A bad supplier will resist your findings and blame your management.

Communicate Clearly

When you have a feed quality concern, communicate it clearly and professionally. Share the laboratory report and the sampling details. Ask the supplier to conduct their own analysis of the same lot. If the results differ, discuss the possible reasons.

Establish a Protocol

Work with your supplier to establish a protocol for handling feed quality complaints. This should include a defined procedure for sampling, a timeline for response, and a process for resolving disputes. Having this in writing before a problem occurs makes it easier to handle problems when they arise.

Document Everything

Keep copies of all correspondence with your feed supplier. If a dispute escalates, you will want a clear record of your communications. This is especially important if you are considering switching suppliers or if you need to involve a third party.

Regulatory Considerations

Feed quality is not just a management issue. It is also a regulatory issue. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates animal feed under the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA). The FDA sets limits for certain contaminants, including aflatoxin, and requires feed mills to follow current good manufacturing practices.

The Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) provides model regulations for feed labeling and ingredient definitions. State departments of agriculture enforce feed laws and can test feed samples from commercial operations.

If you are mixing feed on farm, you have regulatory responsibilities. You must use approved ingredients, follow good manufacturing practices, and keep records of your formulations and ingredient purchases. Your state department of agriculture can provide guidance on the specific requirements for your operation.

Internationally, the FAO and the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) provide guidance on feed safety and animal health. The FAO's Animal Production and Health division publishes resources on feed quality and safety. WOAH sets international standards for animal health, including feed-related disease prevention.

Frequently Asked Questions

How often should I test my broiler feed?

For most operations, test each feed phase at least once per month for proximate analysis and minerals. Test for mycotoxins quarterly. If you are troubleshooting a problem or if you have a new supplier, test more frequently. You should also collect and store a sample from every delivery so you can test retroactively if a problem appears.

What is the difference between as-fed and dry matter basis?

As-fed means the nutrient concentration in the feed as it is fed, including its natural moisture. Dry matter basis means the nutrient concentration after removing all moisture. To convert from as-fed to dry matter, divide the as-fed nutrient value by the dry matter fraction (1 minus the moisture fraction). Always check which basis the laboratory used before comparing results to your target.

Can I test feed myself on the farm?

There are some on-farm tests available, such as moisture meters and quick tests for certain nutrients. These can be useful for screening, but they are not a substitute for laboratory analysis. Laboratory methods are more accurate and more reproducible. Use on-farm tests for quick checks and send samples to an accredited laboratory for definitive results.

What should I do if the feed analysis shows a nutrient deficiency?

Contact your feed supplier immediately and share the laboratory report. Request a reanalysis of the same lot and take a new sample from your bin to confirm the result. If the deficiency is confirmed, work with the supplier to correct the problem. Monitor your birds closely for signs of deficiency, and consult your veterinarian if you see health problems.

How do I know if mycotoxin levels are unsafe?

Regulatory limits exist for some mycotoxins. In the United States, the FDA action level for aflatoxin in feed for growing broilers is 20 parts per billion. The guidance level for DON is 5 parts per million. Other mycotoxins have no official limits, but any detectable level can affect bird performance. Consult your veterinarian or extension specialist to interpret mycotoxin results in the context of your flock.

What is a good pellet durability index?

A PDI above 80 percent is generally considered good. Below 70 percent indicates a problem with pellet quality that is likely reducing feed intake and increasing waste. If your PDI is low, work with your feed mill to adjust the conditioning process, die specification, or binder usage.

Why are my birds eating less even though the feed analysis looks normal?

Feed analysis measures nutrient content, not palatability. Birds may refuse feed because of rancid fat, mycotoxins, off-flavors, or physical problems like excessive fines. Check the feed's odor, appearance, and fines content. Also check water quality and environmental conditions. If you cannot identify the cause, call your veterinarian.

Do I need to test water quality as part of my feed program?

Yes. Water is the most essential nutrient, and poor water quality can reduce feed intake and nutrient utilization. Test water at least annually for total dissolved solids, pH, and bacterial contamination. If water quality is poor, treat the water or find an alternative source.

Related Farming Guides

This section will be populated with related farming guides after publication. Check back soon for links to articles on broiler nutrition, feed formulation, flock health management, mycotoxin control, and poultry housing and environment.

Related Clinical & Scientific Guides

• Poultry Farm Fencing: Materials, Design, and Predator Exclusion
• Broiler House Wind Speed and Airflow Measurement
• Broiler House Heating Systems: Types and Efficiency

References

• FAO Poultry Production: https://www.fao.org/poultry-production-products/en/
• USDA APHIS Poultry Health: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian
• WOAH Avian Influenza: https://www.woah.org/en/disease/avian-influenza/
• FAO Animal Production and Health: https://www.fao.org/animal-production/en/
• WOAH (World Organisation for Animal Health): https://www.woah.org/en/home/

This article is educational and is not a substitute for veterinary diagnosis, treatment, public-health guidance, or regulatory reporting.