Duck Farming Profitability: Assessing Financial Viability

Duck farming can be a profitable livestock enterprise when producers apply structured financial analysis to their specific production system, market access, and cost structure. This article provides a financial assessment framework for duck farming, including cost-benefit analysis methods, profit potential evaluation, and a break-even calculator approach that farmers can adapt to their own records. The framework draws on published studies of duck farming economics across multiple countries and production systems, from small household flocks to integrated operations. Farmers evaluating duck farming should treat profitability as a function of measurable inputs and outputs, not as a guaranteed outcome of choosing ducks over other poultry.

At a Glance

Understanding Duck Farming Profitability

Profitability in duck farming depends on the interaction of production costs, output prices, mortality management, and system design. A study of 40 duck farmers in Maccini Baji Village, Maros Regency, found average total costs of Rp. 19,213,100 against average revenue of Rp. 28,655,250, producing an average income of Rp. 9,442,150 over a two-month production period [23]. This outcome demonstrates that duck farming can generate positive returns, but the margin depends on local cost structures and market prices.

The economic case for ducks strengthens when producers integrate them with other agricultural activities. Integrated duck-fish farming systems allow farmers to generate income from duck eggs while fish mature, creating multiple revenue streams from the same land and water resources [25]. A study of integrated systems in Purulia, West Bengal, found this approach gaining popularity because it ensures year-round productivity and optimal resource use [25]. The concept that waste from one enterprise becomes input for another underpins the economic logic of integrated systems [25].

Duck farming also serves different purposes depending on farmer objectives. A survey of 167 duck farmers found that 38.92% reared ducks for both egg and meat purposes, 26.35% for eggs only, and 19.16% as a profitable business [29]. Farmers who define their primary purpose before investing can align their breed selection, housing, and feeding programs with their target market.

Core Principles of Duck Farm Financial Analysis

Revenue Streams and Their Timing

Duck farms generate revenue from multiple sources, including eggs, meat, and in integrated systems, associated crops or fish. The timing of these revenue streams affects cash flow. In a duck-fish model, farmers can sell duck eggs while waiting for fish to mature, providing income during the production cycle [25]. A study of rice-duck-crayfish co-culture systems found that integrated approaches improved farmer incomes and eco-environmental profits compared with single-season rice planting [6].

The choice between egg production and meat production changes the revenue calculation. Laying operations generate recurring income but require sustained feed inputs. Meat operations generate lump-sum revenue at processing but have shorter cycles. Some farmers pursue both, selling spent hens after laying cycles and selling drakes or excess birds for meat [29].

Cost Structure and Feed Efficiency

Feed represents the dominant cost in duck production. Research on residual feed intake in Shan Partridge ducks confirms that feed costs account for approximately 60 to 70% of poultry farming costs, and feed utilization is closely related to industry profitability [10]. Farmers who improve feed conversion reduce their largest cost line.

Feed efficiency varies among individual birds within a flock. A study comparing low-residual feed intake ducks with high-residual feed intake ducks found differences in hypothalamus gene expression related to feeding regulation, including glucagon, cholecystokinin, and GABA receptor subunits [10]. The study also found differences in serum levels of glucagon-like peptide 1 and neuropeptide Y between the two groups [10]. While genetic selection for feed efficiency is a long-term strategy, farmers can immediately track feed consumption per dozen eggs or per kilogram of gain to identify inefficiencies.

Feed formulation approaches also affect profitability. A survey of the Australian poultry industry found interest in max-profit and stochastic feed formulation techniques but identified barriers including limited software, insufficient training, and performance indicators that minimize diet cost instead of maximize profit [12]. The survey noted that layer farms did not routinely use near-infrared spectroscopy to estimate feed ingredient nutrient content, relying instead on book values and historical data [12]. Farmers can improve profitability by testing feed ingredients and formulating rations based on actual nutrient content instead of assumed values.

Biosecurity as a Financial Control

Disease outbreaks directly reduce profitability through mortality, reduced production, and treatment costs. A study of duck farming in Bangladesh found that duck plague was the most prevalent disease, with 83.33% prevalence in Haor regions and 90.00% in Coastal regions [22]. Disease outbreaks were identified as the major constraint to duck farming in both study areas [22].

The same study found that approximately 60% of farmers in Haor regions and 40% in Coastal regions vaccinated their ducks, while 56.67% in Haor and 34.44% in Coastal regions practiced deworming [22]. Disease outbreaks were highest during the monsoon season, with 77.78% of Haor farms reporting outbreaks in that period [22]. Farmers who maintain vaccination schedules and biosecurity protocols reduce the financial risk of disease-related losses.

Duck circovirus infection, an immunosuppressive disease, causes severe damage to the immune system and is frequently found in mixed infections with parvovirus or Riemerella anatipestifer [15]. A 2022 survey of 2,944 waterfowl samples from 17 provinces found 612 positive samples, with the highest positivity rate in 21 to 40 day old ducklings at 66.5% of total positive samples [15]. The complexity of circulating strains and common coinfection patterns underscores the need for veterinary involvement in disease prevention planning [15].

Building a Duck Farm Break-Even Calculator

Step 1: List All Fixed Costs

Fixed costs remain constant regardless of production volume. These include housing depreciation, equipment, land costs or rent, and permanent labor. Farmers should calculate these costs per production cycle or per year.

Step 2: List All Variable Costs

Variable costs change with production volume. These include day-old ducklings or replacement stock, feed, medication, vaccines, litter, utilities, and temporary labor. Feed will likely be the largest variable cost given that feed accounts for 60 to 70% of poultry farming costs [10].

Step 3: Determine Unit Revenue

Calculate the expected revenue per egg or per kilogram of live or dressed weight based on local market prices. Farmers should use realistic prices from their actual market instead of optimistic projections.

Step 4: Calculate Break-Even Point

The break-even point is total fixed costs divided by the contribution margin per unit, where contribution margin is unit revenue minus unit variable cost. The result tells farmers how many eggs or birds they must sell to cover all costs.

A case study of a 3,500-duck laying farm in Cambodia illustrates the calculation. The farm produced 960,000 eggs per cycle and required only 14,810 eggs to cover total costs [26]. The gap between break-even output and actual output demonstrates the farm's profit margin and its capacity to absorb production shortfalls.

Step 5: Test Sensitivity

Farmers should recalculate break-even under different scenarios: higher feed prices, lower egg prices, higher mortality, or reduced egg production. Sensitivity testing reveals which variables most affect profitability and where management attention should focus.

Production Systems and Their Profitability Profiles

Intensive Systems

Intensive duck farming involves full confinement with controlled feeding, lighting, and housing. These systems require higher capital investment but allow closer management of feed conversion and disease prevention. The Cambodia case study of 3,500 laying ducks in an intensive household system generated 4.50 riels in revenue for every 1 riel invested [26]. The farm's strengths included capital self-reliance and low labor requirements, while constraints included limited technical knowledge, disease risks, and dependence on external duckling suppliers [26].

Semi-Intensive and Scavenging Systems

Semi-intensive systems combine confinement with access to range or water. These systems reduce feed costs because birds consume some forage or aquatic organisms, but they increase disease exposure and predation risk. A study of duck farmers in Maccini Baji Village included farmers using intensive or semi-intensive rearing systems and found the enterprise profitable over a two-month period [23].

Integrated Systems

Integrated duck-fish and rice-duck systems create multiple revenue streams and improve resource efficiency. A study of rice-duck-crayfish co-culture found that the integrated system improved soil physical properties, fertility, humus content, and enzyme activity compared with rice monoculture [6]. The system increased soil total nitrogen by 8.54% to 28.37% and organic matter by 18.24% to 41.54% in the 0 to 10 cm soil layer [6]. The integrated system also reduced nitrogen and phosphorus runoff losses by 24.30% and 10.29% respectively compared with single-season rice [6].

A separate study of mixed cropping with duck co-culture found that the system significantly decreased chalky rice rate by 56.82% and chalkiness degree by 54.28% [7]. Net income from the mixed cropping with duck co-culture system was 5,242.1 USD per hectare per year, compared with 1,001.8 USD for mixed cropping without ducks and 581.2 USD for mono-cropping [7]. The study concluded that planting genetically diverse rice varieties and co-culturing with ducks increased rice growth rates, productivity, and grain quality [7].

Organic rice-duck coculture also shows economic promise. A life-cycle assessment found that the carbon footprint per unit of economic profit for organic rice-duck coculture was significantly reduced by 47.1 to 75.7% compared with conventional rice monoculture and organic rice monoculture [9]. The net ecosystem economic budget increased by 98.5 to 341.9% [9]. The additional duck yield compensated for slightly lower rice yield, maintaining nutrient output [9].

Breed Selection and Its Economic Impact

Breed choice affects both production costs and revenue. A survey of duck farmers found that Khaki Campbell was the preferred breed, followed by Desi duck and White Pekin [29]. Khaki Campbell is known for egg production, while White Pekin is primarily a meat breed. Farmers should match breed to their target market and production system.

A study comparing BLRI-developed native ducks with indigenous ducks in conventional farming systems examined productivity differences relevant to farm profitability [34]. Farmers selecting breeds should consider feed conversion, egg production, growth rate, disease resistance, and market demand for the specific breed.

Records and Measurements for Profitability Assessment

Production Records

Farmers need accurate production data to calculate profitability. Essential records include:

• Number of ducks by age class and production stage
• Daily or weekly egg production and egg weight
• Feed consumption by batch or house
• Mortality and culling rates by age class
• Medication and vaccination records
• Body weight at key ages for meat birds

Financial Records

Financial records should capture all costs and revenues. Farmers should track:

• Purchase price of day-old ducklings or replacement stock
• Feed purchases by quantity and price
• Labor costs including family labor
• Veterinary and medication costs
• Utilities, litter, and other operating costs
• Revenue from egg, meat, and other sales

Performance Benchmarks

A study of laying ducks in North Sulawesi, Indonesia, analyzed profit from farms surrounding Tondano Lake, providing a regional benchmark for laying duck economics [31]. Farmers can compare their own performance against published studies from similar production systems, recognizing that local prices and conditions vary.

Feed Efficiency Tracking

Given that feed accounts for 60 to 70% of poultry farming costs [10], feed efficiency deserves specific attention. Farmers should calculate:

• Feed per dozen eggs for layers
• Feed per kilogram of gain for meat birds
• Feed cost per dozen eggs or per kilogram of meat

The Australian poultry industry survey found that stochastic feed formulation may be particularly useful to buffer uncertainty and ensure minimum nutrient requirements are met [12]. Farmers without access to formulation software can still track feed consumption and adjust rations based on observed performance.

Common Failure Patterns in Duck Farm Profitability

Underestimating Feed Costs

Farmers who plan feed budgets based on book values instead of actual ingredient prices risk cost overruns. The Australian survey found that layer farms relied on book values and historical data instead of near-infrared spectroscopy testing of ingredients [12]. Feed price volatility can quickly erode margins, especially when feed represents 60 to 70% of costs [10].

Inadequate Disease Prevention

Disease outbreaks can eliminate profits in a single cycle. Duck plague prevalence reached 83.33% in Haor and 90.00% in Coastal regions in one study, and disease outbreaks were identified as the major constraint to duck farming [22]. Farmers who skip vaccinations or neglect biosecurity expose their flocks to preventable losses.

Duck Tembusu Virus has caused substantial economic losses to the poultry industry since emerging in 2010 [14]. A study of goose flocks in Guangdong Province detected the virus in 69 of 427 liver samples, with positive rates ranging from 12.9% to 18.6% across regions [14]. The virus showed significant genetic heterogeneity, with strains clustering into three distinct subclades [14]. Farmers should work with veterinarians to understand local disease risks and implement appropriate prevention programs.

Ignoring Brooding Mortality

Farmers identified mortality during brooding as a serious issue, with 17% of surveyed farmers reporting this problem [29]. In Coastal regions of Bangladesh, 63.33% of farmers reported higher duckling mortality [22]. Brooding losses reduce the number of productive birds and increase the cost per surviving bird.

Poor Market Planning

Farmers who do not secure market access before production may face low prices or inability to sell. A survey found that most farmers disposed of ducks and eggs in local markets, to local consumers at home, or to local businessmen [29]. Farmers should identify their market channels and price expectations before committing to production.

Overlooking Integrated System Benefits

Farmers who raise ducks in isolation miss opportunities for additional revenue and cost reduction. Integrated systems improve soil productivity and sustainability while reducing chemical pesticide and fertilizer use [6]. The income advantage of integrated systems can be substantial, as demonstrated by the 5,242.1 USD per hectare per year net income from mixed cropping with duck co-culture [7].

Welfare and Health Considerations Affecting Profitability

Heat Stress Management

Heat stress directly affects duck health and productivity. A study of Jinding ducks exposed to 40 degrees Celsius for varying durations found that intestinal inflammation and damage progressively intensified with longer exposure [21]. After 12 hours of heat stress, there was a significant increase in intestinal permeability, impaired barrier function, decreased digestive enzyme activity, and substantial reduction in immune cell numbers [21]. Farmers in hot climates should provide shade, ventilation, and access to water to reduce heat stress losses.

Reproductive Management

Reproductive efficiency affects the cost of replacement stock and the productivity of breeding flocks. A study of Muscovy ducks found that female ducks with contact with males laid their first egg 16 days earlier than isolated females, at 319 days versus 335 days of age [19]. Initial egg weight did not differ significantly between groups [19]. The study also documented significant cloacal morphological changes 25 to 26 days before laying, which could help farmers predict laying onset [19].

Feed Additives and Productivity

Research on phytoecdysteroids from Serratula coronata in duckling diets found that inclusion at 1.0 mg per liter of drinking water increased livestock safety by 4.0%, live weight by 4.5%, and gutted carcass weight by 7.1% [11]. Feed costs per unit of production decreased by 2.0%, and profitability of duck meat production increased by 5.2% [11]. Farmers should consult with nutritionists or veterinarians before using any feed additives, as responses vary with production system and baseline nutrition.

Antimicrobial Resistance Considerations

The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in livestock represents a public health concern. A study of Klebsiella species from domestic animals in South Africa identified strains with resistance genes for beta-lactams, quinolones, tetracyclines, and fosfomycin [20]. Farmers should use antibiotics only under veterinary direction and follow withdrawal periods to prevent residues and resistance development. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration provides regulatory oversight for animal drugs and veterinary products [3].

Biosecurity and Disease Prevention as Profit Protection

Vaccination Programs

Vaccination coverage varies widely among duck farms. In Bangladesh, approximately 60% of Haor farmers and 40% of Coastal farmers vaccinated their ducks [22]. Given that duck plague prevalence reached 83.33% and 90.00% in these regions, unvaccinated flocks face substantial disease risk [22]. Farmers should establish vaccination programs in consultation with veterinarians based on local disease prevalence.

Wild Bird Contact

Frequent contact between ducks and wild birds was more common in Haor areas, reported by 32.22% of farmers [22]. Wild birds can introduce pathogens including avian influenza viruses. Farmers should minimize wild bird access to feed and water sources and prevent wild bird entry into duck housing.

Monitoring for Immunosuppressive Diseases

Duck circovirus infection causes severe damage to the immune system and predisposes birds to secondary infections [15]. The most common mixed infections with duck circovirus involved parvovirus or Riemerella anatipestifer [15]. Farmers should monitor flocks for signs of immunosuppression and work with veterinarians to diagnose and manage disease complexes.

Phage-Based Biocontrol Potential

Research has identified a lytic bacteriophage targeting avian pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from duck farm sewage [18]. The phage disrupted mature E. coli biofilms by approximately 45% after 24 hours of treatment and inhibited biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner [18]. While phage-based biocontrol is an emerging area, it may offer future options for managing bacterial infections in poultry production [18].

Food Safety and Market Access Considerations

Meat Authentication and Market Integrity

Duck meat prices depend on market trust and product authenticity. A study of meat adulteration found that businesses sometimes mix beef and mutton with cheaper meats including duck, pork, and chicken [8]. The study developed a multiplex droplet digital PCR method capable of detecting duck DNA at 0.28 copies per microliter [8]. Farmers selling duck meat should ensure product labeling accuracy and consider certification programs that verify product identity.

Regulatory Oversight

Duck farmers operate within regulatory frameworks governing animal health, food safety, and drug use. The World Organisation for Animal Health provides international standards for animal health and welfare [4]. The USDA National Agricultural Library provides resources on animal health and welfare [2]. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulates animal drugs and veterinary products [3]. Farmers should understand the regulations applicable to their location and production system.

Residue Avoidance

Farmers using medications must follow label directions and withdrawal periods to prevent drug residues in meat and eggs. The FDA provides regulatory oversight for animal drugs [3]. Farmers should maintain treatment records and observe withdrawal periods before selling birds or eggs.

Practical Implementation Steps for Profitability Assessment

Step 1: Define the Production System

Determine whether the farm will produce eggs, meat, or both. Select a breed matched to the production goal. A survey found that farmers preferred Khaki Campbell for egg production and White Pekin for meat [29]. Decide whether to raise ducks intensively, semi-intensively, or in an integrated system with fish or rice.

Step 2: Estimate Startup Costs

Calculate the cost of housing, equipment, and initial stock. Include the cost of day-old ducklings or breeding stock. Farmers should also budget for brooding equipment, feeders, drinkers, and heating.

Step 3: Project Operating Costs

Estimate feed costs based on expected consumption and local feed prices. Remember that feed accounts for 60 to 70% of poultry farming costs [10]. Include medication, vaccination, litter, utilities, labor, and marketing costs.

Step 4: Project Revenue

Estimate egg production or meat yield based on breed standards and local conditions. Apply realistic market prices. For integrated systems, include revenue from associated crops or fish [25].

Step 5: Calculate Break-Even

Use the break-even formula to determine the number of eggs or birds needed to cover costs. Compare this with expected production to assess the viability margin. The Cambodia case study showed a break-even of 14,810 eggs against annual output of 960,000 eggs [26].

Step 6: Conduct Sensitivity Analysis

Test the break-even calculation under different scenarios. What happens if feed prices increase by 10%? What if egg prices fall by 15%? What if mortality doubles? Sensitivity analysis identifies the most critical risk factors.

Step 7: Establish Record-Keeping Systems

Implement systems for tracking production, feed consumption, mortality, and finances. Accurate records are essential for calculating actual profitability and identifying areas for improvement.

Step 8: Review and Adjust

Review financial performance at least quarterly. Compare actual results with projections. Adjust feeding programs, disease prevention, and marketing strategies based on observed performance.

Limitations of Profitability Analysis

Regional Price Variation

Profitability studies from different regions cannot be directly compared without adjusting for local prices and costs. The Cambodia study reported revenue of 4.50 riels per 1 riel invested [26], while the Indonesia study reported average income of Rp. 9,442,150 over two months [23]. These figures reflect local conditions and cannot be generalized to other markets.

Scale Effects

Profitability varies with farm size. Small farms may have lower capital costs but higher per-unit production costs. Larger farms benefit from economies of scale but face higher capital requirements and management complexity. The Cambodia case study of 3,500 ducks demonstrated profitability at household scale [26], while the Indonesia study included farms with 20 to 100 animals [23].

Market Access Constraints

Farmers in remote areas may face limited market access and lower prices. A study of duck farmers found that most disposed of ducks and eggs in local markets, to local consumers, or to local businessmen [29]. Farmers should assess their market access before investing in production.

Technical Knowledge Requirements

Limited technical knowledge was identified as a constraint in duck farming [26]. Farmers who lack experience with duck husbandry, disease prevention, and financial management face higher risks of losses. Training and extension support can improve outcomes.

Disease Risk Uncertainty

Disease outbreaks are unpredictable and can eliminate profits despite careful planning. Duck plague prevalence reached 90.00% in Coastal regions in one study [22]. Duck Tembusu Virus has caused substantial economic losses since 2010 [14]. Farmers should maintain emergency funds and work with veterinarians to manage disease risk.

Professional Escalation Criteria

Farmers should seek professional assistance when they encounter conditions beyond their capacity to manage. Escalation is appropriate when:

• Mortality exceeds expected levels for the production stage, particularly during brooding when farmers have identified mortality as a serious issue [29]
• Flocks show signs of immunosuppressive disease or mixed infections, which are common with duck circovirus [15]
• Egg production or growth rates fall significantly below breed standards
• Feed conversion deteriorates despite adequate nutrition and management
• Disease outbreaks occur despite vaccination, requiring veterinary diagnosis and treatment planning
• Regulatory questions arise regarding drug use, withdrawal periods, or food safety requirements

Veterinarians can provide diagnosis, treatment planning, and disease prevention programs. The World Organisation for Animal Health provides international standards for animal health and welfare [4]. The USDA Agricultural Research Service conducts research on animal production and protection [5]. The FAO provides resources on animal production [1]. Farmers should establish relationships with veterinary and extension professionals before problems arise.

Frequently Asked Questions

How much does it cost to start a duck farm?

Startup costs vary widely by scale and system. Farmers need housing, equipment, and initial stock. A study of 40 farmers in Indonesia with 20 to 100 animals found average total costs of Rp. 19,213,100 over a two-month production period [23]. Farmers should develop a detailed budget based on their specific production system and local prices.

How many eggs does a duck farm need to sell to break even?

Break-even depends on fixed costs, variable costs, and egg prices. A case study of a 3,500-duck laying farm found that 14,810 eggs covered total costs against annual output of 960,000 eggs [26]. Farmers should calculate their own break-even using their actual cost structure and expected prices.

Is duck farming more profitable than chicken farming?

Profitability comparisons depend on local market conditions, feed costs, and production systems. Feed costs account for 60 to 70% of poultry farming costs [10], so feed efficiency is critical for both species. Farmers should compare expected revenue and costs for ducks and chickens in their specific market before choosing.

What is the best breed for profitable duck farming?

Breed selection depends on production goals. A survey found that Khaki Campbell was the preferred breed, followed by Desi duck and White Pekin [29]. Khaki Campbell is primarily an egg breed, while White Pekin is a meat breed. Farmers should match breed to their target market.

How does integrated duck-fish farming affect profitability?

Integrated systems create multiple revenue streams and improve resource efficiency. A study of mixed cropping with duck co-culture found net income of 5,242.1 USD per hectare per year, compared with 581.2 USD for mono-cropping [7]. Integrated systems also improve soil productivity and reduce chemical inputs [6].

What are the biggest financial risks in duck farming?

Disease outbreaks are a major constraint to duck farming, with duck plague prevalence reaching 90.00% in some regions [22]. Feed costs represent 60 to 70% of production costs [10], making feed price volatility a significant risk. Brooding mortality is also a serious concern for farmers [29].

How can farmers reduce feed costs in duck production?

Farmers can improve feed efficiency by tracking feed consumption per dozen eggs or per kilogram of gain. Testing feed ingredients for actual nutrient content instead of relying on book values can improve ration accuracy [12]. Genetic selection for feed efficiency is a longer-term strategy [10].

When is the best time to start duck farming?

A survey of duck farmers found that the rainy season was the preferred time to start duck farming, followed by other seasons [29]. However, disease outbreaks were highest during the monsoon season in some regions [22]. Farmers should consider local climate, disease patterns, and market demand when timing their start.

Related Farming Guides

• Cow-Calf Cost of Production Benchmarking: Budgets and Profitability Analysis
• Chicken Farm Profit Margin: Revenue Streams and Cost Analysis
• Sheep Farm Financial Planning: Budgets, Records, and Profitability Analysis
• Livestock Enterprise Break-Even Analysis: Calculating Price and Production Targets
• Mussel Farming Environmental Impact Assessment

References and Further Reading

• FAO Animal Production and Health. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
• Animal Health and Welfare. USDA National Agricultural Library.
• Animal and Veterinary Resources. U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
• Animal Health and Welfare. World Organisation for Animal Health.
• Animal Production and Protection. USDA Agricultural Research Service.
• Initial Studies on the Effect of the Rice-Duck-Crayfish Ecological Co-Culture System on Physical, Chemical, and Microbiological Properties of Soils: A Field Case Study in Chaohu Lake Basin, Southeast China.. International journal of environmental research and public health, 2023.
• Mixed cropping with duck co-culture: an agroecological system to improve grain quality and farm profitability.. Journal of the science of food and agriculture, 2023.
• Detection and Quantification of Adulterated Beef and Mutton Products by Multiplex Droplet Digital PCR.. Foods (Basel, Switzerland), 2022.
• Transforming agrifood systems in a win-win for health and environment: evidence from organic rice-duck coculture.. Journal of the science of food and agriculture, 2023.
• Comparative analysis of the hypothalamus transcriptome of laying ducks with different residual feeding intake.. Poultry science, 2024.
• Phytoecdisteroids from Serratula coronata when growing ducklings.. Research in veterinary science, 2020.
• Barriers to the Implementation of Max-Profit and Stochastic Feed Formulation Strategies: A Survey of the Australian Poultry Industry.. Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 2024.
• A Bacillus thuringiensis Cry protein controls soybean cyst nematode in transgenic soybean plants.. Nature communications, 2021.
• Research note: Epidemiology and genotypic diversity of duck tembusu virus in geese in Partial Areas of Guangdong Province, Southern China.. 2025.
• Epidemiological investigation and analysis of the genetic evolution of duck circovirus in China, 2022.. 2025.
• Genetic Characterization and Evolutionary Insights of Novel H1N1 Swine Influenza Viruses Identified from Pigs in Shandong Province, China.. 2026.
• Molecular prevalence and phylogenetic characterization of &lt,i&gt,Plasmodium juxtanucleare&lt,/i&gt, in Thai native chickens and fighting cocks across Kalasin Province, Northeast Thailand.. 2026.
• Isolation and characterization of a novel lytic bacteriophage Ecolivirus Myo-P293 targeting avian pathogenic Escherichia coli.. 2026.
• The Influence of Male Biostimulation on Cloacal Anatomy and Egg-Laying Behavior in Young Female Muscovy Ducks (Cairina moschata forma domestica).. 2024.
• Phenotypic and genome-based characterization of &lt,i&gt,Klebsiella&lt,/i&gt, species from different One Health sources in South Africa reveals the presence of multidrug-resistant isolates.. 2026.
• Effect of acute heat stress on intestinal immune response of Jinding ducks.. 2025.
• Biosecurity and Health Management Practices in Duck Farming in Coastal and Haor Regions of Bangladesh. The Journal of World's Poultry Research, 2025.
• Income Analysis of Duck Farming Business in Maccini Baji Village, Lau District, Maros Regency. Journal Gallus Gallus, 2024.
• Duck Farming: A Profitable Source of Income to Farmers. 2021.
• Assessment of Livelihood Enhancement through Integrated Duck-Fish Farming Systems: A Case Study of Rural Purulia, West Bengal. International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research, 2025.
• Household Duck Farming and Rural Livelihoods in Serey Sophorn Municipality, Banteay Meanchey Province, Cambodia. Journal of Social Knowledge Education, 2026.
• Duck business development strategy in duck farming center area of Indramayu Regency, West Java Province of Indonesia. E3S Web of Conferences, 2022.
• Integrated Duck cum Fish Farming and its Economic Efficiency: A Study in Purulia District, West Bengal. 2018.
• Duck farmer’s perception, constraints and expectation from research organization on duck rearing practices. Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 2025.
• Integrated Fish-cum-Duck Farming System: A Profitable Enterprise for Increasing Farmer’s Income. Limnology and Marine Biology, 2024.
• Profit Analysis of Laying Ducks Farming Surrounding Tondano Lake, North Sulawesi-Indonesia. Iop Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science, 2024.
• WHY DUCK FARMING?. Duck Production and Management, 2022.
• Profitability and Problems of Farmers in Duck Farming: A Study On Haor Areas in Bangladesh. International Journal of Agricultural Science Research and Technology in Extension and Education Systems, 2023.
• Assessing the Productivity of BLRI-Developed Native Ducks at the Community Level Compared to Indigenous Ducks in Conventional Farming Systems. Journal of World S Poultry Research, 2024.

This article is educational and is not a substitute for veterinary diagnosis, treatment, public-health guidance, or regulatory reporting.