Farm Emergency Action Plan: Preparing for Natural Disasters and Disease Outbreaks

A farm emergency action plan is a written document that identifies the hazards most likely to affect your operation, assigns specific roles to people, lists emergency contacts, maps evacuation routes, and describes step-by-step response procedures for natural disasters and disease outbreaks. This article walks through the process of building that plan, from risk assessment through drills and plan updates, with attention to livestock welfare, worker safety, biosecurity, and food safety.

Why Farms Need a Written Emergency Plan

Farms face a distinct combination of hazards that most other businesses do not. Floods, landslides, pests, and disease outbreaks are among the most frequently reported farm disasters, and their impacts include loss of financial resources, disruption of extension services, and epidemics that spread beyond the farm boundary. Agricultural extension and advisory providers can support mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery services to smallholder farmers and communities to minimize losses and recovery time, but the farm itself must have a plan in place before an event occurs.

The consequences of being unprepared are not limited to the farm gate. Contagious livestock diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease and highly pathogenic avian influenza can disrupt markets, sever international trade agreements, and produce cascading negative impacts on public health. Vaccines are a core component of disease prevention and emergency response, but for vaccines to be effective they must be reliably distributed through a multi-layered state, federal, and private structure. A farm that has not planned for cold-chain failures, movement restrictions, or depopulation procedures will struggle to participate in any coordinated response.

Climate variability adds another layer of urgency. Recurrent droughts, floods, food insecurity, displacement, and limited access to safe water and sanitation interact to increase the risk of climate-sensitive infectious diseases. Breaking this cycle requires a shift from repeated emergency response toward anticipatory prevention and resilience-building. For a farm operator, that shift begins with a written plan.

At a Glance: Farm Emergency Action Plan Components

Step 1: Conduct a Farm-Specific Risk Assessment

A risk assessment identifies which emergencies are realistic for your location and operation. Generic plans fail because they do not account for the specific geography, species, infrastructure, and workforce of a particular farm.

Identify Natural Disaster Risks by Location

Start with the hazards that are known in your area. Flood risk depends on proximity to waterways, drainage patterns, and soil type. Wildfire risk depends on vegetation, slope, and prevailing winds. Drought risk depends on rainfall patterns, water storage capacity, and access to alternative water sources. Landslide risk is highest on sloped terrain after heavy rain. Weather and climate information can trigger early action and facilitate better disaster preparedness, but the information must be decision-driven and people-centered to be useful. Rainfall amount, onset and cessation dates, and rainfall distribution are among the most useful climate indicators for agricultural decision-making.

Contact your local emergency management office, extension service, or agricultural agency to obtain hazard maps for your area. Do not rely on memory of past events alone, because climate patterns are shifting and events that were once rare may become more frequent.

Assess Disease Risks by Species and Production Type

Disease risk varies by species, herd size, production system, and proximity to other livestock operations. A dairy with 500 cows has different disease risks than a backyard flock of 20 chickens. Consider the diseases that are present in your region, the diseases that could arrive through animal movements or wildlife contact, and the diseases that could be introduced by visitors, vehicles, or contaminated feed.

Foot-and-mouth disease is a key example of a transboundary animal disease that requires coordinated emergency response. Emergency vaccination decisions in previously foot-and-mouth disease free countries should be supported by evidence on vaccine effectiveness against transmission. Mathematical models help assess vaccination strategies but require accurate effectiveness parameters. Experimental studies have shown that foot-and-mouth disease vaccination, particularly in cattle, effectively controls transmission, and emergency vaccination implemented alongside other control measures such as movement bans and enhanced biosecurity can reduce between-farm transmission. Vaccine effectiveness increases over time after vaccination, with meaningful protection appearing within the first week post-vaccination in some settings.

Your risk assessment should identify which diseases would trigger a reportable event, what movement restrictions would apply, and whether your farm has the biosecurity infrastructure to implement isolation and quarantine.

Inventory On-Farm Hazards

Walk your property and list every hazard that could cause injury, death, or property damage during an emergency. This includes:

• Fuel storage tanks and their proximity to buildings and water sources
• Propane tanks and gas lines
• Electrical panels and wiring that could fail during flooding
• Confined spaces such as manure pits and silos
• Chemicals including pesticides, fertilizers, and veterinary products
• Machinery that could move or fall during high winds
• Water sources and backup pumping capacity
• Feed storage and its vulnerability to flooding or contamination

For each hazard, note what could happen during a specific emergency scenario and what mitigation measures are already in place.

Step 2: Build Your Emergency Contact List

An emergency contact list is only useful if it is current, complete, and accessible to everyone who needs it. A list locked in the farm office is of little value when the office is flooded or the event happens at night.

Required Contacts for Every Farm

At minimum, your contact list should include:

• Farm owner and all managers with decision-making authority
• All employees with their personal phone numbers and emergency contacts
• Your primary veterinarian and at least one backup veterinarian
• Your local extension agent or agricultural advisor
• County or municipal emergency management office
• Local law enforcement and fire department
• Poison control center
• Utility companies for electricity, gas, and water
• Insurance agent and policy numbers
• Neighboring farms that could assist or be affected
• State animal health officials or veterinary diagnostic laboratory
• Local feed, fuel, and veterinary supply vendors

Make Contacts Accessible in Multiple Formats

Print the contact list and post it in multiple locations including the farm office, each barn, the milk house or packing shed, and worker housing. Store a digital copy on phones and in a cloud service that does not require a specific device. Keep a waterproof copy in each vehicle used on the farm.

For farms with migrant or seasonal workers, the contact list and all emergency instructions must be available in the languages spoken by the workforce. Migrant and seasonal farmworkers face unique issues during disasters including transportation and language barriers, and they are often not familiar with the receiving communities where they travel for work. They may live in agricultural labor camps and may not know local roads, shelters, or services. Emergency planning must account for these vulnerabilities.

Verify Contacts Quarterly

Phone numbers change, people leave, and agencies reorganize. Assign one person to verify the contact list every three months. During each verification, confirm that every number is current and that the person listed knows they are on the list and understands their role.

Step 3: Define Roles and Responsibilities

Every person on the farm needs to know what they are supposed to do when an emergency occurs. Ambiguity causes delays, and delays cost lives and animals.

Assign an Incident Commander

One person should be designated as the incident commander for each shift or time period. This person has the authority to make decisions, declare an emergency, and direct other workers. The incident commander should have a backup who can take over if the primary person is unavailable, injured, or off the farm.

The incident commander is responsible for:

• Confirming the emergency and its scope
• Activating the emergency action plan
• Calling emergency services and other contacts
• Directing evacuation and shelter-in-place procedures
• Communicating with outside agencies
• Authorizing the use of equipment and supplies
• Documenting actions taken

Assign Specific Tasks to Specific People

Do not assign tasks to "whoever is available." Assign each task to a named person with a backup. Common tasks include:

• Animal evacuation coordinator: responsible for moving livestock to safe areas or loading trailers
• Equipment operator: responsible for moving machinery, opening gates, and clearing routes
• Utility shutdown: responsible for turning off gas, electricity, and water when safe to do so
• First aid: responsible for human injuries and maintaining first aid supplies
• Communication: responsible for calling contacts and maintaining a log of calls
• Biosecurity: responsible for establishing and enforcing isolation zones during disease events
• Feed and water: responsible for ensuring animals have access to feed and water during and after the event

Train Every Worker on Their Role

Training must happen before an emergency, not during one. Each worker should receive orientation on the emergency action plan when they are hired and refresher training at least annually. Training should include a walkthrough of evacuation routes, demonstration of equipment operation, and practice with communication tools.

Disaster preparedness training for farmworkers should be delivered in the communities where they work and in their primary language. Training that requires workers to travel to a distant location or that is delivered only in English will not reach the people who need it most.

Step 4: Map Evacuation Routes and Safe Areas

Evacuation planning for a farm is more complex than for a household because you must account for animals, equipment, and the people who may refuse to leave without their animals.

Map Routes for People

Identify at least two evacuation routes from every building on the farm. Post maps showing these routes in each building and in worker housing. Mark the routes clearly with signs that are visible in low light. Designate a primary meeting point outside the immediate danger area and a secondary meeting point farther away in case the first is compromised.

Consider how workers will evacuate if they do not have personal vehicles. Migrant and seasonal workers often face transportation barriers during disasters. Your plan should identify vehicles that can transport workers and a driver for each vehicle.

Map Routes for Livestock

Livestock evacuation requires trailers, loading facilities, and knowledge of animal behavior under stress. Identify which animals would be evacuated first based on value, mobility, and vulnerability. Determine how many trailers are available and how many loads each species requires.

For each species, identify safe areas on the farm where animals could be moved if off-farm evacuation is not possible. High ground for floods, cleared areas for wildfire, and sheltered areas for high winds should be mapped in advance. Do not assume that animals can simply be turned loose, because loose animals create hazards for themselves and for emergency responders.

Account for Animals That Cannot Be Evacuated

Some animals cannot be moved quickly or safely. Newborn animals, animals in late pregnancy, injured animals, and animals in confinement systems may need to shelter in place. Your plan should identify these animals and describe how they will be protected. This may include moving them to the most secure building, providing backup water and feed, and arranging for veterinary support if the event is prolonged.

Step 5: Establish Communication Protocols

Communication failures are among the most common problems during emergencies. Cell towers fail, phone lines go down, and people become separated. Your plan must include multiple communication methods.

Build a Phone Tree

A phone tree assigns each person to call specific other people when an emergency is declared. The incident commander calls two people, each of those calls two more, and so on until everyone has been notified. The phone tree should be posted in multiple locations and stored on every phone.

Use Multiple Communication Channels

Do not rely on a single method. Consider:

• Text messaging, which often works when voice calls fail
• Two-way radios for on-farm communication
• A designated radio frequency for coordination with neighboring farms
• Social media or community alert systems for regional information
• A physical message board at a designated meeting point

Establish Communication with Outside Agencies

Your plan should specify who communicates with emergency services, animal health officials, and the media. Too many people calling the same agency creates confusion. Designate one person as the primary liaison with each outside agency and ensure that person has the authority to share information.

Plan for Language Barriers

If any workers do not speak the primary language of the farm, your communication protocols must include translation. Identify bilingual workers who can relay instructions, and prepare emergency instructions in the languages spoken by your workforce. Do not assume that a worker who speaks conversational English can understand complex emergency instructions under stress.

Step 6: Develop Disease Outbreak Response Procedures

Disease outbreaks require a different response than natural disasters because the threat is biological and the response involves biosecurity, movement restrictions, and potentially vaccination or depopulation.

Establish Biosecurity Zones

Your plan should identify the biosecurity zones on your farm and how they would be expanded during a disease event. A clean zone includes areas where healthy animals are kept and where entry is restricted. A transition zone includes entry points where disinfection occurs. A contaminated zone includes areas where sick animals are housed or where the disease agent may be present.

During an outbreak, the plan should specify:

• Who is allowed to enter each zone
• What protective clothing and disinfection procedures are required
• How vehicles and equipment are cleaned and disinfected between zones
• How feed, water, and supplies are delivered without introducing contamination
• How animal movements between zones are controlled and recorded

Plan for Isolation of Sick Animals

Identify the facilities that would be used to isolate sick animals. These facilities should be separate from healthy animals, have dedicated equipment and supplies, and be accessible without passing through clean areas. Assign specific people to care for sick animals and prohibit them from contacting healthy animals without changing clothing and disinfecting.

Understand Vaccination and Movement Restrictions

Vaccines are a core component of disease prevention and emergency response, but for vaccines to be effective they must be reliably distributed. The multi-layered state, federal, and private structure of vaccine delivery faces persistent challenges in maintaining cold-chains to protect vaccines, and geographic and workforce disparities create inequality in emergency preparedness.

Your plan should identify where vaccines are stored, how cold-chain integrity is maintained, and what happens if power fails. During an outbreak, vaccination decisions may be made by animal health authorities instead of by the farm alone. Emergency vaccination is often implemented alongside other control measures such as bans on animal movements and enhanced biosecurity. Your plan should describe how your farm would comply with movement restrictions and how you would document animal movements if records are required.

Prepare for Depopulation and Carcass Disposal

In severe disease outbreaks, depopulation may be required to control the spread of disease. This is an emotionally difficult and logistically complex process. Your plan should identify:

• Who has the authority to order depopulation
• What methods would be used and who would perform them
• How carcasses would be disposed of in compliance with regulations
• How the farm would be cleaned and disinfected afterward
• What support services are available for workers and family members

Document Everything

During a disease event, records are essential for traceability, compensation claims, and regulatory compliance. Your plan should include templates for:

• Animal movement logs
• Visitor logs
• Vehicle entry logs
• Treatment and vaccination records
• Mortality records
• Cleaning and disinfection logs

Step 7: Prepare for Utility and Infrastructure Failures

Natural disasters frequently cause power outages, water supply failures, and fuel shortages. Your plan must address how the farm will function without these services.

Backup Power

Identify which systems require electricity and prioritize them. Milking equipment, ventilation fans, heating systems, water pumps, and refrigeration for milk and vaccines are typically the highest priorities. Determine the wattage required for each system and whether your backup generator can handle the load.

Generators require fuel, and fuel may be unavailable during a disaster. Store enough fuel for at least 72 hours of operation and rotate it regularly to prevent degradation. Test generators monthly under load and after any maintenance.

Water Supply

Livestock require large volumes of water, and water pumps often fail during power outages. Identify backup water sources including ponds, wells with alternative power, and water delivery services. Determine how water would be delivered to animals if the primary system fails.

During drought conditions, water scarcity compounds the effects of other disasters. Limited access to safe water and sanitation increases the risk of infectious diseases. Your plan should include water conservation measures and arrangements for emergency water delivery.

Fuel and Feed

Store enough fuel for vehicles, generators, and heating equipment to operate for at least 72 hours. Store enough feed for the same period, accounting for the possibility that roads may be impassable and deliveries may be delayed. Rotate stored feed to prevent spoilage and contamination.

Step 8: Write the Plan and Train Your Team

A plan that exists only in someone's head is not a plan. Write the document, distribute it, and train everyone on it.

Plan Structure

Organize the plan so that it can be used quickly during an emergency. The first page should contain the most critical information: emergency contacts, meeting points, and the first three actions to take. Subsequent sections should cover each emergency scenario in detail.

Include maps showing evacuation routes, utility shutoffs, biosecurity zones, and safe areas. Include checklists for each scenario that can be followed step by step. Include templates for records that will be needed during and after the event.

Conduct Drills

A plan that has never been practiced will fail. Conduct drills at least annually and after any significant change to the farm or workforce. Drills should include:

• A tabletop exercise where the team walks through a scenario and discusses decisions
• A functional drill where communication systems are tested
• A full-scale drill where animals are moved and equipment is operated

After each drill, hold a debriefing session. Identify what worked, what failed, and what needs to be changed. Update the plan accordingly.

Train New Workers Immediately

Every new worker should receive emergency training during their first week on the job. Do not wait for the annual training cycle. A worker who has been on the farm for one day may be the only person present when an emergency occurs.

Records and Measurements

Emergency preparedness is not a one-time activity. It requires ongoing measurement and documentation to remain effective.

Records to Maintain

• Risk assessment updates with dates and changes identified
• Contact list verification logs
• Training attendance records for all workers
• Drill reports including date, scenario, participants, and issues identified
• Equipment maintenance logs for generators, pumps, and communication devices
• Fuel and feed inventory logs
• Biosecurity audit results
• Incident reports from any actual emergencies or near misses

Measurements to Track

• Time from emergency declaration to notification of all workers
• Time from emergency declaration to evacuation of people
• Time from emergency declaration to evacuation of animals
• Percentage of workers who have completed training
• Percentage of contact list entries verified within the last quarter
• Generator test results and fuel levels
• Inventory levels of emergency supplies

These measurements allow you to identify weaknesses before an emergency exposes them. If it takes 45 minutes to notify all workers during a drill, the communication system needs improvement.

Common Failure Patterns

Farms that have experienced emergencies often report similar problems. Understanding these failure patterns can help you avoid them.

Contact Information Becomes Outdated

Phone numbers change, people leave, and agencies reorganize. A contact list that was accurate when written becomes useless within months if not verified regularly. Assign a specific person to verify contacts quarterly and document the verification.

Workers Do Not Know Their Roles

A plan that sits in a binder in the farm office is not a plan. Workers who have never been trained on their roles will not perform them during an emergency. Training must be hands-on and repeated, not a one-time lecture.

Evacuation Routes Are Blocked

The route that was clear when the plan was written may be blocked by floodwater, fallen trees, or damaged infrastructure. Identify secondary routes and practice using them. During an emergency, do not assume that any route is passable until it has been verified.

Communication Systems Fail

Cell towers fail, phone lines go down, and radios run out of battery. Farms that rely on a single communication method are left without contact when it matters most. Build redundancy into your communication systems and test them regularly.

Animal Handling Equipment Is Not Ready

Trailers are in disrepair, loading chutes are blocked, and gates are rusted shut. Animal evacuation requires equipment that is maintained and ready. Inspect animal handling equipment regularly and repair problems immediately.

Biosecurity Is Forgotten During the Emergency

In the rush to respond to a natural disaster, biosecurity procedures are often abandoned. This can introduce disease to the farm or spread disease from the farm to others. Your plan should integrate biosecurity into every emergency response, not treat it as a separate activity.

Language Barriers Are Ignored

Farms with migrant or seasonal workers often fail to provide emergency instructions in the workers' languages. Workers who cannot read the evacuation map or understand the emergency announcement cannot respond effectively. Prepare all emergency materials in the languages spoken by your workforce.

Limitations and Professional Escalation

An emergency action plan has limits. It cannot prevent disasters, and it cannot guarantee that every animal or person will survive. Understanding these limits helps you know when to escalate to professional help.

When to Call Emergency Services

Do not delay calling emergency services while you attempt to handle the situation yourself. Call 911 or the local emergency number when:

• A person is seriously injured or trapped
• Fire is present or spreading
• Hazardous materials are released
• Floodwater is rising and people or animals are in danger
• Structural collapse is possible
• Any situation exceeds the capacity of the people on site

When to Contact Animal Health Authorities

Contact your state or national animal health authority immediately if you suspect a reportable disease. Signs that warrant immediate contact include:

• Sudden death of multiple animals
• Severe illness with rapid spread among animals
• Unusual lesions, abortions, or neurological signs
• Any disease that is known to be present in your region and is reportable
• Any disease that could be introduced through animal movements or wildlife contact

Do not wait for a diagnosis before contacting authorities. Early reporting is essential for disease control, and delayed reporting can allow a disease to spread beyond the farm.

When to Contact Your Veterinarian

Your veterinarian should be involved in emergency planning before an event occurs. During an emergency, contact your veterinarian for:

• Guidance on animal care during evacuation or shelter-in-place
• Assessment of sick or injured animals
• Advice on vaccination and treatment decisions
• Support for euthanasia decisions if animals cannot be saved
• Documentation for insurance and compensation claims

When to Contact Extension and Advisory Services

Agricultural extension and advisory providers can render mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery services to farmers and communities to minimize losses, recovery time, and resources. Contact your extension agent for:

• Assistance with risk assessment and plan development
• Information on available assistance programs
• Guidance on recovery and rebuilding
• Connections to other resources and agencies

When to Contact Your Insurance Agent

Contact your insurance agent as soon as possible after any event that may result in a claim. Document damage with photographs and written records before cleanup begins. Do not discard damaged equipment or dispose of carcasses without documenting them and consulting your agent.

Welfare and Safety Context

Emergency planning is fundamentally about protecting the welfare of people and animals. The decisions made during an emergency have lasting consequences for both.

Human Safety Comes First

No animal is worth a human life. Your plan should make clear that workers are not expected to risk their safety to save animals or equipment. Evacuation routes for people should be prioritized, and workers should be trained to recognize when a situation is too dangerous to enter.

Animal Welfare During Emergencies

Animals that are evacuated or sheltered in place experience stress that can affect their health and productivity. Your plan should address:

• How animals will be handled to minimize stress during evacuation
• How feed and water will be provided during and after the event
• How injured or sick animals will be treated
• How animals will be monitored for signs of distress
• When euthanasia is appropriate and who will perform it

Worker Welfare During Emergencies

Farmworkers may face unique vulnerabilities during disasters, including transportation barriers, language barriers, and lack of familiarity with the local area. Your plan should address:

• How workers will be transported to safety
• How workers will receive information in their languages
• How workers will access medical care if needed
• How workers will be housed if they cannot return to their homes
• How workers will be compensated for time spent responding to the emergency

Food Safety Considerations

During and after an emergency, food safety can be compromised. Milk from stressed or sick animals may not be suitable for sale. Meat from animals that were evacuated or treated may be subject to withdrawal periods. Crops may be contaminated by floodwater or chemicals. Your plan should include procedures for:

• Segregating milk or meat from animals that may be affected
• Documenting treatments and withdrawal periods
• Testing water sources after flooding
• Discarding feed that has been contaminated
• Consulting with food safety authorities before selling products after an event

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between an emergency action plan and a business continuity plan?

An emergency action plan focuses on the immediate response to a disaster or disease outbreak, including evacuation, communication, and life safety. A business continuity plan addresses how the farm will resume operations after the emergency, including financial planning, supply chain management, and recovery of production. Both are needed, but they serve different purposes and are developed separately.

How often should a farm emergency action plan be updated?

The plan should be reviewed at least annually and updated after any significant change to the farm, workforce, or local conditions. Contact information should be verified quarterly. The plan should also be updated after any drill or actual emergency to incorporate lessons learned.

What should be included in a farm emergency kit?

A farm emergency kit should include first aid supplies for people and animals, flashlights and batteries, battery-powered radios, drinking water, non-perishable food, tools for utility shutdown and minor repairs, copies of important documents, and any medications or supplies needed by workers or animals. The kit should be stored in a waterproof container in a location that is accessible during an emergency.

How do I evacuate livestock during a flood or wildfire?

Livestock evacuation requires advance planning. Identify trailers and loading facilities that are ready to use, assign people to handle each species, and practice loading animals under calm conditions. Determine which animals would be evacuated first and where they would go. If off-farm evacuation is not possible, identify high ground or cleared areas on the farm where animals could be moved.

What biosecurity measures should be in place before a disease outbreak?

Biosecurity measures that should be in place before an outbreak include controlled access to the farm, visitor logs, vehicle disinfection, separate clothing and boots for different areas, rodent and wildlife control, and protocols for introducing new animals. These measures should be practiced routinely so they become habits instead of emergency procedures.

Who should be on the emergency contact list?

The emergency contact list should include farm owners and managers, all employees, veterinarians, extension agents, emergency management offices, law enforcement, fire departments, utility companies, insurance agents, neighboring farms, and state animal health authorities. The list should be verified quarterly and posted in multiple locations.

How do I train seasonal or migrant workers on the emergency plan?

Training should be delivered in the languages spoken by the workers and conducted at the farm or in the communities where workers live. Use visual aids and hands-on demonstrations instead of written materials alone. Assign bilingual workers to assist with training and communication. Repeat training at the start of each season and whenever the plan changes.

What records should I keep after an emergency?

After an emergency, keep records of all actions taken, including communication logs, animal movements, treatments administered, mortalities, damage assessments, and expenses. Photograph all damage before cleanup begins. These records are essential for insurance claims, compensation programs, and regulatory compliance.

Related Farming Guides

• Rabbit Farm Emergency Plan for Heat, Power Loss, and Disease Response
• Farm Risk Assessment for Livestock Operations
• Farm Odor and Neighbor Communication Plan
• Fish Farm Water Source Risk Assessment
• Camel Farm Biosecurity: Disease Prevention and Quarantine Protocols

References and Further Reading

• FAO Animal Production and Health. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
• Animal and Veterinary Resources. U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
• Animal Health and Welfare. World Organisation for Animal Health.
• Animal Production and Protection. USDA Agricultural Research Service.
• Effectiveness of emergency vaccination in controlling a foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in a previously FMD-free without vaccination country.. 2026.
• Assessing the policy and institutional framework for multisectoral governance and accountability in emergency preparedness and response in Ethiopia.. 2026.
• Strengthening Livestock Vaccine Distribution and Cold-Chain Preparedness in the United States: A One Health Imperative. 2026.
• Resurgent anthrax in Bangladesh: Operationalizing the Lancet One Health Commission framework for endemic preparedness.. 2026.
• Somalia's Drought-Disease Spiral: Climate Shocks as an Emerging Public Health Security Threat.. 2026.
• Operationalizing preparedness: bridging the "Know-Do" gap in Rwanda's infectious disease policy.. 2026.
• Role of Agricultural Extension and Advisory Providers in Farm Disaster Management Response, and Recovery in the Face of Changing Climate in Southeastern Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 2024.
• Exploring key social capital indicators for disaster preparedness in rural disaster-prone areas: a boosted regression tree approach. Natural Hazards, 2024.
• Disaster preparedness training for Latino migrant and seasonal farm workers in communities where they work. Journal of occupational medicine and toxicology, 2018.
• The Validity of Behavior Against Drought Disaster of Farm Households in Yunnan Mountain--Based on Different Body Discriminant Angles. 2016.
• Profiling User Needs for Weather and Climate Information in Fostering Drought Risk Preparedness in Central-Southern Nigeria. Frontiers in Climate, 2022.
• Disaster management in Hurricane Maria : voices from the agriculture sector in Puerto Rico. 2019.
• Partial Test of Social Marketing Strategy on Smallholder Farmers’ Flood Preparedness Behavior in East Coast Malaysia. 2018.
• Cooper University Health Care’s Mid-Atlantic Severe Situation Exercise: A Model for Tactical Trauma Training. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 2026.

This article is educational and is not a substitute for veterinary diagnosis, treatment, public-health guidance, or regulatory reporting.