Urban Wildlife Conflict: Causes, Consequences, and Mitigation

Urban wildlife conflict occurs when wild animals cause damage, transmit disease, or create safety hazards in human-dominated landscapes, and the problem is intensifying as cities expand into natural habitats. This article examines the root causes of these conflicts, their ecological and social consequences, and evidence-based mitigation strategies that balance human safety with wildlife conservation. The practical outcome is a conflict assessment worksheet and a review of community-based programs that readers can adapt to their local conditions.

The Scope of Urban Wildlife Conflict

Urban wildlife conflict is a growing management concern across the globe. As cities expand, they fragment natural habitats and create new interfaces where humans and wildlife interact frequently. The 2022 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change documents how environmental changes are exacerbating vulnerabilities across human populations, and wildlife behavior is shifting in response to the same pressures. The report notes that extreme weather events during 2021 and 2022 caused devastation across every continent, displacing hundreds of thousands of people and causing billions of dollars in economic losses. These environmental disruptions alter wildlife movement patterns and push animals into urban areas in search of food and shelter.

Wildlife living around urbanized areas causes issues such as zoonosis and wildlife-vehicle collisions, according to a review of urban wildlife management from the animal personality perspective. Despite these risks, residents often hold positive views on the presence of urban wildlife primarily due to aesthetic reasons. This accepting attitude has made it difficult for wildlife managers to reach consensus on the importance of human-urban wildlife conflicts. The review focuses on deer as a model species because deer are among the most serious problem-causing urban wildlife.

Europe is undergoing dynamic land use changes that drive wildlife species to colonise conurbations, resulting in an increased likelihood of human-wildlife conflict, according to a study of public perceptions and attitudes toward urban wildlife encounters. A questionnaire survey of residents of Krakow, Poland, conducted in 2010 and repeated in 2020, found that encounters with wild boars, red squirrels, roe deer, brown hares, and red foxes increased significantly over the decade. Respondents reported that wild boar and beavers did not show fear when encountering humans. The most frequent conflict responses were personal anxiety, intrusion into property, and destruction of crops, all of which increased significantly over the decade.

Root Causes of Urban Wildlife Conflict

Habitat Loss and Fragmentation

Habitat destruction and fragmentation are primary drivers of urban wildlife conflict. In Nepal, forests have been destroyed, fragmented, and developed for human settlements, agricultural production, and urban centers for decades, according to a study identifying environmental and anthropogenic causes of human rhesus macaque conflict. As a result, human-wildlife conflict in the form of crop-raiding, livestock predation, and injuries to humans and wildlife is common throughout the country. The study found that almost 44% of Nepal's land area contains suitable habitat for rhesus macaques, with less than 8% of all suitable habitat located in protected national parks. As humans continue to alter and fragment natural landscapes, conflict has intensified.

Urbanization and deforestation impose severe challenges to wildlife, particularly for forest-living vertebrates, according to a study of threats to arboreal mammals in peri-urban landscapes. The study compiled 540 negative interaction events involving brown howler monkeys in southern Brazil over more than two decades. Electrocution by power lines was the most frequent cause of death or injury at 37%, followed by dog attack at 34%, vehicle collision at 17%, and human mistreatment at 12%. The overall post-event mortality was 56%. The survival of brown howler monkeys in the forest-urban interface is constrained by both urban infrastructure and growing interactions with humans and domestic and stray dogs.

Food Availability and Anthropogenic Resources

Food provisioning and unmanaged waste draw wildlife into human settlements. An agent-based modelling study of urban macaque-human conflict in Guwahati, India found that urban human-monkey conflict is a growing management concern across India, particularly in cities where forest fragments, food provisioning, and unmanaged waste draw monkeys into human settlements. The model simulated monkey-human interactions and evaluated six mitigation strategies: feeding prohibition, population control, garbage management, fruiting tree plantation, translocation, public awareness, and enforcement. Simulations showed that interventions targeting human behavior were far more effective than those targeting monkey numbers or habitat modification.

Wild boar, a highly adaptable species, is increasingly common in European cities where it exploits natural and anthropogenic resources, according to a study evaluating urban landscape and remotely sensed vegetation indices to explain wild boar presence in Barcelona. Seasonal vegetation dynamics influenced the timing of urban incursions, with peaks in spring and late summer associated with changes in vegetation moisture and likely reinforced by increased energetic demands during reproduction and early lactation. Spatial variation in urban green area use was primarily explained by landscape structure, with proximity to streams and habitat fragmentation contributing similarly.

Behavioral Adaptation and Homogenization

Urbanization is eroding behavioral diversity across wildlife populations, a process called behavioral homogenization. A study on behavioral convergence under urbanization introduces the concept of behavioral homogenization as the human-driven convergence of behavioral traits across individuals, populations, and species across space and time. Global examples of fear responses, foraging, communication, activity patterns, social behavior, cognition, exploration, habitat use, breeding-site choice, migration, and heterospecific interaction networks demonstrate that spatial and temporal beta-diversity in behavior is shrinking in human-dominated landscapes. The study outlines ecological and evolutionary consequences, including for animal cultures and human-wildlife conflict.

Urban raccoons show differential behavioral responses to environmental pressures, according to a study of environmental health and anthropogenic disturbance on urban raccoon detection, group size, and risk-taking. Raccoon detections were highest at sites with high human activity and high impervious surfaces, and group size decreased at sites with high pollution. Group size mediated boldness, with larger groups spending more time close to novel objects and less time alert. Exploration decreased at sites with high impervious surfaces and increased with group size and human activity. These findings demonstrate that raccoon ecology is differentially affected by social and ecological factors, likely having downstream impacts on human-raccoon interactions and where conflict emerges.

Consequences of Urban Wildlife Conflict

Public Health and Zoonotic Disease Risk

Urban wildlife can serve as reservoirs for pathogens that affect human health. Birds, with their broad geographic ranges and close association with humans, have historically played an important role as carriers of human disease and as reservoirs for drug-resistant bacteria, according to a study of bird-bacteria associations. The most frequently reported bacteria were Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Campylobacter jejuni. Of the bacteria species reported, 54% have shown pathogenicity toward humans. Only 22% were tested for antibiotic resistance, and of those tested, 75% of bacteria species were resistant to at least one antibiotic.

Emerging tick-borne viruses pose additional threats in urban and peri-urban environments. The emergence and global spread of Alongshan virus is associated with human disease and was first identified in northeast China. Transmission of arthropod-borne pathogens will likely increase in the future due to environmental change and increasing human encroachment into wild animal habitats. The review discusses the role of this emerging tick-borne virus in the context of urbanization and global health.

Brazil has earned the moniker "arbovirus hotspot," providing an ideal breeding ground for a multitude of arboviruses thriving in various zoonotic and urban cycles, according to a study exploring Iguape virus. As the planet warms and vectors expand their habitat range, a nuanced understanding of lesser-known arboviruses and the factors that could drive their emergence becomes imperative. The Iguape virus circulates among birds, wild rodents, marsupials, bats, and domestic birds, though there is no information available on its pathogenesis in both humans and animals.

Ticks on urban wildlife represent a direct zoonotic risk. A study of ticks on free-ranging porcupines from São Paulo, Brazil collected 223 ticks from 100 free-ranging porcupines over nearly 30 years. The most prevalent species was Amblyomma longirostre, found on 86 animals, followed by A. parkeri on 18 animals. Ticks are important vectors of several pathogens causing zoonotic diseases, and this information contributes to the development of environmental surveillance strategies.

Economic and Property Damage

Crop-raiding by wildlife is an increasingly common form of human-wildlife conflict. Rhesus macaques have been identified as a top ten crop-raiding wildlife species in Nepal, according to the study of human rhesus macaque conflict. Nearly 15% of Nepal's land area in which human settlements are permitted is characterized by moderate or high rates of human-rhesus macaque conflict.

Human-wildlife conflict in South Indian agriculture is documented in a study of causes, impacts, and mitigation strategies. The study examines how agricultural expansion into wildlife habitats increases conflict frequency and severity, affecting crop yields and farmer livelihoods.

Safety and Infrastructure Risks

Wildlife-vehicle collisions are a significant consequence of urban wildlife presence. The review of urban wildlife management identifies wildlife-vehicle collisions as a crucial issue caused by wildlife living around urbanized areas. The study of brown howler monkeys found that vehicle collision accounted for 17% of negative interaction events, and the study proposes road signs and speed bumps in areas of frequent animal crossing.

Urban wildlife also poses risks to pets and domestic animals. Free-ranging dogs significantly threaten wildlife, including endangered species, according to a study of public attitudes toward management strategies in southern Chile. The study found that most respondents opposed lethal control for at least one scenario and were more likely to accept killing dogs that attacked sheep than those attacking wildlife. Respondents consistently favored fining the owner over eliminating the problem dog.

At a Glance: Urban Wildlife Conflict Drivers and Mitigation Options

Community-Based Mitigation Programs

Public Awareness and Education

Public awareness and enforcement produced consistent and significant reduction in conflict across human population scenarios in the agent-based modelling study of urban macaque-human conflict. Other ecological strategies showed limited additional effect when evaluated alongside education. Translocation in isolation provided little benefit and occasionally worsened conflict temporarily.

Public knowledge shapes attitudes toward wildlife management. A study of capybaras in urban areas of Florianópolis, Brazil surveyed 1505 residents and found that capybaras were reported in all neighborhoods and were generally viewed positively. However, awareness of associated risks, such as tick-borne diseases and traffic accidents, was limited. After receiving information about these issues, participants rated the risks as more important and showed increased support for population management, although lethal control remained unpopular. These results highlight the role of public knowledge in shaping attitudes toward wildlife management and support the use of integrative frameworks such as One Welfare.

Citizen Science and Public Appreciation

Public appreciation for urban wild mammals varies by species and geographic context. A visual survey of 1000 respondents across ten Italian cities investigated public appreciation of 15 wild mammal species occurring in cities. Hedgehogs, squirrels, rabbits, and roe deer were consistently preferred, possibly for their broad urban presence, whereas rats, wild boar, and coypus were less positively rated, possibly because of widespread fears of health risks, damage, or invasiveness. Wolves elicited polarised reactions, possibly reflecting complex cultural meanings. Geographic variation was marked: some species were preferred where familiar, while large carnivores were highly valued where absent. The study stresses the need for localised, species-specific education and conservation strategies that integrate citizen science to improve coexistence in urban landscapes.

Landscape and Habitat Management

Integrating remote sensing with landscape metrics can improve anticipation and management of human-wildlife conflicts, according to the study of wild boar presence in Barcelona. Green areas near natural corridors concentrated higher and more variable wild boar presence, while heterogeneous landscapes likely facilitated repeated use by increasing access to foraging and refuge.

Native plants offer significant ecological benefits including support for local wildlife and pollinators, according to a review of native versus non-native plants in urban green spaces. Conservation gardening is a socio-ecological strategy to integrate endangered native species into urban landscapes, promoting biodiversity and ecosystem resilience. The review stresses the importance of informed plant species selection and community involvement in creating climate-resilient urban green spaces.

Infrastructure Modifications

The study of brown howler monkeys in peri-urban landscapes proposes the placement of aerial bridges, road signs, and speed bumps in areas of frequent animal crossing, the sterilization of stray dogs, and the sensitization of local inhabitants on the importance of wildlife conservation. These infrastructure modifications reduce mortality from electrocution, dog attacks, and vehicle collisions.

Practical Assessment: Urban Wildlife Conflict Assessment Worksheet

Use this worksheet to assess a specific urban wildlife conflict situation and determine appropriate mitigation actions.

Step 1: Identify the Species and Conflict Type

Record the wildlife species involved and the type of conflict. Common conflict types include crop damage, property intrusion, vehicle collisions, attacks on pets, disease transmission risk, and human injury. Note whether the species is native or non-native to your area. Document the frequency of encounters and whether the species shows fear of humans or has become habituated.

Step 2: Assess Environmental Drivers

Document the environmental factors that may be drawing wildlife into the area. Check for food provisioning by residents, unmanaged waste, accessible garbage containers, fruiting trees, pet food left outdoors, and water sources. Note the proximity of natural habitat fragments, streams, or green corridors. Record any recent construction or land use changes that may have displaced wildlife.

Step 3: Evaluate Current Management Practices

List all current measures being used to address the conflict. Note whether these measures are passive or active, lethal or nonlethal. Record any community education efforts and their reach. Document whether residents are complying with feeding prohibitions or waste management requirements. Assess whether current measures are reducing conflict frequency or merely displacing it.

Step 4: Identify Stakeholders and Attitudes

Identify all parties affected by the conflict, including residents, property owners, farmers, wildlife managers, and local government. Document their attitudes toward the wildlife species and their preferences for management. Note any cultural or aesthetic values attached to the species. Record any disagreements among stakeholders about appropriate management approaches.

Step 5: Select Mitigation Strategies

Based on the assessment, select mitigation strategies that address the identified drivers. Prioritize interventions targeting human behavior, such as feeding prohibitions, waste management, and public awareness, as these showed the most consistent effectiveness in the agent-based modelling study. Consider infrastructure modifications such as aerial bridges, road signs, and speed bumps where vehicle collisions are a risk. Include a monitoring plan to track conflict frequency and mitigation effectiveness.

Step 6: Document and Review

Maintain records of all conflict incidents, including date, location, species, conflict type, and outcome. Record all mitigation actions taken and their costs. Review the assessment quarterly and adjust strategies based on observed outcomes. Escalate to professional wildlife managers when conflicts involve public safety risks, disease outbreaks, or protected species.

Records and Measurements

Conflict Incident Log

Maintain a standardized incident log for each conflict event. Record the date and time, precise location, wildlife species involved, type of conflict, estimated damage or injury, and any actions taken. Include photographs where possible. This log provides the data needed to identify conflict hotspots and evaluate mitigation effectiveness.

Mitigation Outcome Tracking

For each mitigation measure implemented, record the start date, cost, and measurable outcomes. Track conflict frequency before and after implementation. Document any unintended consequences, such as wildlife displacement to neighboring areas or increased boldness in response to ineffective measures. Use this data to refine the mitigation approach over time.

Community Engagement Records

Document all community education and outreach activities, including attendance, materials distributed, and feedback received. Track changes in resident behavior, such as compliance with feeding prohibitions or waste management requirements. Record any citizen science observations contributed by residents.

Common Failure Patterns in Urban Wildlife Conflict Management

Inconsistent Enforcement

Feeding prohibitions and waste management requirements fail when enforcement is inconsistent. The agent-based modelling study of urban macaque-human conflict found that public awareness and enforcement produced consistent and significant reduction in conflict, while other ecological strategies showed limited additional effect when evaluated alongside education. Without consistent enforcement, residents who comply with feeding prohibitions may become frustrated when neighbors continue to provision wildlife.

Translocation Without Addressing Root Causes

Translocation in isolation provided little benefit and occasionally worsened conflict temporarily, according to the agent-based modelling study. Moving problem animals without addressing the food sources and habitat conditions that attracted them simply creates vacancies that other animals fill. Translocation also raises welfare concerns and may spread disease to new areas.

Ignoring Public Attitudes

Management strategies fail when they ignore public attitudes toward wildlife. The study of public perceptions and attitudes toward urban wildlife encounters found that respondents preferred nonlethal methods to mitigate conflicts. The study of capybaras in urban areas found that lethal control remained unpopular even after participants received information about risks. Management plans that propose lethal control without community support face resistance and noncompliance.

Focusing on Wildlife Numbers instead of Human Behavior

Interventions targeting human behavior are far more effective than those targeting monkey numbers or habitat modification, according to the agent-based modelling study. Programs that focus exclusively on population control or habitat modification without addressing food provisioning and waste management fail to reduce conflict because the underlying attractants remain.

Neglecting Behavioral Diversity

Wildlife management that ignores individual behavioral differences may be less effective. The review of urban wildlife management from the animal personality perspective suggests that recognizing the personalities of wildlife and selective culling of bold individuals should be conducted for deliberate selection for shyness when developing wildlife management plans. Making wildlife shy away from humans is essential to urban wildlife management.

Limitations and Knowledge Gaps

Limited Predictive Power of Remote Sensing

Remotely sensed vegetation indices captured seasonal vegetation dynamics only partially, limiting their predictive power when used alone for wild boar presence prediction, according to the study of wild boar in Barcelona. Integrating remote sensing with landscape metrics can improve anticipation and management of human-wildlife conflicts.

Gaps in Pathogen Surveillance

There are significant gaps in understanding zoonotic disease transmission in urban settings. The study of bird-bacteria associations found that only 22% of bacteria species were tested for antibiotic resistance, and the study suggests a need for increased sampling in non-temperate zones and in a wider range of avian species. The study of Iguape virus notes that existing literature on the virus spans decades, is outdated, and is often challenging to access.

Limited Understanding of Rodent Ecology

Rodent population dynamics in post-fire and urban spaces impact ecological restoration and public health, according to a review of wildlife conservation and reproductive strategies focusing on mice populations. Rodents influence vegetation, seed dispersal, and food webs but remain understudied in fire-affected habitats. Their role in zoonotic disease transmission makes control essential, yet significant gaps remain in understanding how long-term responses to environmental changes are constrained.

Behavioral Homogenization Consequences

The ecological and evolutionary consequences of behavioral homogenization, including for animal cultures and human-wildlife conflict, require further investigation, according to the study of behavioral convergence under urbanization. The study highlights opportunities to quantify and integrate behavioral homogenization into biodiversity conservation and management.

Welfare and Safety Context

Wildlife Welfare Considerations

Management strategies must consider wildlife welfare. The study of capybaras in urban areas supports the use of integrative frameworks such as One Welfare to promote ethical and socially acceptable strategies for urban coexistence. The study of public attitudes toward management strategies in southern Chile found that most respondents opposed lethal control for at least one scenario, indicating public concern for wildlife welfare even when wildlife threatens livestock or enters protected areas.

Human Safety Considerations

Human safety is a primary concern in urban wildlife conflict management. The review of urban wildlife management identifies zoonosis and wildlife-vehicle collisions as crucial issues. The study of public perceptions and attitudes toward urban wildlife encounters found that the most frequent conflict responses were personal anxiety, intrusion into property, and destruction of crops. Management plans must prioritize preventing human injury and disease transmission while addressing property damage.

Domestic Animal Welfare

Free-ranging dogs threaten wildlife and raise complex management questions due to their close association with humans, according to the study of public attitudes toward management strategies in southern Chile. The study found that most dog-owners allowed one or more of their dogs to move freely at least part of the time, despite recognizing the risks to wildlife. Management strategies must address domestic animal welfare while protecting wildlife.

Professional Escalation Criteria

Escalate to professional wildlife managers, public health authorities, or veterinary services when any of the following conditions are present:

• Human injury or bite wounds from wildlife
• Suspected zoonotic disease transmission or discovery of dead wildlife with unknown cause of death
• Protected or endangered species involved in conflict
• Conflict involving large carnivores or species with potential for serious human injury
• Repeated vehicle collisions with wildlife in the same location
• Wildlife showing no fear of humans or exhibiting aggressive behavior
• Disease outbreaks in wildlife populations
• Legal or regulatory questions about permitted management actions
• Conflicts that persist despite implementation of recommended mitigation measures

Frequently Asked Questions

What causes wild animals to enter urban areas?

Wild animals enter urban areas primarily because of habitat loss and fragmentation, food availability, and behavioral adaptation. Forests destroyed and fragmented for human settlements and agricultural production push wildlife into cities, as documented in the study of human rhesus macaque conflict in Nepal. Food provisioning by residents and unmanaged waste draw animals into human settlements, according to the agent-based modelling study of urban macaque-human conflict. Some species also adapt behaviorally to urban conditions, with raccoons showing highest detection at sites with high human activity and high impervious surfaces, according to the study of urban raccoon behavior.

Which wildlife species are most commonly involved in urban conflicts?

Common conflict species vary by region. In Europe, wild boars, red squirrels, roe deer, brown hares, and red foxes showed increased encounters over a decade in Krakow, Poland, according to the study of public perceptions and attitudes toward urban wildlife encounters. In Nepal, rhesus macaques are a top ten crop-raiding species, according to the study of human rhesus macaque conflict. In Brazil, brown howler monkeys face threats from electrocution, dog attacks, and vehicle collisions, according to the study of arboreal mammals in peri-urban landscapes. Raccoons and wild boar are increasingly common in North American and European cities respectively.

Are nonlethal methods effective for managing urban wildlife conflicts?

Nonlethal methods can be effective when they target human behavior. The agent-based modelling study of urban macaque-human conflict found that public awareness and enforcement produced consistent and significant reduction in conflict, while translocation in isolation provided little benefit. Respondents in the study of public perceptions and attitudes toward urban wildlife encounters preferred nonlethal methods to mitigate conflicts. Infrastructure modifications such as aerial bridges, road signs, and speed bumps reduce wildlife mortality, according to the study of brown howler monkeys.

How does climate change affect urban wildlife conflict?

Climate change escalates environmental pressures that influence wildlife behavior and distribution. The 2022 report of the Lancet Countdown documents how extreme weather events caused devastation across every continent, displacing hundreds of thousands of people. These environmental disruptions alter wildlife movement patterns and push animals into urban areas. The study of Alongshan virus notes that transmission of arthropod-borne pathogens will likely increase in the future due to environmental change and increasing human encroachment into wild animal habitats.

What role do domestic animals play in urban wildlife conflict?

Free-ranging dogs significantly threaten wildlife, including endangered species, according to the study of public attitudes toward management strategies in southern Chile. The study of brown howler monkeys found that dog attack accounted for 34% of negative interaction events, and the study proposes the sterilization of stray dogs as a management measure. Managing roaming dogs is fraught with complexity due to their close association with humans, and most dog-owners allow their dogs to move freely at least part of the time.

How can communities assess their local urban wildlife conflict situation?

Communities can use a structured conflict assessment worksheet that identifies the species and conflict type, assesses environmental drivers such as food provisioning and habitat proximity, evaluates current management practices, identifies stakeholders and their attitudes, and selects mitigation strategies based on the assessment. The agent-based modelling study demonstrates the potential of decision support frameworks for urban wildlife conflict mitigation before real world implementation. Maintaining standardized incident logs and tracking mitigation outcomes provides the data needed to refine approaches over time.

What are the health risks associated with urban wildlife?

Urban wildlife can carry zoonotic pathogens. Birds have historically played an important role as carriers of human disease and as reservoirs for drug-resistant bacteria, according to the study of bird-bacteria associations. Ticks on urban wildlife are important vectors of several pathogens causing zoonotic diseases, according to the study of ticks on free-ranging porcupines. Emerging tick-borne viruses such as Alongshan virus are associated with human disease, according to the study of Alongshan virus emergence and spread.

How do public attitudes influence urban wildlife management?

Public attitudes significantly influence management outcomes. The study of public perceptions and attitudes toward urban wildlife encounters found that respondents preferred nonlethal methods and that incorporating perception and attitude data from the public is critical to minimize conflict. The study of capybaras in urban areas found that awareness of risks influenced support for population management, although lethal control remained unpopular. The study of public appreciation for urban wild mammals found that species preferences varied by familiarity and geographic context, stressing the need for localised, species-specific education strategies.

Related Articles

• RN Programs
• LPN to RN Programs
• Perfusionist Programs
• Radiology Programs
• ADN Programs

References and Further Reading

• NCBI Literature Resources. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
• PubMed. National Library of Medicine.
• The 2022 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: health at the mercy of fossil fuels.. Lancet (London, England), 2022.
• A review of urban wildlife management from the animal personality perspective: The case of urban deer.. The Science of the total environment, 2018.
• Exploring Iguape Virus-A Lesser-Known Orthoflavivirus.. Viruses, 2024.
• Public perceptions and attitudes toward urban wildlife encounters - A decade of change.. The Science of the total environment, 2022.
• Identifying the environmental and anthropogenic causes, distribution, and intensity of human rhesus macaque conflict in Nepal.. Journal of environmental management, 2022.
• Patterns of Bird-Bacteria Associations.. EcoHealth, 2018.
• Epidemiology and global spread of emerging tick-borne Alongshan virus.. Emerging microbes & infections, 2024.
• Wildlife is imperiled in peri-urban landscapes: threats to arboreal mammals.. The Science of the total environment, 2022.
• Agent-based modelling of urban macaque-human conflict: evaluating mitigation strategies in Guwahati, India. 2026.
• Environmental health and anthropogenic disturbance differentially influence urban raccoon detection, group size, and risk-taking. 2026.
• Evaluating Urban Landscape and Remotely Sensed Vegetation Indices to Explain Wild Boar Presence in Barcelona. 2026.
• Behavioral convergence under urbanization: An overlooked dimension of biotic homogenization.. 2026.
• Citizen eyes on elusive wildlife: Assessing public appreciation for urban wild mammals.. 2026.
• Spatial dynamics of biodiversity and cycling behaviour: A geographical analysis using crowdsourced data from Strava Metro.. 2026.
• Records for ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on free-ranging Coendou spinosus from State of São Paulo, Brazil.. 2026.
• Capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) in the City: Understanding Urban Coexistence, Management Strategies and the Animal Welfare Implications. Animals, 2025.
• When free-ranging dogs threaten wildlife: Public attitudes toward management strategies in southern Chile.. Journal of Environmental Management, 2019.
• Quenda: Pet, Pest or Plague? Residents’ perceptions of, observations of, and interactions with quenda in urban gardens and in relation to garden practices and pet management strategies. 2019.
• Native vs. Non-Native Plants: Public Preferences, Ecosystem Services, and Conservation Strategies for Climate-Resilient Urban Green Spaces. Land, 2025.
• Wildlife Conservation and Various Reproductive Strategies, A Focus on Mice Population. Indus Journal of Bioscience Research, 2025.
• Human-wildlife conflict in South Indian agriculture: Causes, impacts and mitigation strategies. Plant Science Today, 2025.
• Surviving the Urban Jungle: Anthropogenic Threats, Wildlife-Conflicts, and Management Recommendations for African Crowned Eagles. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 2021.

This article is educational and does not replace institutional policy, professional advice, or applicable safety and regulatory requirements.