Clinical Research Coordinator vs Clinical Research Nurse: Which Role Is Right for You?

Clinical research coordinators (CRCs) and clinical research nurses (CRNs) both support the conduct of clinical trials, but they occupy distinct positions with different clinical duties, patient contact levels, and educational pathways. A CRC typically manages regulatory documents, data collection, and study logistics, while a CRN combines nursing care with research activities such as administering investigational products, monitoring adverse events, and providing patient education. This article compares the two roles across daily responsibilities, training requirements, career trajectories, and practical considerations for nurses considering a transition into research. The decision guide and role comparison table provide a structured framework for evaluating which path aligns with your professional goals and clinical background.

Understanding the Two Roles

Clinical research depends on a coordinated team where each member has defined responsibilities. The CRC and CRN roles sometimes overlap in smaller institutions, but large academic medical centers and research networks typically maintain clear distinctions. Understanding these differences matters for career planning, salary expectations, and job satisfaction.

What a Clinical Research Coordinator Does

A CRC manages the operational aspects of a clinical trial. Core duties include preparing and maintaining regulatory binders, submitting documents to institutional review boards (IRBs), scheduling study visits, collecting and entering data into electronic case report forms, and ensuring protocol compliance. CRCs often serve as the primary point of contact between the research team, sponsors, and study participants for logistical matters.

The role requires strong organizational skills, attention to detail, and familiarity with Good Clinical Practice guidelines. Many CRCs come from backgrounds in health sciences, public health, or life sciences without holding a nursing license. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, life, physical, and social science occupations encompass a broad range of research support roles, and clinical research coordination falls within this occupational family for many professionals (Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations).

What a Clinical Research Nurse Does

A CRN is a licensed registered nurse who applies nursing expertise within the research context. CRNs perform clinical assessments, administer investigational drugs or devices, monitor participants for adverse reactions, provide patient education about the study, and document clinical findings. They also contribute to protocol development by offering nursing perspectives on feasibility and patient safety.

The clinical nature of the CRN role means direct patient interaction is a central component. CRNs must maintain active nursing licensure and typically need clinical experience before transitioning into research. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics groups registered nurses within healthcare occupations, and clinical research nursing is a specialized application of that broader nursing foundation (Healthcare Occupations).

Where the Roles Overlap

In practice, some responsibilities overlap. Both CRCs and CRNs may obtain informed consent, coordinate study visits, document adverse events, and communicate with sponsors. Smaller research sites often require staff to wear multiple hats, and a CRC with a nursing background may perform tasks that resemble CRN duties. However, the scope of practice differs legally and professionally. Tasks that require nursing judgment, such as clinical assessment and medication administration, fall within the CRN scope. Regulatory and data management tasks do not require a nursing license and fall within the CRC scope.

At a Glance: Role Comparison Table

Educational Requirements and Credentials

The educational pathways for CRCs and CRNs differ substantially. These differences affect how quickly you can enter the field and what additional certifications you may need.

Pathways for Clinical Research Coordinators

Most CRC positions require a bachelor's degree in a health-related field such as nursing, biology, public health, or psychology. Some employers accept associate degrees combined with relevant research experience. Formal training programs in clinical research, including certificate programs and master's degrees, can strengthen your candidacy. The National Institutes of Health offers training and education resources for individuals pursuing research careers, including those interested in clinical research coordination (Office of Intramural Training and Education).

Certification is available through professional organizations, although requirements vary by employer. The Association of Clinical Research Professionals and the Society of Clinical Research Associates offer credentials that demonstrate competency in clinical research coordination. These certifications typically require a combination of education, experience, and passing an examination.

Pathways for Clinical Research Nurses

CRNs must complete an accredited nursing program and pass the NCLEX-RN examination to obtain licensure. Most CRNs hold either an associate degree in nursing or a bachelor of science in nursing. The bachelor's degree is increasingly preferred, particularly in academic medical centers and Magnet-designated hospitals.

Clinical experience is essential before transitioning to research nursing. Most employers expect at least two to three years of direct patient care experience. Specialty experience in areas such as oncology, cardiology, or critical care can be particularly valuable because many clinical trials focus on these therapeutic areas. Advanced practice registered nurses, including nurse practitioners, may pursue additional roles in research as principal investigators or sub-investigators.

The International Association for Clinical Research Nursing has developed a competency framework for the specialty. A recent externship program integrating this curriculum demonstrated that structured training can improve knowledge and career readiness among nursing students interested in clinical research nursing (Training the next generation of clinical research nurses).

Daily Responsibilities and Workflow

Understanding the day-to-day realities of each role helps you make an informed career decision. The following sections describe typical workflows for both positions.

A Day in the Life of a CRC

A CRC's day often begins with reviewing emails and prioritizing tasks based on upcoming study visits and deadlines. Regulatory work might include preparing amendments for IRB submission, updating the delegation of authority log, or responding to sponsor queries. Data management tasks involve entering visit data into electronic case report forms, resolving data discrepancies, and ensuring source documents are complete and accurate.

Participant coordination is another major component. CRCs schedule visits, remind participants about appointments, and coordinate with other departments such as radiology or laboratory services. During visits, the CRC may obtain vital signs, administer questionnaires, and ensure all protocol-required procedures are completed. After the visit, the CRC documents the encounter and prepares for the next scheduled activity.

A Day in the Life of a CRN

A CRN's day centers on direct patient care within the research context. The nurse may begin by reviewing the day's scheduled participants and their medical histories. During study visits, the CRN performs clinical assessments, checks vital signs, reviews medications, and evaluates participants for any changes in health status. The CRN administers investigational products according to protocol specifications and monitors participants for adverse reactions.

Patient education is a significant responsibility. The CRN explains study procedures, discusses potential side effects, and reinforces the importance of adherence to the study protocol. The CRN also documents clinical findings in the medical record and communicates with the principal investigator about any concerns. In some settings, the CRN may participate in study team meetings and contribute to protocol feasibility discussions.

Task Distribution in Practice

The division of labor between CRCs and CRNs varies by institution and study type. In oncology trials, CRNs often handle chemotherapy administration and symptom management while CRCs manage regulatory and data tasks. In device trials, CRCs may handle more of the technical documentation while CRNs focus on patient assessment and device education.

A cross-sectional study of IV therapy specialist nurses found that many worked in dual-capacity roles, combining general nursing duties with specialized responsibilities, and that role clarity affected job satisfaction (Clinical nursing practice, missed care, and satisfaction with the use and management of IV therapy specialist nurses). This finding underscores the importance of understanding how your specific role will be defined at a particular institution.

Patient Interaction and Clinical Involvement

The level and nature of patient interaction differ significantly between the two roles. This is often the deciding factor for nurses considering a transition to research.

Patient Contact in the CRC Role

CRCs interact with participants primarily around logistics and data collection. They may greet participants at visits, administer questionnaires, and ensure that participants understand the visit schedule. However, CRCs do not typically perform clinical assessments or provide nursing care. For individuals who prefer a behind-the-scenes role that still involves some participant contact, the CRC position offers a balance.

Patient Contact in the CRN Role

CRNs maintain a clinical relationship with participants. They assess physical and emotional status, provide education, and offer support throughout the trial. This direct patient care is often the most rewarding aspect of the role for nurses who enjoy clinical work. The CRN's nursing background enables them to recognize subtle changes in participant condition that might indicate an adverse event or a need for intervention.

Research on nursing-led interventions demonstrates the value of nurse involvement in patient care. A randomized clinical trial of a nurse-led primary palliative care intervention for patients with advanced cancer found that oncology nurses could effectively deliver supportive care interventions (Effect of an Oncology Nurse-Led Primary Palliative Care Intervention on Patients With Advanced Cancer). Similarly, a nursing-led intervention for patients with advanced cancer improved quality of life and reduced symptom intensity in a rural comprehensive cancer center setting (Effects of a palliative care intervention on clinical outcomes in patients with advanced cancer).

Choosing Based on Your Preferences

If you derive professional satisfaction from direct patient care, the CRN role will likely be more fulfilling. If you prefer working with data, documents, and systems, the CRC role may be a better fit. Some professionals find that they enjoy a combination of both, which may lead them to seek positions at smaller sites where roles are less rigidly defined.

Career Transition Guide for Nurses

For registered nurses considering a move into clinical research, the transition requires planning and deliberate skill development. The following steps provide a structured approach.

Step 1: Assess Your Clinical Foundation

Evaluate your current clinical experience and identify transferable skills. Strong assessment skills, medication administration expertise, patient education experience, and familiarity with electronic health records all translate well to research nursing. If you have experience in a specialty area such as oncology, cardiology, or neurology, you may have a competitive advantage for trials in those therapeutic areas.

Step 2: Learn Research Fundamentals

Before applying for research positions, familiarize yourself with Good Clinical Practice guidelines, the informed consent process, and the roles of the IRB. The Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative offers foundational courses in research ethics and Good Clinical Practice. The National Institutes of Health provides training resources for individuals pursuing research careers (Office of Intramural Training and Education).

Step 3: Seek Exposure Within Your Current Role

Look for opportunities to interact with research teams at your current institution. You might volunteer to assist with a study in your unit, attend research meetings, or shadow a CRN. This exposure helps you understand the realities of the role and builds relationships that can lead to job opportunities.

Step 4: Pursue Formal Education or Certification

Consider pursuing a certificate in clinical research or a master's degree in nursing with a research focus. The International Association for Clinical Research Nursing offers a competency framework that can guide your professional development. An externship program that integrated this curriculum showed significant knowledge gains among participating nursing students (Training the next generation of clinical research nurses).

Step 5: Target Your Job Search

Look for positions with titles such as clinical research nurse, research nurse coordinator, or study nurse. Academic medical centers and comprehensive cancer centers often have dedicated research nursing positions. Professional networking through nursing organizations and research conferences can also uncover opportunities.

Step 6: Prepare for the Interview

During interviews, be prepared to discuss your clinical experience, your understanding of research regulations, and your ability to balance patient care with protocol compliance. Employers will want to know how you handle situations where patient needs and protocol requirements may conflict.

Salary and Job Outlook Considerations

Compensation for CRCs and CRNs varies based on geographic location, employer type, experience level, and therapeutic area. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics provides occupational data for both healthcare occupations and life, physical, and social science occupations, which can help you understand general salary ranges (Healthcare Occupations, Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations).

CRNs typically earn higher salaries than CRCs because nursing licensure and clinical experience command a premium. However, CRCs with advanced degrees and extensive experience in high-demand therapeutic areas can earn competitive salaries. Contract research organizations and pharmaceutical companies often pay more than academic medical centers but may offer less job stability.

The clinical research professional workforce faces challenges in onboarding, training, and professional development. A study of academic medical centers identified barriers including balancing foundational onboarding with role-based training and providing high-quality mentorship (Academic medical center clinical research professional workforce). These challenges affect both CRCs and CRNs and highlight the importance of choosing an employer with a strong training infrastructure.

Work Settings and Employment Environments

The work environment differs between the two roles and affects daily experience, career trajectory, and job satisfaction.

Academic Medical Centers

Academic medical centers employ both CRCs and CRNs in large numbers. These institutions often have dedicated clinical research units, robust training programs, and opportunities for career advancement. However, salaries may be lower than in industry, and bureaucratic processes can be challenging. Academic settings offer exposure to a wide range of studies and the opportunity to work with leading researchers.

Hospitals and Community Practices

Community hospitals and private practices increasingly conduct clinical trials, particularly in oncology and cardiology. In these settings, CRCs and CRNs may have broader responsibilities because teams are smaller. A CRC might handle regulatory work, data entry, and participant scheduling, while a CRN manages clinical care and protocol procedures. These positions can offer more variety but may provide less structured training and mentorship.

Pharmaceutical Companies and CROs

Pharmaceutical companies and contract research organizations employ CRCs in roles such as clinical trial assistant or clinical research associate. These positions focus on monitoring study sites, ensuring regulatory compliance, and managing data quality. CRNs in industry may work as clinical trial managers, medical science liaisons, or in drug safety roles. Industry positions typically offer higher salaries but may require travel and involve less direct patient contact.

Government and Nonprofit Research Organizations

Government agencies such as the National Institutes of Health and nonprofit research organizations employ both CRCs and CRNs. These positions often offer competitive benefits, stable funding, and the opportunity to work on high-impact research. The National Institutes of Health provides training and career development resources for research professionals (Office of Intramural Training and Education).

Professional Development and Advancement

Both roles offer pathways for career advancement, but the trajectories differ.

Advancement for CRCs

CRCs can advance to senior coordinator positions, research manager roles, or clinical operations leadership. Some transition to clinical research associate positions with pharmaceutical companies, where they monitor sites on behalf of sponsors. Others pursue master's degrees in public health, clinical research, or health administration to qualify for leadership positions.

Professional certification can enhance advancement opportunities. The Association of Clinical Research Professionals offers the Certified Clinical Research Professional credential, and the Society of Clinical Research Associates offers the Certified Clinical Research Associate credential. These certifications demonstrate competency and commitment to the field.

Advancement for CRNs

CRNs can advance to clinical nurse specialist roles, research program director positions, or nursing leadership roles within research organizations. Some pursue advanced practice degrees to become nurse practitioners who serve as sub-investigators or principal investigators. Others move into nursing education, training the next generation of research nurses.

The clinical research nursing specialty has developed a competency framework that supports professional development. A study of master of nursing graduates found that institutional job classifications may limit deployment of advanced-degree nurses, highlighting the importance of understanding how your qualifications will be recognized at a particular institution (Predicted positions and qualification mismatch for master of nursing graduates in Croatian hospitals).

Mentorship and Networking

Mentorship is critical for career development in both roles. A peer mentoring program for early career research faculty demonstrated that structured mentoring can support professional growth and reduce isolation (Development of a peer and near-peer mentoring program to support early career research faculty). Seek out mentors within your institution and through professional organizations such as the International Association for Clinical Research Nursing or the Association of Clinical Research Professionals.

Common Failure Patterns and How to Avoid Them

Professionals in both roles encounter predictable challenges. Understanding these patterns can help you make a more informed career decision and prepare for potential difficulties.

Role Confusion and Scope Creep

In smaller research sites, CRCs may be asked to perform tasks that require nursing judgment, and CRNs may be asked to handle regulatory work that falls outside their training. This role confusion can lead to stress and job dissatisfaction. A study of physician assistant nurses found that role conflict was strongly associated with turnover intention (Impact of role conflict and job stress on turnover intention among Korean physician assistant nurses). Clarify your scope of practice and responsibilities before accepting a position.

Inadequate Onboarding and Training

Many research professionals report that onboarding and training are inadequate. A study of academic medical centers found that few institutions have solved all the issues related to training a competent and adaptable clinical research professional workforce (Academic medical center clinical research professional workforce). Ask about training programs and mentorship opportunities during job interviews.

Missed Care and Task Overload

Research nurses may experience missed care when workload exceeds capacity. A study of IV therapy specialist nurses found that more than one-third reported missed care during their last shift, and missed care was associated with lower job satisfaction (Clinical nursing practice, missed care, and satisfaction with the use and management of IV therapy specialist nurses). Monitor your workload and communicate with leadership when you cannot complete all required tasks.

Burnout and Occupational Stress

Healthcare professionals face significant occupational stress, and research roles are not immune. A study of critical care nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic found high levels of occupational stress and moderate job satisfaction, with more than half reporting intention to leave their positions (Occupational stress, job satisfaction, and intention to leave among critical care nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic). Develop stress management strategies and seek organizational support when needed.

Quality and Safety Considerations

Both CRCs and CRNs play critical roles in ensuring the quality and safety of clinical research. Understanding these responsibilities helps you appreciate the importance of each role.

Regulatory Compliance and Data Integrity

CRCs are primarily responsible for ensuring that study conduct complies with regulatory requirements and that data are accurate and complete. This includes maintaining regulatory binders, ensuring timely IRB submissions, and resolving data queries. Data integrity is essential for the validity of research findings and for participant safety.

Participant Safety and Clinical Monitoring

CRNs are primarily responsible for monitoring participant safety during study visits. This includes assessing for adverse events, monitoring vital signs, and evaluating laboratory results. The CRN's clinical judgment is essential for recognizing when a participant's condition requires medical attention or protocol modification.

The Role of Care Coordination

Both roles contribute to care coordination, which research has shown to improve patient outcomes. A review of transitional care navigation found that care coordination was associated with increased care quality ratings, reduced hospitalization rates, and reduced emergency department visits (Transitional Care Navigation). Similarly, a randomized clinical trial of a comprehensive telehealth intervention for patients with poorly controlled diabetes found that nurse-delivered care coordination improved outcomes (Effect of a Comprehensive Telehealth Intervention vs Telemonitoring and Care Coordination in Patients With Persistently Poor Type 2 Diabetes Control).

Interdisciplinary Team Function

Clinical research requires effective interdisciplinary teamwork. A randomized clinical trial of a chronic care model team intervention for stroke survivors found that a team including community health workers, advanced practice clinicians, and physicians improved risk factor control (Effect of a Coordinated Community and Chronic Care Model Team Intervention vs Usual Care on Systolic Blood Pressure in Patients With Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack). Both CRCs and CRNs are essential members of these teams.

Regulatory and Ethical Context

Clinical research is governed by a complex framework of regulations and ethical principles. Understanding this context is essential for both roles.

The Role of the Institutional Review Board

The IRB reviews and approves research protocols to protect the rights and welfare of human subjects. CRCs typically manage the IRB submission process, including preparing applications, responding to IRB requests, and maintaining approval documentation. CRNs may also interact with the IRB, particularly when protocol modifications affect clinical procedures.

Informed Consent

Obtaining informed consent is a critical responsibility in clinical research. Both CRCs and CRNs may participate in the consent process, although the specific responsibilities vary by institution and protocol. The consent process must ensure that participants understand the study purpose, procedures, risks, benefits, and alternatives. CRNs often play a key role in ensuring that participants understand the clinical implications of study participation.

Good Clinical Practice

Good Clinical Practice is an international ethical and scientific quality standard for designing, conducting, recording, and reporting clinical trials. Both CRCs and CRNs must be familiar with Good Clinical Practice principles and apply them in their daily work. Training in Good Clinical Practice is typically required by employers and sponsors.

Professional Escalation Criteria

Knowing when to escalate concerns is essential in both roles. The following criteria indicate situations that require immediate attention from a supervisor, principal investigator, or institutional leadership.

Escalation for CRCs

• Suspected fraud or data fabrication
• Evidence of protocol violations that could compromise participant safety or data integrity
• Regulatory noncompliance that could result in audit findings or sanctions
• Inability to resolve data queries or discrepancies
• Concerns about sponsor communications or monitoring activities

Escalation for CRNs

• Serious or unexpected adverse events
• Evidence of participant deterioration that requires medical intervention
• Suspected protocol violations involving clinical procedures
• Concerns about investigational product safety or administration
• Participant expressions of distress or intent to harm

General Escalation Criteria

• Any situation that threatens participant safety
• Evidence of research misconduct
• Conflicts of interest that could compromise objectivity
• Inadequate resources to conduct the study safely
• Concerns about institutional support for research activities

Limitations and Considerations

Both roles have limitations that should be considered when making a career decision.

Limitations of the CRC Role

CRCs may find that their contributions are undervalued compared to clinical staff. The role can involve significant administrative work, and the pace can be demanding during study start-up and close-out periods. CRCs may also face limited advancement opportunities at institutions that do not have well-defined career ladders for research professionals.

Limitations of the CRN Role

CRNs may find that research nursing offers less schedule flexibility than other nursing roles. Study visits must occur according to protocol schedules, which may require evening or weekend work. CRNs may also face challenges maintaining clinical skills if their research role involves limited direct patient care. Some CRNs pursue per diem clinical positions to maintain their clinical competence.

Institutional and Geographic Variations

The specific responsibilities and requirements for both roles vary significantly by institution and geographic location. A study of master of nursing graduates found that institutional job classifications may not align with graduate qualifications, limiting deployment in appropriate roles (Predicted positions and qualification mismatch for master of nursing graduates in Croatian hospitals). Research the specific requirements and expectations at institutions where you are considering employment.

Making Your Decision

The choice between becoming a CRC or a CRN depends on your educational background, clinical experience, career goals, and personal preferences. Use the following framework to structure your decision.

Assess Your Educational Investment

If you do not already hold a nursing license, the CRC path requires less educational investment and allows you to enter the field more quickly. If you are already a registered nurse, the CRN path leverages your existing credentials and clinical experience.

Evaluate Your Patient Care Preferences

If you enjoy direct patient care and clinical assessment, the CRN role will be more satisfying. If you prefer working with data, documents, and systems, the CRC role offers a better fit. Some professionals find that they want a balance of both, which may lead them to seek positions at smaller sites with more flexible role definitions.

Consider Your Long-Term Goals

Think about where you want to be in five to ten years. The CRC path can lead to clinical operations management, regulatory affairs, or industry monitoring roles. The CRN path can lead to advanced practice, research program leadership, or nursing education. Both paths offer opportunities for advancement, but the trajectories differ.

Research the Job Market

Review job postings in your geographic area and target therapeutic areas. Note the educational requirements, preferred qualifications, and salary ranges for both roles. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics provides occupational data that can help you understand the broader job market (Healthcare Occupations, Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations).

Seek Informational Interviews

Talk to professionals in both roles to understand the realities of each position. Ask about daily responsibilities, challenges, rewards, and career trajectories. Informational interviews can provide insights that job descriptions and salary data cannot.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the main difference between a clinical research coordinator and a clinical research nurse?

The main difference is the scope of practice. A clinical research coordinator manages regulatory documents, data collection, and study logistics without providing direct clinical care. A clinical research nurse is a licensed registered nurse who performs clinical assessments, administers investigational products, and provides patient education within the research context. The CRN role requires nursing licensure and clinical experience, while the CRC role typically requires a health-related degree but not a nursing license.

Can a clinical research coordinator become a clinical research nurse without going back to school?

No, you cannot become a clinical research nurse without completing an accredited nursing program and passing the NCLEX-RN examination. Nursing licensure is a legal requirement for performing nursing tasks such as clinical assessment and medication administration. If you are a CRC who wants to become a CRN, you would need to complete a nursing degree program and obtain licensure before transitioning to the CRN role.

Do clinical research nurses earn more than clinical research coordinators?

Clinical research nurses typically earn higher salaries than clinical research coordinators because nursing licensure and clinical experience command a premium in the job market. However, salaries vary based on geographic location, employer type, experience level, and therapeutic area. CRCs with advanced degrees and experience in high-demand therapeutic areas can earn competitive salaries, particularly in pharmaceutical companies and contract research organizations.

What clinical experience is needed to become a clinical research nurse?

Most employers expect at least two to three years of direct patient care experience before transitioning to research nursing. Specialty experience in areas such as oncology, cardiology, or critical care can be particularly valuable because many clinical trials focus on these therapeutic areas. Some employers may accept less experience for entry-level research nurse positions, particularly if you have other relevant qualifications.

Is the clinical research coordinator role a good entry point for a research career?

Yes, the CRC role is often an excellent entry point for a research career. It provides exposure to the full range of clinical trial activities, including regulatory compliance, data management, and participant coordination. Many CRCs advance to senior coordinator positions, research management roles, or transition to industry positions as clinical research associates. The CRC role also provides a foundation for understanding clinical research that can be valuable if you later pursue additional education or credentials.

What certifications are available for clinical research professionals?

Several certifications are available for clinical research professionals. The Association of Clinical Research Professionals offers the Certified Clinical Research Professional credential, and the Society of Clinical Research Associates offers the Certified Clinical Research Associate credential. The International Association for Clinical Research Nursing offers a competency framework for clinical research nursing. Certification requirements vary by credential and typically include a combination of education, experience, and passing an examination.

How do I know if I should pursue a CRC or CRN role?

Consider your educational background, clinical experience, and career goals. If you are already a registered nurse who enjoys direct patient care, the CRN role leverages your existing skills and offers a natural transition into research. If you do not hold a nursing license and prefer working with data and documents, the CRC role offers a faster entry into the field. Talk to professionals in both roles, review job postings, and consider your long-term career goals before making a decision.

What are the biggest challenges in clinical research nursing?

Clinical research nurses face several challenges, including balancing patient care with protocol compliance, managing complex study requirements, and maintaining clinical skills when research duties limit direct patient care. Research has documented high levels of occupational stress and turnover intention among nurses in demanding healthcare environments (Occupational stress, job satisfaction, and intention to leave among critical care nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic). Role conflict and inadequate onboarding can also contribute to job dissatisfaction (Impact of role conflict and job stress on turnover intention among Korean physician assistant nurses, Academic medical center clinical research professional workforce).

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References and Further Reading

• Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
• Healthcare Occupations. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
• O*NET OnLine. U.S. Department of Labor.
• Office of Intramural Training and Education. National Institutes of Health.
• NCBI Literature Resources. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
• PubMed. National Library of Medicine.
• Effect of an Oncology Nurse-Led Primary Palliative Care Intervention on Patients With Advanced Cancer: The CONNECT Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial.. JAMA internal medicine, 2021.
• Transitional Care Navigation.. Seminars in oncology nursing, 2024.
• Effect of a Comprehensive Telehealth Intervention vs Telemonitoring and Care Coordination in Patients With Persistently Poor Type 2 Diabetes Control: A Randomized Clinical Trial.. JAMA internal medicine, 2022.
• Effectiveness of a multi-layer silicone-adhesive polyurethane foam dressing as prevention for sacral pressure ulcers in at-risk in-patients: Randomized controlled trial.. International journal of nursing studies, 2022.
• Proceedings of the 3rd IPLeiria's International Health Congress : Leiria, Portugal. 6-7 May 2016.. BMC health services research, 2016.
• Effect of a Coordinated Community and Chronic Care Model Team Intervention vs Usual Care on Systolic Blood Pressure in Patients With Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack: The SUCCEED Randomized Clinical Trial.. JAMA network open, 2021.
• Effects of a palliative care intervention on clinical outcomes in patients with advanced cancer: the Project ENABLE II randomized controlled trial.. JAMA, 2009.
• Mobile Integrated Health vs a Transitions of Care Coordinator for Patients Discharged After Heart Failure: The Mighty-Heart Randomized Clinical Trial.. JAMA internal medicine, 2025.
• Clinical nursing practice, missed care, and satisfaction with the use and management of IV therapy specialist nurses: a cross-sectional study and analysis of influencing factors.. 2026.
• Occupational stress, job satisfaction, and intention to leave among critical care nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study in Lebanon.. 2026.
• Impact of role conflict and job stress on turnover intention among Korean physician assistant nurses: A cross-sectional study.. 2026.
• Predicted positions and qualification mismatch for master of nursing graduates in Croatian hospitals: cross-sectional study.. 2026.
• The research equity and diversity initiative (READI): Changing the face of clinical research through community outreach and engagement. Journal of Clinical and Translational Science, 2025.
• 162 Training the next generation of clinical research nurses. Journal of Clinical and Translational Science, 2026.
• Academic medical center clinical research professional workforce: Part 2 - Issues in staff onboarding and professional development. Journal of Clinical and Translational Science, 2022.
• Development of a peer and near-peer mentoring program to support early career research faculty: The ASPIRE! program. Journal of Clinical and Translational Science, 2025.
• Medicine Goes Female: Protocol for Improving Career Options of Females and Working Conditions for Researching Physicians in Clinical Medical Research by Organizational Transformation and Participatory Design. JMIR Research Protocols, 2017.
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This article is educational and does not replace institutional policy, professional advice, or applicable safety and regulatory requirements.