Tiger Shark: Diet, Hunting, and Ecological Role

The tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) is a large apex predator found throughout tropical and warm-temperate oceans worldwide. Its ecological role is defined by an exceptionally broad, opportunistic diet that shifts with body size, habitat, and prey availability. This article examines the tiger shark's feeding habits, hunting strategies, and position within marine food webs, drawing on peer-reviewed studies from South Africa, Hawaii, Australia, the Galapagos, and the western Indian Ocean. Readers will gain a practical understanding of how tiger sharks forage, what they consume at different life stages, and why their presence matters for ecosystem management and conservation planning.

At a Glance: Tiger Shark Feeding Profile

Species Context and Distribution

Tiger sharks inhabit tropical and warm-temperate seas globally. They are characterized by rapid growth compared to many other shark species, with Hawaii-based research showing that tiger sharks grow twice as fast as previously estimated, reaching an average of 340 cm total length by age 5 (Growth and maximum size of tiger sharks in Hawaii). The same study documented a recaptured shark that traveled approximately 5,000 km from Hawaii to the southern Gulf of California in 366 days, demonstrating the species' capacity for long-distance movement.

This wide-ranging behavior means tiger sharks encounter diverse habitats and prey communities throughout their lives. Their distribution overlaps with human coastal activities in many regions, which has implications for both shark management and public safety considerations. Understanding their feeding ecology is a practical component of coastal zone management and fisheries policy.

Dietary Composition and Prey Types

Population-Level Generalist Feeding

The tiger shark is best described as a generalist feeder at the population level. The most detailed stomach content analysis available, spanning decades of data from the KwaZulu-Natal Sharks Board bather protection program in South Africa, examined 628 non-empty stomachs and revealed a diet that includes reptiles, birds, mysticetes (baleen whales), large sharks, batoids (rays), and teleosts (bony fishes) (Diet and trophic ecology of the tiger shark from South African waters). This study represents the longest time-series and most detailed analysis of stomach content data for this species worldwide.

Stable isotope analysis in the same study confirmed that tiger sharks do not feed at discrete trophic levels but rather throughout the food web. Calculated trophic positions varied by method, ranging from 4.0 to 5.0 based on stomach contents and from 3.6 to 4.5 based on nitrogen isotope values. Large sharks exceeding 220 cm total length showed the broadest feeding spectrum, consistent with an opportunistic predator that consumes whatever prey is available and energetically worthwhile.

Regional and Habitat-Driven Variation

Diet composition varies substantially across geographic regions. Research from Australian waters demonstrated that tiger shark diets reflect local habitat characteristics. Isotopic composition of sharks sampled in reef and seagrass habitats at Shark Bay and the Great Barrier Reef reflected seagrass-based food webs, while sharks off southern Queensland and New South Wales relied on pelagic food webs (The trophic role of a large marine predator, the tiger shark). At Ningaloo Reef, analysis revealed a dietary transition between pelagic and seagrass food webs.

This habitat-dependent variation indicates that tiger sharks employ adaptive foraging strategies that allow them to exploit multiple shelf and offshore habitats. The trophic role of tiger sharks is therefore context-dependent, meaning that management decisions based on diet data from one region may not transfer directly to another region.

Prey Size and Type by Life Stage

Juvenile tiger sharks consume smaller prey including fishes, crustaceans, and invertebrates (Ontogeny of head and caudal fin shape of an apex marine predator). As sharks grow, their diet expands to include larger and more diverse prey such as sea turtles, marine mammals, and elasmobranchs. The South African study documented a clear size-based shift: reptiles, birds, mysticetes, and large shark species increased in dietary importance with tiger shark size, while smaller prey such as batoids and teleosts decreased (Diet and trophic ecology of the tiger shark from South African waters).

Medium-sized sharks (150 to 220 cm) showed seasonal and decadal shifts in diet driven primarily by changes in the importance of elasmobranch and cetacean prey. This flexibility allows tiger sharks to respond to changes in prey availability over time, a trait that may contribute to their success across diverse marine environments.

Hunting Strategies and Feeding Behavior

Tooth Morphology and Prey Processing

Tiger shark teeth are uniquely adapted for cutting through a wide range of prey tissues. Research examining tooth serrations in tiger sharks, blue sharks, and white sharks found that tiger sharks possess both primary serrations and smaller secondary serrations, effectively creating serrations within serrations (Shark teeth as edged weapons: serrated teeth of three species of selachians). This dual-scale cutting edge allows tiger shark teeth to slice through large, hard-shelled prey such as sea turtles as well as smaller, softer prey such as fishes.

The secondary serrations in tiger sharks are formed solely by enameloid with no contribution from underlying dentine, distinguishing them from the primary serrations found in all three species studied. The cutting efficiency of serrated shark teeth was well known to South Pacific islanders prior to European contact, who used them as components of tools and weapons because of their remarkable effectiveness at slicing through soft tissues.

Morphological Adaptations for Feeding

Tiger shark body morphology changes with size in ways that support dietary expansion. Research using digital imaging of live sharks from Southern Florida and the Bahamas quantified changes in head and caudal fin shape across ontogeny (Ontogeny of head and caudal fin shape of an apex marine predator). Juvenile tiger sharks have more conical heads, which transition to broader heads in adults. This broadening provides substantially greater bite area and force, necessary for processing larger prey such as turtles, mammals, and elasmobranchs.

The same study documented changes in tail shape, with juveniles showing asymmetrical tails where the dorsal lobe is substantially larger than the ventral lobe, transitioning to more symmetrical tails in larger adults. The researchers interpreted this change as potentially related to the extensive migrations undertaken by adult tiger sharks, with a more symmetrical tail potentially being more efficient for swimming longer distances.

Predator-Prey Relationships with Sea Turtles

The relationship between tiger sharks and sea turtles has received particular research attention. At Raine Island in Australia, the highest density green turtle rookery in the world, tiger sharks have been observed feeding on green turtles. A study comparing the movement patterns of both species found that turtles showed area-restricted search behavior around Raine Island for approximately 3 to 4 months during the nesting period from November to February (A comparison of the seasonal movements of tiger sharks and green turtles). Tiger sharks were concentrated around Raine Island throughout the year, supporting the hypothesis that they target this predictable and plentiful prey during turtle nesting season.

Similar patterns emerged in the Galapagos Marine Reserve, where green sea turtles were the main prey item for large tiger sharks exceeding 280 cm total length, while smaller sharks mainly fed on squid and pelagic fish (A matter of taste: Spatial and ontogenetic variations on the trophic ecology of the tiger shark at the Galapagos Marine Reserve). The study documented a high degree of philopatry around green sea turtle nesting areas, with the majority of sharks detected around nesting areas for at least 10 months after capture, and some individuals present during the entire three-year study period.

Foraging in Offshore and Deep Waters

Recent evidence indicates that tiger sharks also forage in deeper offshore waters. Mercury isotope analysis of tiger sharks and bull sharks from La Réunion Island in the western Indian Ocean revealed that tiger sharks were exposed to methylmercury produced in offshore mesopelagic waters, with additional microbial transformation in slope sediments (Mercury isotopes as tracers of ecology and metabolism in two sympatric shark species). This finding demonstrates that tiger sharks mainly forage on mesopelagic species in the deeper waters of the island slope, expanding the known foraging habitat of this species beyond coastal and surface waters.

The same study found unexpectedly high mercury isotope values in both shark species, suggesting that sharks may display strong methylmercury demethylation abilities, possibly reflecting evolutionary pathways for mitigating mercury contamination. This has implications for understanding contaminant dynamics in marine food webs and for assessing the health of shark populations exposed to anthropogenic pollution.

Factors Influencing Tiger Shark Abundance and Distribution

Water Temperature and Prey Availability

Water temperature is a primary determinant of tiger shark abundance. Research over 5 years in Western Australia assessed the relationship between tiger shark abundance, water temperature, and the availability of known prey including cormorants, dugongs, sea snakes, and sea turtles (Can measures of prey availability improve our ability to predict the abundance of large marine predators). Across all shark sizes, numerical peaks coincided with periods of high water temperature.

For sharks exceeding 300 cm total length, the inclusion of dugong density significantly improved temperature-based models, suggesting that use of particular areas by large tiger sharks is influenced by the availability of this sirenian prey. This finding indicates that large marine predator population models may benefit from including measures of prey availability, but only if such measures consider prey types separately and account for ontogenetic shifts in the diet of the predator.

Movement Patterns and Habitat Use

Tiger sharks display high spatial and temporal variation in movement behavior. In the Raine Island study, tiger shark movements were not closely linked to the movement behavior of green turtles or recognized turtle foraging grounds, despite the sharks being concentrated around the island throughout the year (A comparison of the seasonal movements of tiger sharks and green turtles). This suggests that tiger sharks use multiple cues and resources when selecting habitats, instead of following a single prey species.

In the Galapagos, isotopic and electronic tagging data suggested that tiger sharks could be segregated into specific populations separated by geographical scales of less than 100 km (A matter of taste: Spatial and ontogenetic variations on the trophic ecology of the tiger shark at the Galapagos Marine Reserve). The high productivity of the archipelago, along with protection from industrial fishing, results in abundant and predictable prey resources that support resident tiger shark populations.

Practical Assessment Framework for Researchers and Managers

Step 1: Define the Assessment Scope

Determine whether the assessment targets a specific population, a management area, or a research question about trophic ecology. The scale of the assessment will determine which methods are appropriate. Population-level diet characterization requires stomach content analysis or stable isotope sampling across size classes and seasons, while habitat use questions require tracking data.

Step 2: Select Appropriate Methods

Stomach content analysis provides direct evidence of recent feeding but only represents a snapshot of the last meal. Stable isotope analysis of tissues such as muscle provides integrated dietary information over longer time scales. The South African study combined both approaches to characterize diet and trophic position (Diet and trophic ecology of the tiger shark from South African waters). Mercury isotope analysis can trace foraging habitat and contaminant exposure (Mercury isotopes as tracers of ecology and metabolism in two sympatric shark species). Electronic tagging provides movement and habitat use data.

Step 3: Account for Ontogenetic and Sex-Based Variation

Sampling must include multiple size classes to capture ontogenetic dietary shifts. The South African study found size-based differences in diet, with larger sharks consuming more reptiles, birds, mysticetes, and large sharks, while smaller sharks consumed more batoids and teleosts (Diet and trophic ecology of the tiger shark from South African waters). Zinc isotope analysis of tooth enameloid has demonstrated the ability to document intrapopulation foraging differences related to ontogeny and sex in sand tiger sharks, a method potentially applicable to tiger sharks (Shark teeth zinc isotope values document intrapopulation foraging differences).

Step 4: Interpret Results in Regional Context

Tiger shark trophic roles are context-dependent. A shark population in a seagrass-dominated ecosystem will have a different isotopic baseline than one in a pelagic system. The Australian study demonstrated that tiger sharks occupied roles at the top of food webs at Shark Bay and the Great Barrier Reef, but not at Ningaloo Reef or off the coast of New South Wales (The trophic role of a large marine predator, the tiger shark). Management decisions must therefore be based on regional data instead of extrapolated from other areas.

Step 5: Document Limitations and Data Gaps

Stomach content data from bather protection programs may not represent the broader population. Stable isotope mixing models require accurate prey isotope values. Tracking data may be biased toward certain habitats or seasons. Researchers should document these limitations when reporting findings and when using results for management decisions.

Records and Measurements for Diet Studies

Stomach Content Analysis

Standard records for stomach content studies include shark total length, sex, capture location, capture date, and stomach content identification to the lowest taxonomic level possible. Prey items should be counted and weighed where possible. The South African study documented prey from 628 non-empty stomachs, providing the longest time-series dataset for this species (Diet and trophic ecology of the tiger shark from South African waters). Researchers should record empty stomachs separately and note the proportion of empty stomachs in the sample.

Stable Isotope Sampling

Tissue samples for stable isotope analysis should be collected from muscle tissue, with the specific tissue type and location recorded. Carbon and nitrogen isotope values (δ13C and δ15N) provide information on foraging habitat and trophic position. The Galapagos study reported mean δ13C and δ15N values of -13.9 ± 0.5‰ and 13.7 ± 0.7‰ at Isabela Island and -13.8 ± 0.3‰ and 13.4 ± 0.7‰ at Santa Cruz Island (A matter of taste: Spatial and ontogenetic variations on the trophic ecology of the tiger shark at the Galapagos Marine Reserve). Researchers should record the tissue type, preservation method, and any lipid extraction procedures used.

Tracking Data

For movement studies, records should include tag type, deployment date and location, shark size and sex, and duration of tracking. The Hawaii study tagged 420 tiger sharks and recaptured 50, with all recaptures from Hawaii except a single shark recaptured in the southern Gulf of California after 366 days at liberty (Growth and maximum size of tiger sharks in Hawaii). This demonstrates the value of long-term tagging programs for understanding movement and growth.

Common Failure Patterns in Diet and Ecology Studies

Inadequate Sample Size Across Size Classes

Studies that sample only a narrow size range will miss ontogenetic dietary shifts. The Hawaii growth study noted that previous research suggesting slow growth in Hawaii tiger sharks may have been an artifact of small sample size and narrow size range compounded by unvalidated vertebral ring counts (Growth and maximum size of tiger sharks in Hawaii). Researchers should aim for representative sampling across all size classes present in the study area.

Geographic Bias in Sampling

Samples collected from a single location or season may not represent the population. The Australian study found that tiger shark trophic roles varied by location, with seagrass-based food webs at Shark Bay and the Great Barrier Reef, pelagic food webs off New South Wales, and mixed diets at Ningaloo Reef (The trophic role of a large marine predator, the tiger shark). Single-location studies should acknowledge this limitation.

Misinterpreting Stomach Contents as Representative of Population Diet

Stomach contents represent only the most recent meal and may be biased toward prey that are difficult to digest or that are consumed in specific habitats. The South African study combined stomach content data with stable isotope analysis to provide a more complete picture of diet and trophic position (Diet and trophic ecology of the tiger shark from South African waters). Researchers should use multiple complementary methods where possible.

Ignoring Prey Availability Data

Tiger shark abundance is influenced by both temperature and prey availability, but prey effects vary by shark size and prey type. The Western Australia study found that dugong density improved temperature-based models for sharks exceeding 300 cm total length, but not for smaller sharks (Can measures of prey availability improve our ability to predict the abundance of large marine predators). Models that treat all prey equally or ignore ontogenetic shifts will be less accurate.

Welfare and Safety Context

Shark Behavior and Human Interactions

Tiger sharks are large apex predators capable of inflicting serious injuries. Their broad diet and opportunistic feeding behavior mean they may investigate potential prey items, including humans, particularly in turbid coastal waters. The KwaZulu-Natal Sharks Board bather protection program in South Africa captures tiger sharks as part of efforts to reduce shark attacks on bathers, and the resulting data have provided valuable scientific insights into tiger shark ecology (Diet and trophic ecology of the tiger shark from South African waters). Researchers and managers should be aware that tiger shark research often occurs in the context of human-wildlife conflict management.

Handling and Sampling Protocols

Researchers handling tiger sharks should follow institutional animal care protocols and use appropriate restraint methods. The Hawaii research program has tagged 420 tiger sharks since 1993, demonstrating that long-term research programs can operate successfully with appropriate protocols (Growth and maximum size of tiger sharks in Hawaii). Sampling should minimize stress to the animal and should be conducted by trained personnel.

Mercury Contamination Considerations

Tiger sharks, as apex predators, may accumulate mercury and other contaminants through their diet. Research on blue sharks, a related species, found that most analyzed individuals presented mercury concentrations that exceeded limits established by the European Union for human consumption (Understanding the role of ecological factors affecting mercury concentrations in the blue shark). While this finding is specific to blue sharks, it highlights the importance of understanding contaminant dynamics in apex predators. The mercury isotope study of tiger sharks suggested that sharks may have strong methylmercury demethylation abilities, possibly reflecting evolutionary pathways for mitigating mercury contamination (Mercury isotopes as tracers of ecology and metabolism in two sympatric shark species). Researchers studying tiger shark diets should be aware of potential contaminant exposure when handling and processing samples.

Limitations of Current Knowledge

Geographic Gaps in Diet Data

While detailed diet data exist for South Africa, Hawaii, Australia, and the Galapagos, many regions lack comparable information. The South African study represents the longest time-series and most detailed analysis of stomach content data for this species worldwide (Diet and trophic ecology of the tiger shark from South African waters), but similar datasets do not exist for most other regions. This limits the ability to make global generalizations about tiger shark feeding ecology.

Limited Understanding of Digestive Physiology

The microscopic anatomy of the tiger shark digestive system has only recently been described. A 2026 study provided the first analysis of the juvenile tiger shark stomach, identifying mucous neck cells, parietal cells, and chief cells lining the gastric glands, along with telocytes distributed across all gastric layers (Insights into the stomach of tiger shark, Galeocerdo cuvier). Gill structure has similarly been characterized, revealing adaptations for efficient respiration (Histochemical and ultrastructural characterization of the gills in tiger shark). These foundational studies open new avenues for understanding how tiger sharks process their diverse prey.

Uncertainties in Growth and Maximum Size Estimates

While the Hawaii mark-recapture study provided robust growth estimates, maximum size remains uncertain. The study found that tiger shark maximum size is typically between 380 and 450 cm total length, with a few individuals reaching 550 cm, but individuals exceeding 450 cm were extremely rare, representing 0.005% of sharks captured in the Hawaii study (Growth and maximum size of tiger sharks in Hawaii). The largest shark captured during the study was 464 cm total length. Growth rates may vary across regions, and the factors driving these differences are not fully understood.

Parasite and Health Considerations

The role of parasites in tiger shark ecology is poorly understood. Research on great white sharks has highlighted that parasites can influence host health, energy allocation, and ecosystem function, and that parasite-induced changes in prey behavior could bias dietary studies (How much do we know about the parasites of great white sharks and why they matter). Similar considerations likely apply to tiger sharks, but data are lacking.

Professional Escalation Criteria

Researchers and managers should seek additional expertise or escalate concerns when encountering the following situations:

• Diet data from a new region show patterns that contradict established knowledge from other regions, requiring verification before management decisions are made
• Stable isotope values suggest unexpected foraging habitats or trophic positions that could indicate ecosystem changes or sampling errors
• Tracking data reveal movement patterns that cross jurisdictional boundaries, requiring coordination between management authorities
• Evidence of contaminant exposure approaches or exceeds regulatory thresholds, requiring consultation with environmental health specialists
• Observations of unusual feeding behavior or prey selection that could indicate ecosystem stress or changes in prey availability
• Capture or handling incidents that raise animal welfare concerns, requiring review by institutional animal care committees

Frequently Asked Questions

What do tiger sharks eat?

Tiger sharks consume an exceptionally broad range of prey including teleost fishes, elasmobranchs such as rays and smaller sharks, sea turtles, marine mammals, seabirds, reptiles, crustaceans, and invertebrates. Stomach content analysis from South African waters identified prey from 628 non-empty stomachs, revealing a population-level generalist diet (Diet and trophic ecology of the tiger shark from South African waters). Diet varies by size, location, and season.

How does tiger shark diet change as they grow?

Juvenile tiger sharks consume smaller prey such as fishes, crustaceans, and invertebrates. As sharks grow, their diet expands to include larger prey including sea turtles, marine mammals, and elasmobranchs. The South African study documented that reptiles, birds, mysticetes, and large shark species increased in dietary importance with tiger shark size, while smaller prey such as batoids and teleosts decreased (Diet and trophic ecology of the tiger shark from South African waters). Morphological changes, including broader heads in adults, support this dietary expansion (Ontogeny of head and caudal fin shape of an apex marine predator).

How do tiger sharks hunt their prey?

Tiger sharks use their uniquely serrated teeth to slice through a wide range of prey tissues. Their teeth possess both primary serrations and smaller secondary serrations, effectively creating serrations within serrations that allow cutting at different scales (Shark teeth as edged weapons: serrated teeth of three species of selachians). This adaptation is linked to a diet that includes large, hard-shelled prey such as sea turtles as well as smaller, softer prey such as fishes.

Do tiger sharks specialize on sea turtles?

Tiger sharks do not specialize exclusively on sea turtles, but they do target them when available. At Raine Island in Australia, tiger sharks were concentrated around the green turtle rookery throughout the year, supporting the hypothesis that they target this predictable and plentiful prey during turtle nesting season (A comparison of the seasonal movements of tiger sharks and green turtles). In the Galapagos, green sea turtles were the main prey item for large tiger sharks exceeding 280 cm total length (A matter of taste: Spatial and ontogenetic variations on the trophic ecology of the tiger shark at the Galapagos Marine Reserve).

How large do tiger sharks get?

Tiger shark maximum size is typically between 380 and 450 cm total length, with a few individuals reaching 550 cm. Mark-recapture data from Hawaii estimated a maximum size of 403 cm total length, with the fastest growing individuals attaining 400 cm by age 5 and the largest reaching 444 cm (Growth and maximum size of tiger sharks in Hawaii). The largest shark captured during the study was 464 cm total length, but individuals exceeding 450 cm were extremely rare.

Where do tiger sharks forage?

Tiger sharks forage in both coastal and offshore habitats. Larger sharks move to offshore foraging habitats, as indicated by size-based carbon isotope profiles from South African waters (Diet and trophic ecology of the tiger shark from South African waters). Mercury isotope analysis from La Réunion Island revealed that tiger sharks mainly forage on mesopelagic species in the deeper waters of the island slope (Mercury isotopes as tracers of ecology and metabolism in two sympatric shark species). In Australia, tiger shark diets reflected seagrass-based food webs in some locations and pelagic food webs in others (The trophic role of a large marine predator, the tiger shark).

What is the ecological role of tiger sharks?

Tiger sharks are apex predators that can structure marine communities. Their trophic role varies by location and habitat. In Australian waters, tiger sharks occupied roles at the top of food webs at Shark Bay and the Great Barrier Reef, but not at Ningaloo Reef or off the coast of New South Wales (The trophic role of a large marine predator, the tiger shark). Their broad diet and ability to exploit multiple habitats make them important connectors between different food webs.

How does water temperature affect tiger shark abundance?

Water temperature is a primary determinant of tiger shark abundance. Research over 5 years in Western Australia found that numerical peaks in shark abundance coincided with periods of high water temperature across all size categories (Can measures of prey availability improve our ability to predict the abundance of large marine predators). For sharks exceeding 300 cm total length, the inclusion of dugong density significantly improved temperature-based models, indicating that both temperature and prey availability influence habitat use by large tiger sharks.

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References and Further Reading

• NCBI Literature Resources. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
• PubMed. National Library of Medicine.
• Diet and trophic ecology of the tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) from South African waters.. PloS one, 2017.
• Growth and maximum size of tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) in Hawaii.. PloS one, 2014.
• Shark teeth as edged weapons: serrated teeth of three species of selachians.. Zoology (Jena, Germany), 2017.
• Ontogeny of head and caudal fin shape of an apex marine predator: The tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier).. Journal of morphology, 2016.
• A comparison of the seasonal movements of tiger sharks and green turtles provides insight into their predator-prey relationship.. PloS one, 2012.
• Mercury isotopes as tracers of ecology and metabolism in two sympatric shark species.. Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987), 2020.
• Shark teeth zinc isotope values document intrapopulation foraging differences related to ontogeny and sex.. Communications biology, 2023.
• Can measures of prey availability improve our ability to predict the abundance of large marine predators?. Oecologia, 2007.
• Robust bionic distributed multimodal flexible sensor for extreme-condition sensing and intelligent operation.. 2026.
• The fitness costs and benefits of hunter-gatherer locomotor engagement.. 2025.
• How much do we know about the parasites of great white sharks (&lt,i&gt,Carcharodon carcharias&lt,/i&gt,) and why they matter?. 2025.
• Insights into the stomach of tiger shark, Galeocerdo cuvier (Péron & Lesueur, 1822): Histochemical, ultrastructural, and phylogenetic analysis.. Tissue & Cell, 2026.
• Histochemical and ultrastructural characterization of the gills in tiger shark, Galeocerdo cuvier (Péron & Lesueur, 1822): Structural strategies for functional adaptation.. Tissue & Cell, 2026.
• A matter of taste: Spatial and ontogenetic variations on the trophic ecology of the tiger shark at the Galapagos Marine Reserve. PLoS ONE, 2019.
• Investigating the role of ecological and anthropogenic factors in shaping the site use patterns of Gaur (Bos gaurus) in Palamau tiger Reserve, Jharkhand, India. Zeitschrift f\ ur Jagdwissenschaft, 2025.
• Understanding the role of ecological factors affecting mercury concentrations in the blue shark (Prionace glauca).. Chemosphere, 2022.
• The trophic role of a large marine predator, the tiger shark Galeocerdo cuvier. Scientific Reports, 2017.
• The biology of tiger sharks, Galeocerdo cuvier, in Shark Bay, Western Australia: Sex ratio, size distribution, diet, and seasonal changes in catch rates. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2001.
• Ontogenetic dietary shifts and feeding behavior of the tiger shark, Galeocerdo cuvier, in Hawaiian waters. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 1996.
• Feeding habits of the tiger shark, Galeocerdo cuvier, in the northwest Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2018.
• Size, sex and geographic variation in the diet of the tiger shark, Galeocerdo cuvier, from Western Australian waters. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 2001.

This article is educational and does not replace institutional policy, professional advice, or applicable safety and regulatory requirements.