Deer Farming in Pakistan: Opportunities and Challenges

Deer farming in Pakistan is an emerging livestock enterprise that combines wildlife conservation with commercial production of meat, velvet antler, and other byproducts. This article provides farmers, veterinarians, advisers, students, and farm planners with a practical assessment of deer farming potential in Pakistan, covering suitable species, legal considerations, habitat requirements, disease risks, and market opportunities. The primary utility is a feasibility checklist that helps prospective deer farmers evaluate their resources, knowledge, and market access before committing to this specialized form of animal agriculture.

At a Glance: Deer Farming Considerations in Pakistan

Deer Species Found in Pakistan

Pakistan hosts several deer species that may be considered for farming operations. The barking deer, also known as the northern red muntjac, is a small and shy cervid mammal limited to the outer Himalayan foothill forests in Pakistan [7]. This species is the most studied deer in Pakistan and offers a reference point for understanding deer behavior, feeding habits, and habitat needs in the country.

The hog deer (Axis porcinus) is another species found in Pakistan, and it has been documented in captive settings such as zoos in Lahore [12]. Hog deer are adapted to grassland and riverine habitats and may be more suitable for farming in lowland areas compared to the barking deer, which prefers forested slopes.

Other deer species that may be relevant to Pakistani farmers include the musk deer, which has been studied for domestication potential in captive settings [18]. Musk deer are valued for their musk glands, but they present significant behavioral challenges in captivity. Research on the behavioral assessment of the domestication degree of captive alpine musk deer indicates that these animals require careful handling and specialized facilities [18]. Animal welfare considerations are particularly important for musk deer, as they are highly stress-sensitive and may not adapt well to intensive farming systems [19].

When selecting a deer species for farming, consider the following factors:

• Native habitat and climate compatibility
• Legal protection status and permit requirements
• Market demand for meat, velvet, or other products
• Behavioral suitability for captive management
• Disease susceptibility and veterinary care availability

Legal and Regulatory Considerations

Deer farming in Pakistan operates within a framework of wildlife protection laws that vary by province. The capture, breeding, transportation, and sale of deer species are regulated to protect wild populations and prevent illegal wildlife trade. Before establishing a deer farm, consult with provincial wildlife departments to obtain the necessary permits and understand reporting requirements.

The legal status of deer farming in Pakistan is complex because deer are classified as wildlife instead of domestic livestock. This classification affects:

• Land use permissions and farm registration
• Animal movement and transportation rules
• Disease reporting obligations
• Product sale and export regulations
• Insurance and liability considerations

Farmers considering deer farming should also review international trade rules if they plan to export deer products. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) may apply to certain deer species and their products, even if the animals were captive-bred.

Habitat Requirements and Enclosure Design

Deer farming requires enclosures that replicate the natural habitat preferences of the species being raised. Research on barking deer in the Murree-Kotli Sattian-Kahuta National Park in Punjab, Pakistan, provides useful data for enclosure design [11]. Barking deer were not evenly distributed across vegetation types in the study area, occurring more often in broad-leaved forest than in Chir pine forest, at an elevational range of 550-850 m, in thick vegetation on steep slopes [11]. The most preferred habitat included trees and shrubs with 30% and 69% cover, respectively [11]. Barking deer avoided thicker tree cover, possibly because it hinders movement and escape from predators [11].

These findings suggest that deer enclosures should include:

• Mixed vegetation with approximately one-third tree cover and two-thirds shrub cover
• Sloped terrain to provide natural movement patterns and drainage
• Dense shrub areas for hiding and thermal cover
• Open areas for feeding and observation
• Secure perimeter fencing that prevents escape and predator entry

Fencing height and design depend on the deer species. Barking deer are small and can jump, so fences should be at least 2.5 meters high. Hog deer are also capable jumpers and require similar fencing. The fence should be buried at least 30 centimeters underground to prevent digging, and the mesh size should be small enough to prevent fawns from escaping.

Water availability is critical for deer health. Provide clean, fresh water at multiple locations within the enclosure, and ensure that water sources do not become contaminated with feces or urine. In areas with seasonal water scarcity, plan for supplemental water delivery during dry months.

Feeding and Nutrition

Deer are browsers and grazers with species-specific dietary preferences. Research on barking deer feeding habits in the Himalayan foothills of Pakistan found that these animals mostly feed on trees in both summer and winter seasons, with shrubs slightly higher in winter [7]. In summer, barking deer consumed 10 tree species, 6 shrub species, 5 herb species, and 6 grass species, with dominant tree species being Phyllanthus emblica and Acacia modesta [7]. In winter, they consumed 8 tree species, 7 shrub species, 3 herb species, and 1 grass species, with dominant tree species being Bauhinia variegata and Acacia modesta [7].

This research indicates that deer farming requires access to diverse forage resources. A feeding program should include:

• Native browse species that deer naturally consume
• Cultivated fodder trees and shrubs
• Supplemental grains and concentrates during winter or drought
• Mineral supplements appropriate for deer
• Clean, fresh water at all times

The seasonal variation in available plant species is important for farm planning. More plant species are available in deer habitat during summer (27 species) compared to winter (19 species) [7]. Farmers should plan for supplemental feeding during winter months when natural forage is limited.

Deer are ruminants with specialized digestive systems. Sudden changes in diet can cause digestive upset, so introduce new feeds gradually over 7-14 days. Monitor body condition scores regularly and adjust feeding programs based on individual animal needs.

Health Management and Disease Prevention

Deer are susceptible to several diseases that also affect domestic livestock, creating biosecurity challenges for mixed farms. Understanding these disease risks is essential for developing a health management program.

Malignant Catarrhal Fever

Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a highly fatal lymphoproliferative disease of cattle, deer, bison, water buffalo, and pigs caused by gamma-herpesviruses, including alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 and ovine herpesvirus-2 [13]. Sheep act as asymptomatic reservoir hosts for ovine herpesvirus-2, and the virus can spread to deer and other susceptible species [13]. Research in Pakistan found that ovine herpesvirus-2 is circulating in the country, with the highest percentage of MCF positive samples in sheep (13%), while goats, cattle, and buffalo had lower positive percentages of 11%, 9%, and 6.5%, respectively [13].

For deer farmers, this means that keeping deer and sheep on the same property poses a significant disease risk. If sheep are present on the farm, they should be separated from deer by distance and physical barriers. Deer farmers should also be aware that apparently healthy cattle and buffalo can carry ovine herpesvirus-2 acquired from positive sheep and goats [13].

Foot-and-Mouth Disease

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals, including deer. A report from Pakistan documented FMD virus spillover from domestic livestock that caused an outbreak in captive wild ungulates [20]. This finding highlights the risk of disease transmission between domestic livestock and captive deer.

To prevent FMD introduction:

• Quarantine new animals for at least 30 days before introducing them to the herd
• Restrict visitor access to deer enclosures
• Disinfect vehicles and equipment that enter the farm
• Monitor deer for signs of lameness, drooling, and vesicular lesions
• Report suspected FMD cases to veterinary authorities immediately

Coccidiosis

Coccidiosis is a protozoan disease characterized by diffuse diarrhea, dehydration, and emaciation, accompanied by moderate morbidity and mild mortality in animals and birds [12]. Research on captive deer in Lahore identified Eimeria crandallis in deer and other captive animals, with 3.29% of fecal samples testing positive for Eimeria [12]. The study provided baseline data for developing strategic control measures for coccidiosis in zoo animals [12].

Coccidiosis is often associated with overcrowding and poor sanitation. Control measures include:

• Maintaining clean, dry bedding areas
• Reducing stocking density
• Separating young animals from adults
• Regular fecal monitoring
• Consulting a veterinarian for treatment options

Cryptosporidiosis

Cryptosporidium is a globally significant protozoan parasite with implications for animals, humans, and environmental health [15]. A systematic review of Cryptosporidium infections in animals across Asia from 2015 to 2025 found an overall pooled prevalence of 12% among animals, with infections most frequent in livestock (13.1%) followed by wildlife (9.1%) [15]. The parasite has an expanding host range, with Cryptosporidium parvum detected in more than 37 animal species [15].

Cryptosporidium is zoonotic, meaning it can spread from animals to humans. Deer farmers should practice good hygiene when handling animals, feces, or contaminated materials. Water sources should be protected from fecal contamination, and farm workers should wash hands thoroughly after animal contact.

Parasites and Ectoparasites

Deer can be affected by various internal and external parasites. Warble fly infestation, caused by Hypoderma species, affects domesticated and wild ruminants, with Hypoderma diana affecting roe deer and Hypoderma actaeon affecting red deer [8]. The parasitic stage of hypodermosis lasts about one year in domesticated and wild animals, while the adult fly lives only for a few days [8]. This disease causes economic losses in animal production due to effects on meat, milk, and the leather industry [8].

Tularemia is another disease of concern, as it is a bacterial disease of humans, wild, and domestic animals caused by Francisella tularensis [9]. The disease spreads through vectors such as mosquitoes, horseflies, deer flies, and ticks [9]. Humans can acquire the disease through direct contact with sick animals, consumption of infected animals, drinking or direct contact with contaminated water, and inhalation of bacteria-loaded aerosols [9]. Deer farmers should be aware of tularemia risks and take precautions when handling sick or dead animals.

Viral Diseases with Cross-Species Transmission

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infects a wide range of domestic and wild mammals, and there is evidence of cross-species transmission [17]. Genetic analysis of BVDV sequences from 12 mammalian species across 55 countries found that cattle act as a primary source of infection, while other domestic and wild animals maintain the infection ecology within their habitat [17]. Deer farmers should be aware that BVDV can spread between cattle and deer, particularly when they share grazing areas or water sources.

Peste des petits ruminants virus, which primarily affects sheep and goats, has also been studied for host expansion and interspecies infection [14]. While the full implications for deer are not yet clear, farmers should monitor for unusual disease signs and report them to veterinary authorities.

Biosecurity Measures for Deer Farms

Biosecurity is the foundation of disease prevention in deer farming. A comprehensive biosecurity program should address:

Farm Access Control

• Limit visitor access to deer enclosures
• Require visitors to wear clean boots and clothing
• Provide footbaths with disinfectant at entry points
• Keep vehicles away from deer areas unless disinfected

Animal Movement

• Quarantine new animals for 30-60 days before introduction
• Test new animals for key diseases before release
• Separate deer from sheep, goats, and cattle where possible
• Avoid sharing equipment between deer and other livestock

Waste Management

• Compost or dispose of manure away from deer areas
• Prevent runoff from manure piles from entering water sources
• Control rodents and wild birds that can spread disease

Record Keeping

• Maintain health records for each animal
• Track treatments and vaccinations
• Record observations of behavior and appetite
• Document any disease signs or unusual mortality

Reproduction and Herd Management

Successful deer farming depends on effective reproduction and herd management. Deer have seasonal breeding patterns, with most fawns born in spring and early summer. Understanding these patterns helps farmers plan for birthing, weaning, and herd expansion.

Breeding Stock Selection

Select breeding stock based on:

• Health and body condition
• Temperament and handling ease
• Conformation and growth rates
• Maternal behavior in females
• Fertility and libido in males

Breeding Management

• Maintain appropriate buck to doe ratios (typically 1 buck to 10-15 does)
• Monitor breeding activity and record breeding dates
• Provide adequate nutrition before and during breeding season
• Separate pregnant females from the main herd before fawning

Fawn Rearing

• Provide sheltered areas for fawning
• Monitor newborn fawns for health and nursing behavior
• Ensure adequate colostrum intake within the first 24 hours
• Wean fawns at 3-4 months of age

Herd Records

Maintain detailed records for each animal, including:

• Identification number and parentage
• Birth date and birth weight
• Growth measurements at regular intervals
• Health treatments and vaccinations
• Breeding and reproductive history
• Culling and disposal information

Housing and Handling Facilities

Deer are flighty animals that require careful handling to minimize stress and injury. Housing and handling facilities should be designed with deer behavior in mind.

Enclosure Design

• Provide adequate space per animal (minimum 0.5-1 hectare per 10-20 deer depending on species)
• Include natural vegetation for cover and browsing
• Create multiple feeding and watering points to reduce competition
• Install sturdy fencing that prevents escape and predator entry

Handling Facilities

• Build a handling system with a race, crush, and holding pens
• Use solid walls to reduce visual stress
• Minimize noise and sudden movements during handling
• Train staff in low-stress handling techniques

Shelter Requirements

• Provide shade structures for hot summer months
• Create windbreaks for cold winter months
• Ensure dry, clean bedding areas
• Design shelters that allow easy cleaning and disinfection

Market Opportunities and Product Development

Deer farming in Pakistan offers several potential market opportunities, though each requires careful assessment of demand, legal requirements, and production costs.

Venison Production

Venison is a lean, high-protein meat that is valued in many markets. The demand for venison in Pakistan is limited but growing, particularly in upscale restaurants and hotels. Farmers should assess local market demand before investing in deer farming for meat production.

Velvet Antler

Velvet antler is used in traditional medicine and is harvested from deer during the antler growth phase. The market for velvet antler in Pakistan is small, but there may be export opportunities to countries with established traditional medicine markets.

Gelatin Production

Gelatin is a water-soluble protein obtained from the collagen of various animal origins, including deer hide [10]. In Southeast Asia, especially in China, gelatin obtained from donkey and deer skins is used in medicines [10]. However, both sources suffer from adulteration due to limited availability and high cost [10]. Deer farmers interested in gelatin production should verify market demand and quality requirements before investing in processing facilities.

Live Animal Sales

Live deer may be sold to zoos, wildlife parks, and other deer farms. The demand for live deer depends on the species and the buyer's purpose. Hog deer and barking deer may be in demand for conservation breeding programs or display purposes.

Ecotourism

Deer farms can generate additional income through ecotourism, offering visitors the opportunity to observe deer in a natural setting. This requires investment in viewing facilities, visitor management, and marketing.

Feasibility Checklist for Deer Farming in Pakistan

Before establishing a deer farm, work through this checklist to assess your readiness and resources:

Legal and Regulatory Readiness

• Have you consulted with provincial wildlife authorities about permits and regulations?
• Do you understand the legal requirements for deer capture, breeding, transportation, and sale?
• Have you verified that your proposed farm location is zoned for wildlife farming?
• Do you have a plan for complying with disease reporting requirements?

Land and Facility Assessment

• Do you have adequate land for deer enclosures, with appropriate vegetation and terrain?
• Can you provide secure fencing that meets the needs of your chosen deer species?
• Do you have access to reliable water sources?
• Can you construct handling facilities that allow safe, low-stress deer management?
• Is your farm located away from sheep and cattle operations to reduce disease risk?

Financial Planning

• Have you estimated the initial investment for land, fencing, facilities, and breeding stock?
• Do you have a budget for ongoing feed, veterinary care, and labor costs?
• Have you identified market outlets for your deer products?
• Have you calculated the break-even point for your operation?
• Do you have contingency funds for disease outbreaks or market fluctuations?

Knowledge and Skills

• Do you have experience handling deer or other wildlife?
• Have you studied deer behavior, nutrition, and health management?
• Do you have access to a veterinarian with deer experience?
• Are you prepared to invest time in learning about deer farming best practices?

Risk Assessment

• Have you identified the main disease risks for your area and species?
• Do you have a biosecurity plan to prevent disease introduction?
• Have you considered the risks of climate change affecting your deer habitat?
• Do you have insurance coverage for your deer operation?

Common Failure Patterns in Deer Farming

Understanding common failure patterns can help farmers avoid costly mistakes:

Inadequate Fencing

Deer are skilled jumpers and can escape from poorly designed enclosures. Escaped deer may be injured, lost, or cause conflicts with neighboring landowners. Invest in proper fencing from the start instead of attempting to modify inadequate structures.

Poor Nutrition

Deer have specific nutritional requirements that differ from domestic livestock. Feeding deer like cattle or goats can lead to digestive problems, poor growth, and reproductive failure. Work with a nutritionist or veterinarian to develop species-appropriate feeding programs.

Disease Introduction

Many deer farms fail due to disease outbreaks that could have been prevented with proper biosecurity. Mixing deer with sheep or cattle, failing to quarantine new animals, and allowing uncontrolled visitor access are common pathways for disease introduction.

Overstocking

Deer require adequate space for natural behavior and disease control. Overstocked enclosures lead to stress, aggression, parasite buildup, and poor animal welfare. Follow recommended stocking densities for your chosen species.

Market Miscalculation

Some farmers invest in deer farming without verifying market demand for their products. Before building facilities and purchasing breeding stock, confirm that you have buyers for venison, velvet, live animals, or other products.

Climate Change Considerations

Climate change is a significant driver of biodiversity loss, with an estimated 15-30% of known species potentially affected by the end of the 21st century [6]. Research on barking deer distribution in northern Pakistan projected changes in suitable habitat under different climate change scenarios [6]. The study found that precipitation seasonality contributed 32.2% to model predictions, temperature seasonality contributed 28.5%, and annual mean temperature contributed 27.0% [6]. In the current period, highly suitable habitat for barking deer represented only 3.7% of the study area, while unsuitable habitat represented 85.1% [6].

The predicted loss in suitable habitat for barking deer across all periods was 19.7-23.3%, with the greatest loss under the most optimistic climate scenario during 2061-2080 [6]. However, the study also projected an overall net gain in suitable habitat for barking deer under some scenarios [6]. Future conservation efforts should target currently suitable habitat forecasted to remain suitable [6].

For deer farmers, these findings suggest that:

• Climate change may shift the range of suitable deer habitat
• Temperature and precipitation patterns will affect forage availability
• Water availability may become more variable
• Extreme weather events may stress deer and increase disease susceptibility

Farmers should monitor local climate trends and adapt their management practices accordingly. This may include:

• Planting drought-resistant forage species
• Improving water storage and delivery systems
• Providing additional shade or shelter
• Adjusting breeding seasons based on changing conditions

Animal Welfare and Ethical Considerations

Deer farming raises important animal welfare considerations that farmers must address to maintain social license and comply with emerging welfare standards. The World Organisation for Animal Health provides guidance on animal health and welfare that applies to farmed wildlife [4]. The USDA National Agricultural Library also offers resources on animal health and welfare that can inform best practices [2].

Key welfare considerations for deer farming include:

Space and Social Structure

Deer are social animals that require adequate space and appropriate social groupings. Overcrowding causes stress, aggression, and poor health. Provide enough space for natural movement, feeding, and resting behaviors.

Handling and Restraint

Deer are easily stressed by handling and restraint. Use low-stress handling techniques, minimize the frequency of handling, and ensure that facilities are designed to reduce fear and injury.

Environmental Enrichment

Provide environmental enrichment that allows deer to express natural behaviors. This includes varied vegetation, natural terrain features, and opportunities for browsing and foraging.

Health Monitoring

Regular health monitoring is essential for detecting disease early and providing timely treatment. Train staff to recognize signs of illness or distress and maintain good records of animal health.

Humane Slaughter

If deer are raised for meat, ensure that slaughter methods are humane and comply with applicable regulations. Deer should be stunned before slaughter to minimize suffering.

Worker Safety Considerations

Deer farming involves working with animals that can be unpredictable and potentially dangerous. Worker safety should be a priority in farm design and management.

Handling Risks

Deer can kick, bite, and charge when frightened or cornered. Workers should be trained in safe handling techniques and should never enter enclosures with adult males during the breeding season.

Zoonotic Disease Risks

Several diseases that affect deer can also infect humans. Tularemia can be acquired through direct contact with sick animals, consumption of infected animals, or inhalation of bacteria-loaded aerosols [9]. Cryptosporidium is also zoonotic and can cause severe gastrointestinal illness in humans [15]. Workers should wear appropriate personal protective equipment when handling animals, feces, or contaminated materials.

Facility Safety

Design facilities to minimize worker injury risks, including:

• Non-slip flooring in handling areas
• Adequate lighting in all work areas
• Emergency escape routes from enclosures
• First aid kits and emergency procedures

Professional Escalation Criteria

Deer farmers should know when to seek professional help. Contact a veterinarian or wildlife specialist if you observe:

• Sudden death of one or more animals
• Signs of lameness, drooling, or vesicular lesions that may indicate foot-and-mouth disease
• Neurological signs such as circling, head pressing, or incoordination
• Severe diarrhea or dehydration, especially in young animals
• Skin lesions, swelling, or signs of parasite infestation
• Reproductive problems such as abortion or stillbirth
• Any unusual behavior or clinical signs that you cannot explain

For regulatory matters, contact provincial wildlife authorities for guidance on permits, animal movement, and product sales. For food safety questions, consult the U.S. Food and Drug Administration animal and veterinary resources for general guidance on animal-derived food products [3], and refer to the FAO Animal Production and Health resources for international perspectives on livestock production [1].

Frequently Asked Questions

What deer species are suitable for farming in Pakistan?

Barking deer and hog deer are the most commonly considered species for deer farming in Pakistan. Barking deer are found in the Himalayan foothills and prefer broad-leaved forests with thick vegetation [11]. Hog deer have been documented in captive settings in Lahore [12]. Musk deer have been studied for domestication potential but present significant behavioral and welfare challenges [18][19]. Choose a species that matches your local climate, vegetation, and market goals.

Do I need a license to farm deer in Pakistan?

Yes, deer farming in Pakistan requires permits from provincial wildlife departments because deer are classified as wildlife instead of domestic livestock. The specific requirements vary by province and by species. Consult with your provincial wildlife authority before acquiring deer or building facilities to understand the legal framework for capture, breeding, transportation, and sale of deer and deer products.

Can I keep deer with other livestock?

Keeping deer with sheep, goats, or cattle is risky because several diseases can spread between deer and domestic livestock. Malignant catarrhal fever is caused by ovine herpesvirus-2, which is carried by sheep and can be fatal to deer [13]. Foot-and-mouth disease can also spread from domestic livestock to captive deer [20]. If you must keep deer and other livestock on the same property, separate them by distance and physical barriers.

What do deer eat in Pakistan?

Deer are browsers that feed on a variety of trees, shrubs, herbs, and grasses. Research on barking deer in Pakistan found that they mostly feed on trees in both summer and winter, with dominant tree species including Phyllanthus emblica and Acacia modesta in summer and Bauhinia variegata and Acacia modesta in winter [7]. Farmers should provide diverse forage that mimics natural deer diets and supplement with grains and minerals as needed.

How much land do I need for a deer farm?

The amount of land needed depends on the deer species and the number of animals. Deer require adequate space for natural behavior, feeding, and disease control. A minimum of 0.5-1 hectare per 10-20 deer is recommended, depending on the species and the quality of available forage. Overstocking leads to stress, aggression, parasite buildup, and poor animal welfare.

What are the main disease risks for farmed deer in Pakistan?

The main disease risks include malignant catarrhal fever, foot-and-mouth disease, coccidiosis, cryptosporidiosis, and various parasitic infections. Malignant catarrhal fever is particularly dangerous because sheep carry the virus without showing signs [13]. Coccidiosis has been documented in captive deer in Lahore [12]. Cryptosporidium is widespread across Asia and can affect deer [15]. Implement a comprehensive biosecurity program to reduce disease risks.

Is deer farming profitable in Pakistan?

Profitability depends on market demand, production costs, and management efficiency. Potential products include venison, velvet antler, gelatin, live animals, and ecotourism experiences. However, the market for deer products in Pakistan is limited, and farmers should verify demand before investing. Deer farming requires significant initial investment in fencing, facilities, and breeding stock, so careful financial planning is essential.

How does climate change affect deer farming in Pakistan?

Climate change is projected to affect deer habitat suitability in Pakistan. Research on barking deer found that precipitation seasonality, temperature seasonality, and annual mean temperature are key factors influencing habitat suitability [6]. The study projected habitat losses of 19.7-23.3% across different climate scenarios, though some scenarios showed net gains [6]. Farmers should monitor climate trends and adapt forage, water, and shelter management accordingly.

Related Farming Guides

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• Stingless Bee Farming: Species, Hive Design, and Harvesting
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• Sheep Grazing Lease: Terms, Rates, and Legal Considerations

References and Further Reading

• FAO Animal Production and Health. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
• Animal Health and Welfare. USDA National Agricultural Library.
• Animal and Veterinary Resources. U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
• Animal Health and Welfare. World Organisation for Animal Health.
• Animal Production and Protection. USDA Agricultural Research Service.
• Forecasting impacts of climate change on barking deer distribution in Pakistan.. Scientific reports, 2025.
• Feeding habits and habitat use of barking deer (Muntiacus vaginalis) in Himalayan foothills, Pakistan.. PloS one, 2021.
• Bovine hypodermosis--a global aspect.. Tropical animal health and production, 2010.
• Tularemia: a re-emerging tick-borne infectious disease.. Folia microbiologica, 2021.
• Methods for detection and quantification of gelatin from different sources.. Food chemistry, 2024.
• Seasonal distribution and habitat use preference of Barking deer (Muntiacus vaginalis) in Murree-Kotli Sattian-Kahuta National Park, Punjab Pakistan.. Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia, 2021.
• Molecular and Morphological Characterization of Eimeria crandallis Isolated from Deer (Cervidae) in Different Captive Animals.. Life (Basel, Switzerland), 2022.
• Molecular detection and characterization of ovine herpesvirus-2 using heminested PCR in Pakistan.. Journal of veterinary science, 2021.
• Understanding the host expansion and interspecies infection of peste des petits ruminants virus in view of global control and eradication.. 2026.
• Cryptosporidium infections in animals across Asia (2015-2025): a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence, host range, geographic distribution, and molecular epidemiology.. 2026.
• Molecular prevalence and risk factors of ovine herpesvirus-2-associated malignant catarrhal fever in cattle from Riau Province, Indonesia: A cross-sectional nested polymerase chain reaction study.. 2026.
• A Critical Review of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus: Spotlights on Host Plasticity and Potential Spillover Events.. 2025.
• Preliminary studies on the behavioral assessment of the domestication degree of captive alpine Musk deer. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 2011.
• Animal welfare in the musk deer. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 1998.
• FMD virus spillover from domestic livestock caused outbreak in captive wild ungulates: First report from Pakistan. Acta Tropica, 2022.

This article is educational and is not a substitute for veterinary diagnosis, treatment, public-health guidance, or regulatory reporting.