Beef Cattle Farming: From Pasture to Profit

Beef cattle farming combines grazing management, herd health oversight, and financial planning into a single production system. This article provides a practical overview for new and existing producers, with emphasis on pasture setup, cattle selection, grazing systems, and profitability. The content draws on peer-reviewed research and official animal health resources to support management decisions.

At a Glance

Understanding Beef Cattle Production Systems

Beef cattle operations vary widely in structure, from cow-calf enterprises that maintain breeding herds to stocker operations that grow weaned calves on forage, and feedlot systems that finish cattle for harvest. Each system has distinct management demands, resource requirements, and profit drivers. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations provides international reference material on animal production systems and their role in food security.

Traditional beef farming in many regions operates under communal grazing with limited investment in housing, feeding, and veterinary care. A survey of 346 livestock farmers across Liberia found that beef cattle were kept mainly for income generation, with the primary challenges being high feed costs and low feed availability (32%), insufficient housing (25%), diseases (21%), and high veterinary medicine costs (12%). The cattle were predominantly Ndama (50%), Muturu (38%), and Zebu (11%) breeds, with most animals described as docile (53%) or moderate (33%) in temperament. Body weights ranged from 213 to 226 kg, with heart girth measurements from 134 to 140 cm. These findings illustrate how local breed characteristics and management constraints shape production outcomes (Phenotypic characterization of beef cattle breeds and production practices in Liberia).

In Zambia, a cross-sectional study of 699 traditional cattle farmers found that 65% practiced transhumant herding under communal grazing. Animal husbandry quality was low in terms of supplementary feeding, vaccination coverage, deworming, veterinary service uptake, artificial insemination use, and dip tank maintenance. East Coast Fever affected 60% of farmers. Cattle sales were limited, with farmers selling a median of two cattle per household per year. The median production cost was US$316, while revenue from cattle and cattle products was US$885 per herd per year, yielding a gross margin of US$569, representing 64.3% of revenue (Practices of traditional beef farmers in their production and marketing of cattle in Zambia).

These examples demonstrate that beef cattle farming profitability depends heavily on local conditions, infrastructure access, and management intensity. Producers should assess their own resources and constraints before selecting a production model.

Grazing Management Systems

Grazing management determines forage utilization, animal performance, and long-term pasture health. The interaction among three system constraints, forage availability, forage nutritive value, and animal nutrient requirements, governs stocker cattle performance in grazing systems. Understanding which constraint limits performance helps producers align forage resources with cattle biology (Nutritional Management of Beef Stocker Calves in Grazing Systems).

Continuous Stocking

Continuous stocking allows cattle unrestricted access to a pasture for the entire grazing season. This system requires the least fencing and labor but often results in uneven forage utilization. Cattle graze preferred plants repeatedly while less desirable plants mature and lose nutritive value. Forage allowance and plant maturity become critical factors, as cattle selectively graze and may reduce pasture condition over time.

Rotational Grazing

Rotational grazing divides pasture into paddocks and moves cattle through them on a scheduled basis. This approach allows forage rest periods between grazing events, which supports plant recovery and more uniform utilization. The rest-to-grazing ratio directly influences forage regrowth and pasture persistence.

Adaptive Multi-Paddock Grazing

Adaptive multi-paddock (AMP) grazing uses smaller paddocks with frequent moves based on forage conditions and animal needs. Research comparing AMP grazing to conventional grazing across 13 ranch pairs in the Canadian prairies found that AMP grazing increased fungal diversity and evenness and led to more complex microbial associations. Specific grazing metrics, including cattle stocking rate and rest-to-grazing ratio, affected microbial richness and diversity. Bacterial and fungal richness increased with elevated stocking rate, and fungal richness and diversity increased directly with the rest-to-grazing ratio (Cattle grazing management affects soil microbial diversity and community network complexity in the Northern Great Plains).

Virtual Fencing Technology

Virtual fencing uses GNSS collars to contain cattle within defined boundaries without physical fences. When cattle approach a virtual boundary, the collar emits audio warnings followed by an electrical pulse if ignored. A study of Limousine cows compared continuous stocking on a 15-hectare pasture to strip grazing managed with virtual fencing collars. The strip-grazed cows received five boundary shifts according to forage availability. Results showed that virtual fencing did not affect overall time spent grazing, ruminating, or resting. However, behavioral shifts occurred, with strip-grazed cows ruminating more during the night and early afternoon while grazing mainly in the late afternoon and evening. Hair cortisol content, a chronic stress indicator, showed no increase in the virtual fencing group (Daily behavioral grazing patterns of beef cattle: continuous stocking grazing vs. strip grazing managed by virtual fencing).

Grazing Intensity and Livestock Type

Grazing intensity and livestock type both affect pasture ecosystems. Research on sand grasslands found that sheep grazing sustained a much lower density of total seed bank regardless of grazing intensity. Livestock type mainly affected seed bank density, while grazing intensity had a major effect on most variables studied. The interaction of grazing intensity and livestock type affected most variables, leading researchers to emphasize that livestock type must be carefully selected and high-intensity sheep grazing should be avoided in the long run. For sustainable grazing management, grazing intensity and livestock type should be considered simultaneously (High-intensity sheep grazing impoverishes soil seed banks in sand grasslands).

Water Access and Grazing Patterns

Water accessibility is a primary determinant of cattle movement and grazing intensity. Research in traditional silvopastoral systems in the Beşparmak Mountains of Türkiye found that water-associated habitats served as critical aggregation nodes where drinking and short-duration resting behaviors concentrated. The heterogeneous vegetation mosaic supported selective grazing behavior, while livestock spatial distribution and foraging decisions were constrained by feed selectivity, microclimatic variability, and thermal comfort conditions. Agricultural production areas acted as functional transition zones with partial spatial overlap between grazing activity and animal movement (Operationalizing Cattle-Environment Interactions in a Traditional Silvopastoral System).

Cattle Selection and Genetics

Cattle selection shapes herd productivity, calving ease, carcass quality, and profitability. Breed choice should match the production environment, available feed resources, and market targets.

Breed Selection

Local breeds often possess adaptive traits suited to regional conditions. In Liberia, disease tolerance (54%) and drought tolerance (30%) were the main adaptive traits reported by farmers. These traits matter when selecting cattle for challenging environments (Phenotypic characterization of beef cattle breeds and production practices in Liberia).

Genetic and Genomic Tools

Veterinarians are transitioning from treating diseases to becoming proactive advisors in beef cattle management. Genetic selection plays a vital role in reducing calving difficulties, with benefits for animal health and welfare. Genomic technologies are available to support informed decisions in selection, mating, and marketing strategies. Producers should work with veterinarians who understand genetic tools to address fundamental industry challenges (Innovating Beef Cattle Veterinary Practices: Leveraging Genetic and Genomic Tools).

Beef from Dairy Genetics

Dairy steers contribute an increasing share of the U.S. fed beef supply, rising from 6.9% to 16.3% over two decades. This increase stems from declining beef cow numbers and the use of sexed dairy semen to produce replacement heifers. Dairy steers offer predictable and uniform finishing performance and more desirable quality grades on average compared to beef steers. However, dairy steers have lesser dressing percentages and yield 2% to 12% less red meat due to greater bone-to-muscle ratio, internal fat, organ size, and gastrointestinal tract weight. Holstein carcasses are longer and Jersey carcasses are lighter than carcasses from beef breeds. Beef by dairy crossbreeding can improve feed efficiency and red meat yield, but success depends on selecting beef sires that excel in calving ease, growth, muscling, and marbling traits to complement dairy genetics (Post-weaning management of modern dairy cattle genetics for beef production: a review).

Intramuscular Fat and Meat Quality

Intramuscular fat (IMF) composition is a key determinant of beef quality, impacting flavor, tenderness, and juiciness. Management techniques that influence IMF include animal handling, weaning age, castration, breed selection, sex determination, environmental factors, grazing methods, slaughter weight and age. Dietary energy levels, fatty acid profiles, feed additives, and hormone implant techniques also affect IMF, with associated regulations. Emerging technologies including genomic selection, genome editing, epigenomic analyses, microbiome manipulation, transcriptomic profiling, and metabolomics are shaping future beef production. A holistic approach combining genomic, nutritional, and management strategies is needed to achieve targeted IMF content and high-quality beef production (A review of emerging technologies, nutritional practices, and management strategies to improve intramuscular fat composition in beef cattle).

Herd Health and Biosecurity

Disease prevention protects herd productivity and reduces treatment costs. Biosecurity measures aim to prevent disease introduction and reduce disease spread within herds.

Biosecurity Implementation

A survey of 100 Belgian cattle farms found that biosecurity measures were poorly implemented to prevent disease introduction through direct contact and almost not implemented to avoid indirect transmission. Some measures showed significant differences in implementation between beef and dairy herds. A positive correlation existed between the importance farmers gave to a biosecurity measure and its actual implementation. Perceived lack of efficiency, feasibility, and usefulness were the main reasons for non-implementation (Biosecurity practices in Belgian cattle farming: Level of implementation, constraints and weaknesses).

Bovine Viral Diarrhea Control

Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) control requires testing and vaccination. A study of 75 New Zealand beef herds found that based on pooled serum antibody ELISA results, 37% were negative herds, 20% were suspect herds, and 43% were positive herds. Of 1,117 animals sampled, 65.3% tested negative for BVD virus antibodies. When retested, 8.0% of animals from 24% of herds had seroconverted. Only 15% of farmers believed their herd was infected with BVD, 34% were unsure, and 51% did not think their herd was infected. Only 18% of farmers had performed any BVD testing within the past 5 years, and 71% had not vaccinated any cattle for BVD. Support for a national BVD eradication program was strong in 56% of respondents, but the biggest challenge to BVD control was considered to be farmer compliance (Practices and opinions of New Zealand beef cattle farmers towards bovine viral diarrhoea control).

Tick Control and Tick-Borne Disease

Tick infestation constrains livestock productivity and predisposes cattle to tick-borne disease. A cross-sectional study of 168 cattle-owning households across 17 villages in South Africa found that 82.7% relied on communal grazing with a median herd size of 7 cattle. Although 95.8% of respondents recognized ticks as disease vectors, only 54.8% practiced regular tick control. Common tick control methods included pour-on acaricides (61.3%) and hand spraying (51.2%). Acaricide rotation was limited at 27.4%. Dipping infrastructure was largely inadequate, with 94.6% of respondents reporting that dip tanks were non-functional or partially functional. Dysfunctional dipping infrastructure, low household income, communal grazing, and irregular acaricide use were significant factors associated with high herd-level tick burden. Knowledge of tick-borne diseases (3.6%) and zoonotic risks (8.9%) was low despite frequent human-tick contact (78%) (Management, socioeconomics, and One Health determinants of tick infestation in communal cattle production systems of South Africa).

Animal Health Resources

Producers can access animal health information from multiple official sources. The USDA National Agricultural Library provides resources on animal health and welfare topics. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration offers information on veterinary medicines and animal feed regulations. The World Organisation for Animal Health provides international standards for animal health and welfare. The USDA Agricultural Research Service conducts research on animal production and protection.

Calving Season and Reproductive Management

Calving season decisions affect labor demands, nutritional requirements, calf performance, and market timing. Approximately 67% of cow-calf operations in the United States do not have a defined calving season, despite research showing that a controlled calving season is more profitable than year-round calving. Producers must consider nutritional demands, reproduction, calf performance, and market prices when selecting calving season and length (Improving Beef Cattle Profitability by Changing Calving Season Length).

Calving Season Length

Calving season length options include 45, 60, or 90 days. Shorter calving seasons concentrate labor and allow more uniform calf crops for marketing. Longer calving seasons spread labor but complicate herd health programs and calf management. Producers should evaluate their labor availability, facilities, and market goals when choosing calving season length.

Prepartum Nutrition

Supplemental feeding before calving may affect subsequent calf profitability. Research on 160 Tennessee steers investigated the impact of a supplemental prepartum feed program for cows on net returns to finished steers and the probability of grading Choice or higher. The supplemental prepartum feeding program decreased net returns of finished steers. Several animal characteristics influenced net returns and quality grade probability (Does prepartum supplemental feed impact beef cattle profitability through finishing?).

Financial Planning and Profitability

Profitability in beef cattle farming depends on cost control, revenue generation, and market timing. Producers should track production costs, monitor market prices, and evaluate enterprise performance regularly.

Profitability Analysis

Profitability analysis methods include net profit margin (NPM) and gross profit margin (GPM). A study of beef cattle fattening businesses in Balikpapan City, Indonesia, analyzed 40 farmers who owned at least 2 beef cattle with a rearing period over 1 year. Profitability analysis showed NPM of 54.72% and GPM of 67.33%, leading to the conclusion that beef cattle fattening businesses were economically viable with potential for sustainable development (Profitability Analysis of Beef Cattle Fattening Businesses).

In Tajikistan, a study of 388 smallholder beef cattle farming households found that farmers had an average of 18.23 cattle with 8.54 years of farming experience. Most farmers (89.4%) had access to farm credits, and 71.4% used farm credit to produce beef cattle. Market information access enabled 75.8% of farmers to sell cattle to open market outlets instead of middlemen. About 89.4% had access to veterinary services, and 82.7% acknowledged pasture availability for grazing (Evaluating profitability of beef cattle farming and its determinants among smallholder beef cattle farmers in Tajikistan).

Feeder Cattle Pricing

Feeder cattle prices vary by weight category and are influenced by multiple economic factors. Research on Missouri feeder steer prices across six weight categories (300 to 900 pounds) found that corn price, calf crop, expected fed cattle price, total prices paid index, precipitation 18 months prior, and feeder steer prices 24 months prior were significant determinants of feeder steer prices in at least one weight category (A key component in beef cattle profitability: factors affecting Missouri feeder steer prices by weight differential).

Value-Added Certification

Value-added certification programs may affect profitability through production efficiency instead of price premiums. Analysis of 1,422 feeder cattle teleauction lots found higher profits for Virginia quality assured (VQA) cattle due to faster turnover and lower feed costs. However, certification did not have a significant effect on price received by producers. The costs associated with production under certification should be considered alongside price effects (Beef and the Bottom Line: The Effect of Value-Added Certification on Feeder Cattle Profitability).

Dark Cutting Beef

Dark cutting beef reduces carcass value and can result from pre-slaughter management factors. Research using two data sets (n = 2,009 and n = 86,408) found that the probability of producing a Canada B4 (dark cutting) carcass was greater for heifers than steers in both data sets. The likelihood of dark cutting decreased with increased carcass weight in heifers. The incidence of dark cutting was increased in Winter-born calf-fed and Fall-born calf-fed heifers. Production system and phenotype appear to interact to influence dark cutting incidence (Cattle production practices and the incidence of dark cutting beef).

Practical Implementation Steps

New beef cattle producers should follow a structured approach to farm setup and management.

Step 1: Assess Resources

Evaluate land area, forage types, water availability, fencing condition, and facilities. Determine carrying capacity based on forage production and expected grazing season length. Consider soil health and pasture condition before introducing cattle.

Step 2: Select Cattle

Choose breeds and genetic lines suited to the production environment and market goals. Consider calving ease, temperament, growth rate, and carcass quality. Work with a veterinarian to understand available genomic tools and their applications (Innovating Beef Cattle Veterinary Practices: Leveraging Genetic and Genomic Tools).

Step 3: Develop a Grazing Plan

Design a grazing system that matches forage resources with cattle needs. Determine stocking rate, paddock numbers, and rest periods. Monitor forage availability and adjust grazing pressure as conditions change. Consider water access as a primary factor in cattle movement patterns (Operationalizing Cattle-Environment Interactions in a Traditional Silvopastoral System).

Step 4: Establish Herd Health Protocols

Work with a veterinarian to develop vaccination, parasite control, and biosecurity protocols. Implement testing for diseases such as BVD and establish quarantine procedures for new animals. Maintain records of treatments and health events (Biosecurity practices in Belgian cattle farming).

Step 5: Create Financial Records

Track all income and expenses by enterprise activity. Record calf weights, sale prices, feed costs, veterinary expenses, and labor. Use profitability analysis methods such as gross margin and net profit margin to evaluate enterprise performance (Profitability Analysis of Beef Cattle Fattening Businesses).

Step 6: Plan Marketing

Determine target market and sale timing based on cattle weight, condition, and market prices. Monitor feeder cattle price factors including corn price, expected fed cattle price, and seasonal patterns (A key component in beef cattle profitability).

Records and Measurements

Accurate records support management decisions and financial analysis. Producers should maintain the following records:

Common Failure Patterns

Beef cattle operations can fail for predictable reasons. Recognizing these patterns helps producers take corrective action.

Inadequate Biosecurity

Poor biosecurity implementation allows disease introduction and spread. The main reasons for non-implementation include perceived lack of efficiency, feasibility, and usefulness. Producers should prioritize biosecurity measures they understand and can implement consistently (Biosecurity practices in Belgian cattle farming).

Undefined Calving Season

Operations without a defined calving season face higher labor demands and less uniform calf crops. Research shows controlled calving seasons are more profitable than year-round calving (Improving Beef Cattle Profitability by Changing Calving Season Length).

Overstocking

Excessive stocking rates reduce forage availability and animal performance. Producers should monitor forage conditions and adjust stocking rates based on pasture productivity and grazing season length.

Neglecting Water Access

Water accessibility is a primary determinant of cattle movement and grazing intensity. Inadequate water distribution concentrates grazing pressure and reduces pasture utilization (Operationalizing Cattle-Environment Interactions in a Traditional Silvopastoral System).

Inconsistent Parasite Control

Irregular acaricide use and inadequate dipping infrastructure contribute to high tick burdens. Producers should implement regular tick control and maintain treatment infrastructure (Management, socioeconomics, and One Health determinants of tick infestation).

Welfare and Safety Considerations

Animal welfare and worker safety are integral to sustainable beef production. The World Organisation for Animal Health provides international standards for animal health and welfare. The USDA National Agricultural Library offers resources on animal welfare topics.

Animal Handling

Low-stress handling techniques reduce injury risk for cattle and workers. Cattle temperament affects handling ease and safety. Producers should select for docile temperament and use facilities designed for safe cattle movement.

Worker Safety

Cattle handling presents injury risks from kicks, crushing, and lifting. Producers should use proper facilities, maintain equipment, and train workers in safe handling practices. Personal protective equipment should be used when handling chemicals, medications, and veterinary products.

Food Safety

Beef production must comply with food safety regulations. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration provides information on veterinary medicines and feed regulations. Producers should follow withdrawal periods for all medications and maintain treatment records.

Limitations and Professional Escalation

Beef cattle farming has inherent limitations that producers must recognize. Local conditions, market fluctuations, and disease pressures can affect outcomes. Research findings from one region may not apply directly to other production environments.

Producers should seek professional advice when facing complex challenges. Veterinarians can provide guidance on herd health, genetic selection, and disease control (Innovating Beef Cattle Veterinary Practices). Agricultural advisers can assist with grazing management and financial planning. The USDA Agricultural Research Service conducts research relevant to animal production challenges.

Escalation criteria include unexplained disease outbreaks, persistent reproductive failure, significant weight loss, or financial losses that cannot be explained by normal market variation. In these situations, producers should consult with their veterinarian or extension service promptly.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the best grazing system for beef cattle?

The best grazing system depends on forage resources, cattle type, labor availability, and management goals. Continuous stocking requires less labor but often results in uneven forage utilization. Rotational and adaptive multi-paddock systems allow forage rest periods and can improve pasture condition. Research shows that adaptive multi-paddock grazing increased fungal diversity and microbial network complexity compared to conventional grazing (Cattle grazing management affects soil microbial diversity). Producers should select a system they can manage consistently.

How do I choose beef cattle breeds for my farm?

Breed selection should match the production environment, available feed resources, and market targets. Consider calving ease, temperament, growth rate, and carcass quality. Local breeds may possess adaptive traits such as disease and drought tolerance (Phenotypic characterization of beef cattle breeds in Liberia). Work with a veterinarian to understand genomic tools available for selection decisions (Innovating Beef Cattle Veterinary Practices).

What biosecurity measures should beef cattle farms implement?

Biosecurity measures should prevent disease introduction through direct contact and reduce indirect transmission. Common measures include quarantine of new animals, vaccination programs, and controlled visitor access. Research shows that farmers implement biosecurity measures they consider important, so prioritize measures that fit your operation (Biosecurity practices in Belgian cattle farming).

How long should my calving season be?

Calving season length options include 45, 60, or 90 days. Shorter seasons concentrate labor and produce more uniform calf crops. Research shows that a controlled calving season is more profitable than year-round calving (Improving Beef Cattle Profitability by Changing Calving Season Length). Consider labor availability, facilities, and market timing when choosing season length.

What records should I keep for beef cattle farming?

Maintain breeding records, health records, production records, financial records, and grazing records. Track calf weights, sale prices, feed costs, veterinary expenses, and treatments. Accurate records support profitability analysis and management decisions (Profitability Analysis of Beef Cattle Fattening Businesses).

How can I improve beef cattle profitability?

Improve profitability through cost control, revenue generation, and market timing. Monitor feeder cattle price factors including corn price and expected fed cattle prices (A key component in beef cattle profitability). Consider value-added certification programs that may improve production efficiency (Beef and the Bottom Line). Track gross and net profit margins to evaluate enterprise performance.

What causes dark cutting beef and how can I prevent it?

Dark cutting beef results from pre-slaughter management factors and is more likely in heifers than steers. Production system and phenotype interact to influence dark cutting incidence (Cattle production practices and the incidence of dark cutting beef). Minimize stress before harvest and manage cattle to reduce risk factors.

How do I control ticks in beef cattle?

Implement regular tick control using approved acaricides, rotate products to prevent resistance, and maintain dipping infrastructure. Research shows that dysfunctional dipping infrastructure, communal grazing, and irregular acaricide use are associated with high tick burdens (Management, socioeconomics, and One Health determinants of tick infestation). Consult your veterinarian for a tick control program suited to your region.

Related Farming Guides

• Beef Cattle Farming: Forage, Reproduction, Calving, Health Signals, and Herd Management
• Beef Cattle Farm Design and Layout Planning
• Stocker Cattle Business Planning: Budgets, Grazing, and Health
• Pasture Pig Farming: Breeds, Setup, and Rotational Grazing
• Bison Pasture and Forage Management: Grazing Systems and Species Selection

References and Further Reading

• FAO Animal Production and Health. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
• Animal Health and Welfare. USDA National Agricultural Library.
• Animal and Veterinary Resources. U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
• Animal Health and Welfare. World Organisation for Animal Health.
• Animal Production and Protection. USDA Agricultural Research Service.
• Innovating Beef Cattle Veterinary Practices: Leveraging Genetic and Genomic Tools.. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Food animal practice, 2024.
• Cattle production practices and the incidence of dark cutting beef.. Meat science, 2019.
• A review of emerging technologies, nutritional practices, and management strategies to improve intramuscular fat composition in beef cattle.. Animal biotechnology, 2024.
• Phenotypic characterization of beef cattle breeds and production practices in Liberia.. Tropical animal health and production, 2018.
• Practices of traditional beef farmers in their production and marketing of cattle in Zambia.. Tropical animal health and production, 2018.
• Practices and opinions of New Zealand beef cattle farmers towards bovine viral diarrhoea control in relation to real and perceived herd serological status.. New Zealand veterinary journal, 2020.
• Biosecurity practices in Belgian cattle farming: Level of implementation, constraints and weaknesses.. Transboundary and emerging diseases, 2018.
• Post-weaning management of modern dairy cattle genetics for beef production: a review.. Journal of animal science, 2023.
• Cattle grazing management affects soil microbial diversity and community network complexity in the Northern Great Plains.. 2024.
• High-intensity sheep grazing impoverishes soil seed banks in sand grasslands.. 2026.
• Nutritional Management of Beef Stocker Calves in Grazing Systems.. 2026.
• Operationalizing Cattle-Environment Interactions in a Traditional Silvopastoral System: CEII (Cattle-Environment Interaction Index) and SWAI (Silvopastoral Water Accessibility Index) for Assessing Vegetation and Topographic Controls in Türkiye. 2026.
• Management, socioeconomics, and One Health determinants of tick infestation in communal cattle production systems of South Africa.. 2026.
• Daily behavioral grazing patterns of beef cattle: continuous stocking grazing &lt,i&gt,vs&lt,/i&gt,. strip grazing managed by virtual fencing.. 2026.
• Editorial: Advances in precision livestock management for grazing ruminant systems.. 2026.
• Improving Beef Cattle Profitability by Changing Calving Season Length. Journal of applied farm economics, 2020.
• DOES PREPARTUM SUPPLEMENTAL FEED IMPACT BEEF CATTLE PROFITABILITY THROUGH FINISHING?. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 2016.
• Simulating Calving Season Length Impact on Beef Cattle Profitability. 2018.
• A key component in beef cattle profitability : factors affecting Missouri feeder steer prices by weight differential
• Profitability Analysis of Beef Cattle Fattening Businesses. Technium Business and Management, 2024.
• Beef and the Bottom Line: The Effect of Value-Added Certification on Feeder Cattle Profitability. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 2022.
• Evaluating profitability of beef cattle farming and its determinants among smallholder beef cattle farmers in the Baljovan District of Khatlon region, Tajikistan. PLoS ONE, 2022.
• Technology transfer of beef cattle raising for productivity improvement based on intensive farming of beef cattle raising group in Pua District, Nan Province. International Journal of Agricultural Technology, 2021.
• Determination of best management practices and innovations in beef cattle farming and their adoption in the eastern mediterranean region of turkey. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 2014.
• The differences of farm financial performance in innovation adoption in beef cattle farming: A study in Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science, 2023.
• Conventional Beef Cattle Farming Practices in Wolaita and Sidama, Southern Ethiopia. American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2023.
• Improving production system of beef cattle agribusiness. Iop Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science, 2019.

This article is educational and is not a substitute for veterinary diagnosis, treatment, public-health guidance, or regulatory reporting.